Treblinka extermination camp

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Nazi extermination camps in occupied Poland (marked with black and white skulls)

Coordinates: 52°37′35″N 22°2′49″E / 52.62639°N 22.04694°E / 52.62639; 22.04694

Treblinka redirects here. This article deals with the Treblinka extermination camp.
For other meanings of the word Treblinka see Treblinka (disambiguation)
Sign from Treblinka railway station on display at Yad Vashem
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Symbolic concrete blocks mark the path of the former railway line at Treblinka
A memorial built on the site of Treblinka. Each stone represents a Jewish town or city, the population of which was exterminated at the camp
Memorial at Treblinka, 2005, the largest stone represents the Warsaw Ghetto, from where over 310,000 Jews were sent to Treblinka in just over three months

Treblinka II was a German extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II. Around 850,000[1] people - more than 99.5 percent of them Jews, but also other victims (among them 2,000 Romani people) were killed there between July 1942 and October 1943; the camp was closed after a revolt during which a few Germans were killed and a small number of prisoners escaped. The nearby Treblinka I was a forced labour camp and administrative complex in support of the death camp.

Contents

[edit] Establishment of Treblinka

Treblinka II was designed purely for extermination, its area measuring just 600 by 400 metres (1968' x 1312') and was one of four secret camps of Operation Reinhardt the other three being Belzec, Sobibór and Majdanek.[2] Kulmhof (Chełmno) extermination camp was originally built as a pilot project for the development of the other camps. Operation Reinhard was overseen by SS-Obergruppenführer Odilo Globocnik in Poland as Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler's deputy. Unlike other Nazi concentration camps, Operation Reinhardt camps reported directly to Himmler's office (the RSHA) in Berlin. Himmler kept the control of the program close to him but delegated the work to Globocnik. Operation Reinhardt used the euthanasia program (Action T4) for site selection, construction and trained personnel.[3]

Before Operation Reinhardt over half a million Jews had been killed by the Einsatzgruppen, mobile SS units whose sole purpose was to murder Jews and commissars in territories conquered by the German army. It became evident, however, that they could not handle the millions of Jews that they had concentrated in the ghettos of occupied countries. So Treblinka, along with the other Operation Reinhardt camps were especially designed for the rapid elimination of the Jews in ghettos. Treblinka was ready on July 24, 1942, when the shipping of Jews began: "According to the SS Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop report, a total of approximately 310,000 Jews were transported in freight trains from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka during the period from July 22 to October 3, 1942."[4]

[edit] The camp

Sketch plan of Treblinka extermination camp, either drawn by Franz Stangl or based on interviews with him after his arrest in 1967 in Brazil. 1) Loading dock-rail platform. 2) fake rail station (used to trick victims before they were murdered). 3) Barracks, in which the victims were compelled to undress. 4) Gas chambers. 5). Pits where the bodies of the gassed victims were burned.

The camp of Treblinka was located 100 km (62 miles) northeast of the Polish capital Warsaw,[5] near the village of Małkinia Górna, 2.5 km (1.5 miles) from the Treblinka railroad station.[6] The camp was organized in two subdivisions: Treblinka I and Treblinka II.

Treblinka I was further divided into two parts: The first part was the administrative section, which included barracks for the SS troops, the guards, the camp commander's barrack, a bakery, a storage and barracks for up to 800 prisoners who were used to operate the camp. A road left this part of the camp and rejoined the highway. The second section of Treblinka I was the receiving area where the railroad extended from the Treblinka station into the camp. There were two barracks near the tracks that were used to store the belongings of prisoners; one was disguised to look like a railway station, complete with a wooden fake clock.[7] There were two other buildings about 100 m (328 feet) from the track. All of the buildings were used to contain the clothing and belongings of the prisoners. One was used as an undressing room for the women, who were also shorn of all of their hair. There was a cashier's office which collected money and jewelry for "safekeeping". There was also an "infirmary", where the sick, old, wounded and already dead were taken. It was a small barrack painted white with a red cross on it. There, the prisoners were led to the edge of a ditch where bodies were continuously burning. They had to strip naked and then sit in the edge of the pit before they were shot in the back of the head. Then they fell in the ditch and burned.

Treblinka II was on a small hill. From camp one there was an uphill path (cynically called Himmelstraße—the Road to Heaven—by the SS) lined with barbed wire fences—der Schlauch, "the tube"—which led directly into the gas chambers building. Behind this building there was a large pit, one meter wide by twenty metres long, inside which burned fires. Rails were laid across the pit and the bodies of gassed victims were placed on the rails to burn. There was also a barrack for the prisoners who operated camp II.

At the very beginning, people were buried in mass graves or piled up in camp II because the workers did not have time to bury them. The stench from the decomposing bodies could be smelled up to ten kilometres away. The Jews waiting in the railway wagons knew what would happen and thousands committed suicide in the trains. In September 1942, new gas chambers were built. They could kill three hundred people in two hours.

[edit] Organization of the camp

The camp was operated by 20–25 SS overseers (Germans and Austrians) and 80–120 guards. Objective evidence shows that Treblinka camp guards were representatives of different ethnic groups and nationalities (Germans (Volksdeutscher), Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Moldovans, Latvians, representatives of Soviet Central Asia nationalities, including but not limited by the former Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) and representatives of different ethnic groups of USSR: among them in Treblinka served former Red Army soldiers Ivan Marchenko and Nikolay Shaleyev. [8]

Nazi timetable for a "special resettlement train" (umsiedlersonderzug) from Lukow to Siedlce and on to Treblinka, August 1942

Most of the Soviet POWs, before they were sent as guards to the concentration camps, had undergone a special training in Trawniki which originally was a holding centre for refugees and Soviet POWs, whom the Security Police and SD had designated either potential collaborators or dangerous persons.[9]

The work was performed by 700–800 Jewish prisoners, organized into special squads (Sonderkommandos). The blue squad was responsible for unloading the train, carrying the luggage and cleaning the wagons. The red squad had the task of undressing the passengers and taking their clothes to the storage areas. The Geldjuden ("money Jews") were in charge of handling the money, gold, stocks and jewelry. They were forced to search the prisoners just before the gas chambers. Another, the dentist, would open the mouths of the dead and pull out gold teeth with a pair of pliers. Then there were the Totenjuden, the Jews of death, who lived in Treblinka II and were forced to carry the dead from the gas chamber to the furnaces and sifted through the ashes of the dead, ground up recognizable parts, and buried the ashes in pits. There also were the court Jews, who took care of the upkeep of the camp. There was the camouflage commando, which went every day into the forest and gathered branches to camouflage the camp and the "funnel" by weaving branches in the barbed wires.[10] The work squads prisoners were continuously whipped and beaten by the guards and were often killed. New workers (usually the most healthy people) were selected from the daily arrivals and pressed into the commandos.

There was a bruise rule; if a prisoner had been bruised on the face, he would be shot that evening at roll call, or the next morning if the bruise had begun to show. Many prisoners, in utter despair at the horrible deaths of their families and unwilling to go on living, committed suicide by hanging themselves in the sleeping barracks with their belts.[11] Normally, the work crews were almost entirely replaced every three to five days.

[edit] Extermination

A mass grave in Treblinka opened in March 1943; the bodies were removed for burning in this picture taken by the camp's deputy commandant. In the background, dark grey piles of ash from cremated bodies can be seen

At Treblinka, arriving train passengers were pulled from the train, separated by sex, and ordered to strip naked. In winter, the temperature often dropped to -20 °C (-5 °F). The guards chose who would go to the "infirmary". Jews who were too resistant to the process were taken to the infirmary and shot. Women had their hair cut off before going into the gas chamber. [7]

The gas chamber had portholes through which the Germans could watch the Jews die.[7] After the gassing of the victims in the gas chamber, when the doors of the gas chamber were opened, "the disfigured, bitten prisoners, with ears torn off, lay on top of each other in the most varied posture." The bodies were initially buried in large mass graves; in a later stage of the camp's operation, they were burned on open-air grids made of concrete pillars and railway tracks. Sometimes, the people were not dead and began to revive in the fresh air, especially pregnant women. They were shot by the guards and burned like the others. Some 800–1,000 bodies were burned at the same time, and would burn for five hours. The incinerator operated 24 hours a day.[12]

The killing centers had no other function, unlike concentration camps where prisoners were used as forced labor for the German war effort. The camp was disguised as a railway station to prevent incoming victims from realizing their fate, complete with train schedules, posters of destinations and what appeared to be a working clock (in reality, a prisoner would move the hands to the approximate time before each convoy arrived). [13] The camp and the process of mass murder is described by Vasily Grossman, a Jewish correspondent serving in the Red Army, in his work "A Hell Called Treblinka", which was used as evidence and distributed at the Nuremberg Trials.

[edit] Resistance

In August 1943, the prisoners in the work details rebelled. They seized small arms, sprayed kerosene on all the buildings and set them ablaze. In the confusion, a number of German soldiers were killed but many more prisoners perished: of 1,500 prisoners, only 40 are known to have survived the revolt. These survivors are almost all of the known survivors of Treblinka camp. The camp ceased operation. Camp commander Kurt Franz recalled during his testimonies: "After the uprising in August 1943 I ran the camp single-handedly for a month; however, during that period no gassings were undertaken. It was during that period that the original camp was leveled off and lupins were planted."[14] There was also a revolt at Sobibór two months later.

After the revolt, it was decided to shut down the death camp and shoot the last of the Jewish prisoners.[15] The camp had been badly damaged by the fire, and the murder of the Polish Jews was also largely complete. Odilo Globocnik wrote to Himmler: "I have on [October 19, 1943], completed Operation Reinhard, and have dissolved all the camps."[16] The final group of about thirty Jewish girls at Treblinka were shot at the end of November.

[edit] Death toll and the aftermath

A picture taken of the Treblinka site in 1945. Among the ashes and bone fragments in the disturbed mass burial pits are larger fragments of bone and various personal effects

In 1965, after a report by Dr. Helmut Krausnick, director of the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich, the Court of Assize in Düsseldorf concluded that the minimum number of people killed in Treblinka was 700,000.[17] In 1969, the same court, after new evidence revealed in a report by expert Dr. Wolfgang Scheffler, reassessed that number to 900,000.[17] According to the Germans and the guards who were stationed in Treblinka, the figure ranges from 1,000,000 to 1,400,000. It is somewhat difficult to assess exactly the actual number of those killed, however the approximate number can be established on the basis of the Hoefle telegram and surviving transports documentation.

In 2001, a copy of a decrypted telegram sent by the deputy commander of the Operation Reinhard was discovered among recently declassified information in Britain. The Höfle Telegram listed 713,555 Jews killed in Treblinka up to the end of December 1942. With the addition of 1943 transports listed in Yitzhak Arad's book, one may arrive at the figure 800,000. On the basis of the telegram and additional data for 1943 Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk estimates the minimum death toll as 780,863.[18]

In Israel on April 25, 1988, John Demjanjuk was sentenced to death for war crimes committed in the camp. He was accused of being the notorious guard known as "Ivan the Terrible" by survivors. His conviction was overturned in 1993.

The Austrian Franz Stangl was the commandant at Treblinka from Summer 1942 on. In 1951, Stangl escaped to Brazil where he found work at a Volkswagen factory in Sao Paulo. His role in the mass murder of men, women and children was known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for Stangl's arrest until 1961. In spite of his registration under his real name at the Austrian consulate in Brazil,[19] it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested in Brazil. After extradition to West Germany he was tried for the deaths of around 900,000 people. He admitted to these killings but argued: "My conscience is clear. I was simply doing my duty". Found guilty on October 22, 1970, Stangl was sentenced to life imprisonment. He died of heart failure in Düsseldorf prison on June 28, 1971.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Treblinka - ein Todeslager der "Aktion Reinhard", in: "Aktion Reinhard" - Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement, Bogdan Musial (ed.), Osnabrück 2004, pp. 257-281.
  2. ^ Höfle Telegram Public Record Office, Kew, England, HW 16/23, decode GPDD 355a distributed on January 15, 1943, radio telegrams nos 12 and 13/15, transmitted on January 11, 1943.
  3. ^ Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust.
  4. ^ Court of Assizes in Düsseldorf, Germany. Excerpts From Judgments (Urteilsbegründung). AZ-LG Düsseldorf: II 931638.
  5. ^ Steiner, Jean-Francois, and Weaver, Helen. Treblinka.
  6. ^ United States Department of Justice. Excerpts from Interrogation of Defendant Pavel Vladimirovitch Lelenko.
  7. ^ a b c Testimony of Alexsandr Yeger at the Nizkor Project
  8. ^ Surviving Treblinka by Samuel Willenberg – Basil Blackwell 1989.
  9. ^ Trawniki
  10. ^ Steiner & Weaver, pp. 92–95.
  11. ^ Steiner & Weaver, p. 84.
  12. ^ Klee, Ernst., Dressen, W., Riess, V. The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders.
  13. ^ Lanzmann.
  14. ^ Arad, p.247.
  15. ^ Arad, p.373.
  16. ^ The Nizkor Project. The Killing Centers.
  17. ^ a b [1], Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations
  18. ^ Treblinka - ein Todeslager der "Aktion Reinhard", in: "Aktion Reinhard" - Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement, Bogdan Musial (ed.), Osnabrück 2004, pp. 257-281.
  19. ^ Sereny, Gitta Into That Darkness: from Mercy Killing to Mass Murder, a study of Franz Stangl, the commandant of Treblinka 1974

[edit] References

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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