Green belt (UK)
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In United Kingdom town planning, the green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth. The idea is for a ring of countryside where urbanisation will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail. The fundamental aim of green belt policy is to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open, and consequently the most important attribute of green belts is their openness.
It was first proposed around London by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935. The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 then allowed local authorities to include green belt proposals in their development plans. In 1955, Minister of Housing Duncan Sandys encouraged local authorities around the country to consider protecting land around their towns and cities by the formal designation of clearly-defined green belts. [1][2]
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[edit] Green belt policy for England and Wales
The Government sets out its policies and principles towards the green belts defined by local authorities in England and Wales in Planning Policy Guidance Note 2: Green Belts [3]. Local Councils are strongly urged to follow PPG2's detailed advice when considering whether to permit additional development in the green belt, or to assent to new uses being made of existing premises. In the green belt there is a general presumption against inappropriate development, unless very special circumstances can be demonstrated to show that the benefits of the development will outweigh the harm caused to the green belt. PPG2 also sets out a number of examples of what would constitute appropriate or inappropriate development in the green belt.
According to PPG2, there are five stated purposes of including land within the green belt:
- To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas
- To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another
- To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment
- To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns
- To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.
Once an area of land has been defined as green belt, opportunities and benefits include:
- Providing opportunities for access to the open countryside for the urban population
- Providing opportunities for outdoor sport and outdoor recreation near urban areas
- The retention of attractive landscapes and the enhancement of landscapes, near to where people live
- Improvement of damaged and derelict land around towns
- The securing of nature conservation interests
- The retention of land in agricultural, forestry and related uses.
[edit] Green belt areas in England
By 2003, fourteen distinct green belts collectively restrict about 13 percent of England. In order of decreasing size these are as follows:
| Area (km²) |
Cities |
|---|---|
| 5,133 | London (The Metropolitan Green Belt) |
| 2,578 | North West (Merseyside and Greater Manchester) |
| 2,556 | South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire |
| 2,315 | West Midlands |
| 825 | South west Hampshire and South east Dorset (Bournemouth/Poole, New Forest) |
| 688 | Avon (Bristol and Bath) |
| 663 | Tyne and Wear |
| 618 | Nottingham and Derby |
| 441 | Stoke-on-Trent |
| 350 | Oxford |
| 267 | Cambridge |
| 262 | York |
| 70 | Gloucester and Cheltenham |
| 7 | Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote |
| 16,766 Total |
[edit] Green belt in Scotland
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This section requires expansion. |
Green belt policy in Scotland is set out in Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) 21, published by the Scottish Executive in 2006.
[edit] Green belt in Northern Ireland
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This section requires expansion. |
Northern Ireland has 30 green belt areas[3], accounting for approximately 226,600 hectares, about 16 per cent of its total area.[4]
[edit] History
The introduction of green belts was the culmination of over 50 years of environmentalist pressure with roots in the garden city movement and widespread academic interest in combating urban sprawl and ribbon development, as well as pressure from campaign groups such as the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE).
Implementation of the notion dated from Herbert Morrison's 1934 leadership of the London County Council. It was first formally proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935, "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a green belt or girdle of open space". It was again included in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by Patrick Abercrombie in 1944. However, it was some 14 years before the elected local authorities responsible for the area around London had all defined the area on scaled maps with some precision.
New provisions for compensation in the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first development plans. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of Green Belts.
As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of Hertfordshire. The Metropolitan Green Belt now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs.
[edit] Criticisms of green belt policy
Several academics, policy groups and town planning organisations in recent years have criticised the idea and implementation of green belts in the UK. Greenbelt policy has been attacked as too rigid in the face of new urban and environmental challenges. Amongst other things, it has been claimed that areas of green belt can be of unremarkable environmental quality, and may not be well managed or provide the recreational opportunities originally envisaged.
The Town and Country Planning Association, an organisation heavily involved in initiating the concept several decades previously, published a policy statement in 2002[5] which proposed a more flexible policy which would allow the introduction of green wedge and strategic gap policies rather than green belts, and so permit the expansion of some urban areas. Similarly, in October 2007, Sir Martin Doughty, then Chair of Natural England, argued for a review of green belts, saying: "The time has come for a greener green belt. We need a 21st century solution to England's housing needs which puts in place a network of green wedges, gaps and corridors, linking the natural environment and people."[6].
Lewis Abbott has identified greenbelt barriers to urban expansion as one of several major protectionist political-economic barriers to housebuilding with negative effects on the supply, cost/prices, and quality of new homes.(The others include new housing development taxes and quasi-taxes; political discrimination against particular classes of new housing supplier, household consumer, and housing product; and controls on housing technical-product development – in particular, the blocking of innovative low-cost housebuilding using new materials and production technologies). Abbott argues that the greenbelts actually defeat their own stated objective of saving the countryside and open spaces. By preventing existing towns and cities from extending normally and organically, they result in more land-extensive housing developments further out – i.e., the establishment beyond the greenbelts of new communities with lower building densities, their own built infrastructure and other facilities, and greater dependence on cars and commuting, etc. Meanwhile, valuable urban green space and brownfield sites best suited to industry and commerce are lost in existing conurbations as more and more new housing is crammed into them.[7] [8]
Other radical commentators such as James Heartfield[9] and Alan Evans[10] have called for outright abolition of green belts, principally on the grounds that by inhibiting the free use of land they restrict home ownership.
However, in England the concept of "green belt" has become entrenched as a fundamental part of government policy, and the possibility of reviewing boundaries is often viewed with considerable hostility by local communities and their elected representatives[11][12].
[edit] Related concepts
The general concept of "green belt" has evolved in recent years to encompass "Greenspace" and "Greenstructure", taking into account urban greenspace, an important aspect of sustainable development in the 21st century. However, these concepts are quite distinct in the UK from the green belt as a statutory development plan designation. In 2005, the European Commission's COST Action C11 (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) undertook in-depth city case studies into cities across 15 European countries. Sheffield was one such case study city for the UK. Conclusions were published in "Case studies in Greenstructure Planning".
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Q&A: England's green belt
- ^ Geography; An Integrated Approach - David Waugh
- ^ "Q&A: England's green belt". BBC. 15 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6947435.stm. Retrieved on 2 January 2009.
- ^ "e-Digest Statistics about: Land Use and Land Cover". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 1 June 2005. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/land/ldgrrenbelt.htm. Retrieved on 2 January 2009.
- ^ http://www.tcpa.org.uk/policy_files/g-beltsPS.pdf
- ^ Time for a greener green belt, says Natural England
- ^ “Greenbelt Barriers To Urban Expansion”, in Political Barriers To Housebuilding In Britain: A Critical Case Study Of Protectionism & Its Industrial-Commercial Effects, ISR/Google Books, New edition 2002. ISBN 978-0-906321-21-8. [1]
- ^ "Housebuilding and Land (2): Political and Legal Influences" in Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: A Survey, ISR/Google Books, Revised second edition 2008. ISBN 978-0-906321-45-4. [2]
- ^ Don’t protect the Green Belt - build on it | spiked
- ^ Call for green belt rules to be scrapped | Society | guardian.co.uk
- ^ Oxford Green Belt Network Website
- ^ Friends of the Earth: Press Release: National Save the Green Belt Rally Takes Place at Stevenage
[edit] External links
- Map of England & Wales green belts (High resolution; 1.5 MB)
- Map of England & Wales green belts (Low resolution; 115 KB)
- Planning Policy Guidance Note 2 for England & Wales
- SPP21 for Scotland
- For topical summaries of discussions about the possible release of green belt land for various developments or urbanisation: [4]
- For an academic bibliography: [5]
- For views critical of green belt policy: [6]
- Campaign for the Protection of Rural England
- Oxford Green Belt Network
