AH-64 Apache

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AH-64 Apache
A US Army AH-64 Apache from 101st Aviation Regiment, in Iraq
Role Attack helicopter
National origin United States
Manufacturer Hughes Helicopters
McDonnell Douglas
Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
First flight 30 September 1975
Status Active service
Primary users United States Army
Israel Air Force
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Produced 1984–present
Number built 1,048 as of 2000[1]
Unit cost US$18 million (1996)[1]
Variants AgustaWestland Apache

The AH-64 Apache is an all-weather day-night military attack helicopter with a four-bladed main and tail rotor and a crew of two pilots who sit in tandem. The main fixed armament is a 30 mm M230 Chain Gun under the aircraft's nose. It can also carry a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire and Hydra 70 rocket pods on four hardpoints mounted on its stub-wing pylons. The AH-64 is the principal attack helicopter of the United States Army, and a successor to the AH-1 Cobra.

The Apache was designed by Hughes Helicopters in response to the Army's Advanced Attack Helicopter program. McDonnell Douglas purchased Hughes Helicopters and continued the development of the AH-64 resulting in the AH-64D Apache Longbow which is currently produced by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. United States Army AH-64s have been in action in Panama, Persian Gulf War, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

Contents

[edit] Development

[edit] Advanced Attack Helicopter

Following the cancellation of the AH-56 Cheyenne in favor of United States Air Force and Marine Corps projects like the A-10 Thunderbolt II and Harrier Jump Jet, the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still fall under Army command; the 1948 Key West Agreement forbade the Army from commanding fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than the AH-1 Cobra in firepower, performance and range. It would have the maneuverability to fly nap-of-the-earth (NoE) missions.[2] To this end, the US Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for an Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) on 15 November 1972.[3]

Proposals were submitted by five manufacturers: Bell, Boeing Vertol (teamed with Grumman), Hughes, Lockheed, and Sikorsky. In 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's Toolco Aircraft Division (later Hughes Helicopters). This began the phase 1 of the competition.[4]

Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program. Hughes' Model 77/YAH-64A prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's Model 409/YAH-63A prototype first flew on 1 October.[4] After evaluating test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle landing gear arrangement.[5]

The AH-64A then entered phase 2 of the AAH program. This called for building three preproduction AH-64s, and upgrading the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit up to the same standard.[6] Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time,[4] including the new Hellfire missile.[6]

[edit] Moving into production

In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the US Army for Operational Test II. The Army testing was successful, but afterwards it was decided to upgrade to the T700-GE-701 version of engine, producing 1,690 shp (1,259 kW).[4] In late 1981, the AH-64 was named the "Apache" keeping with the Army's traditional use of Native American tribal names for its helicopters. Hughes was approved for full scale production in 1982.[4] In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility at Mesa, Arizona. In 1984, Hughes Helicopters was purchased by McDonnell Douglas for $470 million.[7] The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas in August 1997. In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was US$7.03 million and the average unit cost was approximately US$13.9 million based on total costs.[7]

In the mid-1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an improved "AH-64B" design with an updated cockpit, new fire control system and other upgrades. In 1988 funding was approved for a multi-stage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon avionic systems and incorporate some digital systems. However, improved technology was becoming available. It was decided to cancel the upgrade program for more ambitious changes. This would lead to the more advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow in the mid-1990s.[8]

In 2004, General Electric Aviation began producing more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, rated at 2,000 shp (1,500 kW) for AH-64Ds.[9] The total cost of the AH-64D program is US$10.5 billion through April 2007.[10]

[edit] Design

The AH-64 is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines with high-mounted exhausts on either side of the rotor shaft. The Apache has a four-blade main rotor and four-blade tail rotor. The crew sits in tandem, with the pilot sitting behind and above the copilot-gunner in an armored crew compartment. The crew compartment and fuel tanks are armored such that the aircraft will remain flyable even after sustaining hits from 23 mm gunfire.[11][12]

The helicopter is armed with a 30 mm M230 Chain Gun that can be slaved to the gunner's Helmet mounted display, fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the Target Acquisition and Designation System (TADS). The AH-64 carries a range of external stores on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, Hydra 70 general-purpose unguided 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets, and AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles for defense. In case of emergency the pylons also have mounting points for personnel transfer (mounting points are handles normally used by maintenance personnel).[13]

The AH-64 is designed to endure front-line environments and to operate during the day or night and in adverse weather using avionics and electronics, such as the Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System (TADS/PNVS), passive infrared countermeasures, Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS).

[edit] Operational history

[edit] United States

AH-64A at Forward Operating Base Speicher, Iraq in 2005.

The Apache was first used in combat during the 1989 invasion of Panama, Operation Just Cause. The AH-64A Apache and the AH-64D Apache Longbow have played important roles in several Middle Eastern wars, including the Persian Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. The Apaches were proven to be excellent tank hunters and also destroyed hundreds of armored vehicles (mainly of the Iraqi army).

During Operation Desert Storm on 17 January 1991, eight AH-64As guided by four MH-53 Pave Low IIIs, were used to destroy a portion of the Iraqi radar network to allow bomber aircraft into Iraq without detection.[4] This was the first attack of Desert Storm.[4] The Apaches carried an asymmetrical load of Hydra 70 flechette rockets, Hellfires, and one auxiliary fuel tank each.[14] During the 100-hour ground war, a total of 277 AH-64s took part. Apaches destroyed over 500 tanks, numerous armored personnel carriers and many other vehicles during Operation Desert Storm.[4]

Deployment to the Balkans took place during the disputes in Bosnia and Kosovo in the later 1990s, but the Apache encountered problems which reduced their effectiveness considerably. Criticisms included a lack of training for the crews and deficiencies in night vision equipment, fuel tanks, and aircraft survivability. An Apache crashed during training in Albania on 27 April 1999. Eventually the entire fleet in the Balkans was grounded for two weeks in December 2000. Major General Dick Cody, commanding officer of the 101st Airborne at the time, wrote a strongly worded memo to the US Army Chief of Staff about the failures in training and equipment.[15]

AH-64D over Taji, Iraq 2006.

During Operation Iraqi Freedom, several Apaches were damaged in combat, including one captured by Iraqi troops near Karbala on 24 March 2003, and shown on Iraqi television. The captured helicopter was destroyed via air strike one day after it was downed.[16] The 24 March attack, against an armored brigade of the Iraqi Republican Guard's Medina Division, was largely unsuccessful: US officials claimed that it was because the tank crews had set up a "flak trap" in broken terrain, employing their guns to good effect [17][18] while Iraqi officials claimed that the Apache was shot down by an farmer with a Brno rifle.[19][verification needed] The helicopter came down intact and neither the pilot nor co-pilot was injured in the incident.

American AH-64Ds are currently flying in Iraq and Afghanistan without the Longbow Fire Control Radar as there are simply no armored threats for coalition forces to deal with.[20]

The vast majority of Apache helicopters that have taken heavy combat damage have been able to continue their assigned missions and return safely to their bases. For example, of the 33 Apaches employed in the 24 March 2003 attack, 30 were damaged by Iraqi ground fire with several being damaged beyond repair, but only one of these did not make it back to base.[18] As of 2008, eleven Apache helicopters were shot down by enemy fire during the entire war and other fifteen crashed in Iraq due to other reasons.

[edit] Israel

IAF AH-64A "Peten" פתן
Apache Longbow at the International Aerospace Exhibition 2006.

The Israeli Air Force uses the Apache to strike various targets with guided missiles. The AH-64A attacked and destroyed some of Hezbollah outposts in Lebanon during the 1990s, attacking in many weather conditions — day and night. During the al-Aqsa Intifada, the IAF used the Apaches to kill senior Hamas figures, such as Ahmed Yasin and Adnan al-Ghoul, with guided missiles. In the Israel-Lebanon conflict of July – August 2006, two IAF AH-64A helicopters collided, killing one pilot and wounding three, all critically. In another incident in the conflict, an IAF AH-64D Longbow crashed, killing the two pilots, due to a malfunction in the rotor hub.[21]

[edit] United Kingdom

Main article: AgustaWestland Apache

The UK operates a modified version of the Apache Longbow initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, and is designated Apache AH1 by the British Army. Westland has built 67 WAH-64 Apaches[22] under license from Boeing replacing the engines with more powerful Rolls-Royce units. A folding blade assembly for naval operations is another important change, allowing British Apaches to operate alongside and in support of amphibious operations, flying from Royal Navy warships and auxiliaries. The Westland Apache replaced the Westland Lynx AH7 as the British Army's tactical attack helicopter. The Apache AH1s are currently deployed in Afghanistan, where they are serving in support of UK and Coalition forces in the south of the country.[23] British Apaches are using the Longbow Fire Control Radar in Afghanistan, saying that it improves situational awareness and avoidance of other aircraft during tactical maneuvers.[24]

[edit] The Netherlands

The Royal Netherlands Air Force ordered 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1996,[25] after leasing 12 AH-64As. The radomes were not included, hence the Dutch AH-64Ds are not referred to as Longbows. Their first deployment was in 2001 to Djibouti, Africa. This was the first deployment of the D-model Apache.[26] They were also deployed alongside US AH-64s in support of NATO peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2004, Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Netherlands contribution to Multinational force in Iraq.[27] At the same time Dutch Apaches were also deployed to Kabul as part of the Netherlands contribution to ISAF. In February 2006, the Netherlands contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.[28]

[edit] Other users

In September 2003, Greece ordered 12 AH-64D (in addition to the already existing fleet of 20 AH-64A+) for a total cost of $675 million (presumably including weapons and support), indicating a gross unit cost for the AH-64D of $56.25 million. Singapore purchased a total of 20 AH-64D Longbow Apache aircraft in two batches between 1999 and 2001. The United Arab Emirates purchased a total of 30 AH-64A helicopters in 1991 and 1994, which they are now upgrading to AH-64D specification.[29] Kuwait has purchased 16 Longbow helicopters.[30] Other countries with the Apache include Egypt, Israel, Japan and Saudi Arabia.[31]

South Korea is reviewing plans to purchase 36 AH-64D while simultaneously co-developing a domestic attack helicopter, the Korean Attack Helicopter, (KAH) under the KAH program with partnership from Eurocopter, which will be based on the Eurocopter Tiger.[32]

Japan has ordered 50 AH-64Ds.[33] They are to be built under license by Fuji Heavy Industries, with its first helicopter delivered to the JGSDF in early 2006.[34][35] after initial deliveries started in 2005.[36] The said designation for the Fuji-made AH-64D are known as AH-64DJP.[34]

The Republic of China (Taiwan) plans to purchase 30 AH-64D from 2008 onwards for its Army.[37] India also issued a request for proposal for 22 attack helicopters for the Indian Air Force. The Apache Longbow was one of several types competing for the IAF order,[38] but Boeing backed out of the competition in October 2008.[39]

[edit] Variants

Royal Netherlands Air Force AH-64D at the Farnborough Airshow, 2006.

[edit] AH-64A

The AH-64A is the original production attack helicopter. It is powered by two GE T700 turbo-shaft engines. The crew sit in tandem in an armored compartment.

The helicopter is armed with a 30 mm M230 Chain Gun that is slaved to the gunner's helmet-mounted gunsight. The AH-64A carries a range of external stores on its stub-wing pylons, including a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, Hydra 70 general-purpose unguided 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets, and AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles for defense.

[edit] AH-64B

In 1991 after Operation Desert Storm, the AH-64B was a proposed upgrade to 254 AH-64As. The upgrade included new rotor blades, a Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigaton systems and new radios. Congress approved US$82 million to begin the Apache B upgrade. The B program was canceled in 1992.[4] The radio, navigation, and GPS modifications, would later be installed on most A-model Apaches as part of an upgrade program.

[edit] AH-64C

Additional funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. More funding changed the plan to upgrade to AH-64C. The C upgrade would include all changes to be included in the Longbow except for mast mounted radar and newer engines. However, after 1993, the C designation was dropped.[4]

The upgrades would go forward. However, since the only difference between the C model and the radar-equipped D model was the radar, which could be moved from one aircraft to another, a decision was made to not distinguish between the two versions, despite the presence or absence of the radar.

[edit] AH-64D

Israeli Air Force AH-64D "Saraf"
Republic of Singapore Air Force AH-64D on static display during open house

The advanced model, the AH-64D Apache Longbow, is equipped with an improved sensor suite and weapon systems. The key improvement over the A-variant is the AN/APG-78 Longbow dome installed over the main rotor which houses a millimeter-wave Fire Control Radar (FCR) target acquisition system as well as the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI). The elevated position of the radome allows detection and (arcing) missile engagement of targets even when the helicopter itself is concealed by an obstacle (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). Further, a radio modem integrated with the sensor suite allows a D-variant Apache to share targeting data with other AH-64Ds that do not have a line-of-sight to the target. In this manner a group of Apaches can engage multiple targets but only reveal the radome of one D-variant Apache. Apaches that include all of the improvements of the Longbow Apache, with the exception of the Fire Control Radar are still designated as "AH-64D Apache Longbows", as the radome is removable and interchangeable between aircraft.

The aircraft was updated with more powerful T700-GE-701C engines, and a fully-integrated cockpit. The forward fuselage of the aircraft was expanded to accommodate new systems. In addition, the aircraft receives improved survivability, communications, and navigation capabilities. Most existing capabilities of the AH-64A Apache are retained.

The first of the upgraded Block II Apaches was delivered to the US Army in February 2003. Block II includes upgrades to the digital communications systems to improve communications within the 'tactical internet'.[40]

Block III improvements, slated for 2008 onwards, include increasing digitization, the joint tactical radio system, enhanced engines and drive systems, capability to control UAVs, new composite rotor blade and landing gear upgrades. The new blades, which successfully completed flight testing in May 2004, increase the Apache's cruise speed, climb rate and payload capability. The Block III System Development and Demonstration (SDD) contract was awarded to Boeing in July 2006.[40]

[edit] Export Apaches

A number of other models have been derived from both AH-64A and AH-64D for export. The British-built AgustaWestland Apache (assembled from kits purchased from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D with several different systems, including newer, more powerful engines.

[edit] Sea Apache

A naval version of the AH-64A was proposed for the United States Marine Corps and Navy from 1984 to 1987.[5] Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.[41] Funding for the naval version was not provided and the Marine Corps continues to use the AH-1 SuperCobra as of 2008.[5]

[edit] Operators

World map of military operators of the AH-64 Apache. Red: current military operators; green: projected military operators.
JGSDF AH-64D.
 Egypt
  • Egyptian Air Force ordered 36 AH-64As in 1995, and were being upgraded to AH-64D configuration in 2005.[33] Egypt had 35 AH-64Ds in operation as of Jan. 2008.[42]
 Greece
  • Hellenic Army has 20 AH-64As, and 12 AH-64Ds on order as of 2005.[33] Greece has 20 AH-64As, and 8 AH-64Ds in use as of Jan. 2008.[42]
 Israel
 Japan
 Kuwait
 Netherlands
 Saudi Arabia
 Singapore
 United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom
 United States

[edit] Specifications (AH-64A)

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2: pilot, CPG (co-pilot/gunner)
  • Length: 58.17 ft (17.73 m) (with both rotors turning)
  • Rotor diameter: 48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)
  • Height: 12.7 ft (3.87 m)
  • Disc area: 1,809.5 ft² (168.11 m²)
  • Empty weight: 11,387 lb (5,165 kg)
  • Loaded weight: 18,000 lb (8,000 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 21,000 lb (9,500 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2× General Electric T700-GE-701 and later upgraded to T700-GE-701C (1990-present) & T700-GE-701D (AH-64D block III) turboshafts, -701: 1,690 shp, -701C: 1,890 shp, -701D: 2,000 shp (-701: 1,260 kW, -701C: 1,490 kW) each
  • Fuselage length: 49 ft 5 in (15.06 m)
  • Rotor systems: 4 blade main rotor, 4 blade tail rotor in non-orthogonal alignment[45]
Hydra 70 and AGM-114 Hellfire.

Performance

Armament

[edit] Popular culture

The Apache had a major role in the movie Fire Birds (or Wings of the Apache). The AH-64 was also the subject of the Jane's Combat Simulators computer game Longbow. In Longbow, a player flies an Apache in a campaign against Soviet targets. The game received numerous awards for its ultra-realistic flight environment and accurate portrayals of every aspect of the Apache's electronics systems.[46].

[edit] See also

Related development

Comparable aircraft

Related lists

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b "Boeing AH-64 Apache". Jane's: All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group. 2000-10-13. http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-06-17. 
  2. ^ Bishop 2005, pp. 5-6.
  3. ^ OAVCSA 1973, p. 10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bishop 2005.
  5. ^ a b c Donald 2004.
  6. ^ a b The Boeing AH-64 Apache, vectorsite.net, July 1, 2007.
  7. ^ a b Donald 2004, p. 119.
  8. ^ Donald 2004, pp. 150-153.
  9. ^ "T700-GE-701D Engine Awarded U.S. Army Qualification", GE Aviation, 4 November 2004.
  10. ^ AH-64D Apache Longbow, Deagel.com
  11. ^ Donald 2004, p 110.
  12. ^ INTRODUCTION FILM FOR A NEW GENERATION OF ATTACK HELICOPTER - THE AH-64 APACHE - Official US Army video at Real Military Flix
  13. ^ "Helicopter rescue bid for Marine"
  14. ^ Taylor, Thomas. "Lightning in the Storm" Hippocrene Books (2003). ISBN 0-7818-1017-5.
  15. ^ Apaches Are Ailing Warriors
  16. ^ "Downed Apache Blown Up"
  17. ^ "U.S. Apache pilots taken prisoner", CNN.
  18. ^ a b Fred Kaplan. "Chop the Chopper: The Army's Apache attack-helicopter had a bad war". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2081906/. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. 
  19. ^ "A city and regime steel for reckoning to come". Sydney Morning Herald, 26 March 2003.
  20. ^ Defense News
  21. ^ "Boeing Leads Inquiry Into Israeli Apache Crash"
  22. ^ "British Army Receives 67th Apache In Ceremony Held At The Farnborough Airshow 2004", AgustaWestland, 21 July 2004.
  23. ^ "UK troops in first Taleban action", BBC, 23 May 2006.
  24. ^ "Brits See Longbow As Key To Apache Ops", DefenseTech.org, November 27, 2007.
  25. ^ "Boeing Delivers 30th AH-64D Apache to Royal Netherlands Air Force"
  26. ^ "Army Conducts First Deployment of AH-64D Apache Longbows To Kuwait". Defense Daily, 6 March 2002.
  27. ^ "Six Apaches to Iraq to boost security". government.nl news archive
  28. ^ "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan". BBC
  29. ^ UAE’s 30-Helicopter Apache Upgrade Program Underway
  30. ^ Kuwait Runs Apache Longbow Contract to $262.2 M
  31. ^ $67.6M to Convert US and Foreign AH-64s to AH-64D Apache Longbows
  32. ^ "South Korea Bids to Buy Second-Hand US Attack Choppers". The Korea Times. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/05/205_24806.html. 
  33. ^ a b c d e f Bishop 2005, pp. 40-44.
  34. ^ a b The Boeing AH-64 Apache. Vectorsite.net, 01 July 2007. Retrieved on November 7, 2008.
  35. ^ Fuji Heavy Industries Delivers First Apache Longbow Helicopter to Japanese Government under Boeing Licensing Agreement. Retrieved on November 7, 2008.
  36. ^ Boeing AH-64D Longbow Apache. Retrieved on November 7, 2008.
  37. ^ "Taiwan to Buy Apaches to Counter China Threat". Defense News. 2007-07-09. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=2886256&C=asiapac. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. 
  38. ^ India seeks 22 attack helicopters. Retrieved on November 9, 2008.
  39. ^ Govindasamy, Siva. "Bell, Boeing quit Indian attack helicopter contest". Flight International, 10 October 2008.
  40. ^ a b "AH-64A/D Apache Attack Helicopter, USA". http://www.army-technology.com/projects/apache/. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 
  41. ^ McDonnell Douglas AH-64 "Sea Apache" project, Aviastar.org, accessed November 11, 2007.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2008 Aerospace Source Book. Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 28, 2008.
  43. ^ Donald 2004, p. 157.
  44. ^ [http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/me_saudis0668_11_04.asp Saudis are top arms buyer in developing world. Retrieved on November 16, 2008.
  45. ^ tailrotors.html
  46. ^ T. Liam McDonald. "AH-64D Longbow Review". http://www.gamespot.com/pc/sim/ah64dlongbow/review.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-22. 
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