Madeleine Albright

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Albright
In office
January 23, 1997 – January 20, 2001
President Bill Clinton
Preceded by Warren Christopher
Succeeded by Colin Powell
In office
January 27, 1993 – January 21, 1997
President Bill Clinton
Preceded by Edward J. Perkins
Succeeded by Bill Richardson
Nationality American, Czech
Political party Democratic
Spouse Joseph Medill Patterson Albright (1959-1982) (divorced)
Children 3 daughters - twins Anne and Alice, and Katherine (Katie)
Alma mater Wellesley College,
Johns Hopkins University,
Columbia University
Profession Diplomat
Religion Episcopalian

Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997. She is currently a professor at Georgetown University.

Contents

[edit] Academic and public career

Madeleine Albright graduated from the Kent Denver School in 1955. Awarded a BA from Wellesley College with honors in Political Science, she studied at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, received a Certificate from the Russian Institute at Columbia University, and her Master's and Doctorate from Columbia University's Department of Public Law and Government. She was also awarded Honorary Doctors of Laws from the University of Washington in 2002, University of Winnipeg in 2005, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2007 and Knox College in 2008 [1].

From 1976 to 1978, she served as Chief Legislative Assistant to US Senator Edmund Muskie. From 1978 to 1981, as both a staff member of the White House and the National Security Council, Albright was an important Carter administration official responsible for the formulation of foreign policy legislation.

From 1981 to 1982, Secretary Albright was awarded a fellowship at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution following an international competition in which she wrote about the role of the press in political changes in Poland during the early 1980s.

From 1981 to 1982, she also served as a Senior Fellow in Soviet and Eastern European Affairs at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, conducting research in developments and trends in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

In 1981, she co-founded the Center for National Policy. She also served as President of the organization.

In 1982, Albright was appointed Research Professor of International Affairs and Director of Women in Foreign Service Program at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. She taught undergraduate and graduate courses in international affairs, US foreign policy, Russian foreign policy, and Central and Eastern European politics, and was responsible for developing and implementing programs designed to enhance women's professional opportunities in international affairs. She was voted "best teacher" four times. Before becoming Secretary of State, Albright served as US Ambassador to the United Nations during President Clinton's first term. Today, Secretary Albright is once again a professor at Georgetown, and serves as a Director on the Board of the Council on Foreign Relations.[2]

[edit] United States Ambassador to the United Nations

Albright gained recognition as a foreign policy adviser to vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and to presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988. Although both were defeated, she emerged as a key adviser to Democrats on foreign policy. Albright was appointed ambassador to the UN, her first diplomatic post, shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the UN, she had a rocky relationship with the United Nations Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali. She did not take action against the genocide in Rwanda. Albright later remarked in PBS documentary Ghosts of Rwanda that "it was a very, very difficult time, and the situation was unclear. You know, in retrospect, it all looks very clear. But when you were [there] at the time, it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda."[3]

In 1994, in her role as the United States' UN permanent representative she led efforts to deny declaring the massacres in Rwanda genocide [4]. The State Department instructed the White House press secretary to avoid using the words "genocide" and to substitute the terms "acts of genocide". She also led resistance to a new mandate to a new UN mission towards "ensuring" stability and security in the provinces of Rwanda [5].

She was also criticized for defending the sanctions of Iraq under Saddam Hussein in a 1996 interview with Lesley Stahl on CBS's 60 Minutes. When asked by Stahl with regards to effect of sanctions against Iraq: "We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that's more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?" Albright replied: "I think this is a very hard choice, but the price — we think the price is worth it."[6] Not until years later did she express regret for this remark.[citation needed] In her 2003 autobiography she wrote,

I must have been crazy; I should have answered the question by reframing it and pointing out the inherent flaws in the premise behind it. […] As soon as I had spoken, I wished for the power to freeze time and take back those words. My reply had been a terrible mistake, hasty, clumsy, and wrong. […] I had fallen into a trap and said something that I simply did not mean. That is no one’s fault but my own.[7]

This "trap" has been identified as a loaded question.[8][9] Her failure to "refram[e the question] and point[] out [its] inherent flaws"[7] has been called "the non-denial heard 'round the world"[10] because "by not challenging the statistic, Albright inadvertently lent credence to it."[8] When asked about her response in 2005, Albright said "I never should have made it, it was stupid," and that she still supported the concept of tailored sanctions.[11]

Both Bill Clinton and Madeleine Albright insisted that an attack on Hussein could only be stopped if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections. "Iraq has a simple choice. Reverse course or face the consequences," Albright said.[12]

The lawyers of Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali, convicted in the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, used Albright's 60 Minutes comment in an attempt to save the terrorist from the death penalty.[13]

Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters, she announced, "This is not cojones. This is cowardice." The line reportedly endeared her to President Clinton. Boutros Boutros-Ghali's spokesperson Sylvana Foa said of Albright, "She's no shrinking violet. She can be biting."

[edit] Secretary of State

When Madeleine Albright was confirmed as the 64th Secretary of State of the United States, she became the first female United States Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the United States government. Not being a natural born citizen of the United States, she was not eligible as Presidential Successor and was excluded from nuclear contingency plans. As Secretary, Dr. Albright reinforced America’s alliances, advocated democracy and human rights, and promoted American trade and business, labor and environmental standards abroad.

During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East. She incurred the wrath of a number of Serbs in the former Yugoslavia for her role in participating in the formulation of US policy during the Kosovo War and Bosnian war as well as the rest of the Balkans. But, together with President Bill Clinton, she remains a largely popular figure in the rest of the region, especially Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Croatia. According to Albright's memoirs, she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking, "What’s the point of you saving this superb military for, Colin, if we can't use it?" [14]

As Secretary of State she represented the United States at the Handover of Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. She boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the China-appointed Legislative Council, which replaced the elected one, along with the British contingents.[15]

According to several accounts, the American ambassador to Kenya, Prudence Bushnell, repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi, including in an April 1998 letter directly to Albright. Bushnell was ignored.[16] In "Against All Enemies," Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in August 1998. "What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy?" Clarke asked. "The Republicans in Congress will go after you." "First of all, I didn't lose these two embassies," Albright shot back. "I inherited them in the shape they were." Albright was booed in 1998 when the brief war threat with Iraq revealed that citizens were opposed to such an invasion, although this is often overlooked.

In 1998, at the 50th anniversary NATO summit, Albright articulated what would become known as the "three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication—because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen."[17]

In 2000, Secretary Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet Kim Jong-il, the communist leader of North Korea, during an official state visit to that country.[18]

In one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright on January 8, 2001, paid a farewell call on Kofi Annan and said that the United States would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its weapons of mass destruction as a condition of lifting economic sanctions, even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20, 2001.[19]

[edit] Post-2001 career

Following Albright's term as US Secretary of State, many speculated that she might pursue a career in Czech politics. Czech President Václav Havel talked openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him after he retired in 2002. Albright was reportedly flattered by suggestions that she should run for office, but denied ever seriously considering it.[20] She was the 2nd recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

In 2001, Albright founded the Albright Group, an international strategy consulting firm founded based in Washington, D.C.[21] It has Coca-Cola, Merck, Dubai Ports World, and Marsh & McLennan Companies among its clients, who benefit from the access that Albright has through her global contacts.[22][23] Affiliated with the firm is Albright Capital Management, which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets.[23]

Albright currently serves on the Council on Foreign Relations Board of directors and on the International Advisory Committee of the Brookings Doha Center.[24] She is also currently the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, DC. On October 25, 2005, Albright guest starred on the TV drama Gilmore Girls as herself.

In 2003, she accepted a position on the Board of Directors of the New York Stock Exchange. In 2005, Albright declined to run for re-election to the Board in the aftermath of the Grasso compensation scandal, in which the Chairman of the NYSE Board of Directors, Dick Grasso, had been granted $187.5-million dollars in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat. During the tenure of the interim chairman, John S. Reed, Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board's nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board's permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.[25]

On January 5, 2006, she participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with George W. Bush administration officials. On May 5, 2006 she was again invited to the White House to meet with former Secretaries and Bush administration officials to discuss Iraq.

Albright currently serves as chairperson of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation. She is also the co-chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor and held the Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders Women's Ministerial Initiative up until November 16, 2007, succeeded by Margot Wallström.

In an interview given to Newsweek International published July 24, 2006, Albright gave her opinion on current United States foreign policy. Albright said: "I hope I'm wrong, but I'm afraid that Iraq is going to turn out to be the greatest disaster in American foreign policy—worse than Vietnam."[26]

In September 2006, she received the MiE Award, with Václav Havel, for furthering the cause of international understanding.

Albright has mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews. She has said she is capable of leg pressing 400 pounds.[27][28]

At the National Press Club in Washington on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she with William Cohen would co-chair a new "Genocide Prevention Task Force"[29] created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the American Academy of Diplomacy, and the United States Institute for Peace. Her appointment was criticized by the Armenian National Committee of America[30] and Harut Sassounian.[31].

On May 13, 2007, two days before her 70th birthday, Albright received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[32]

Albright endorsed and supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 campaign for President of the United States. Albright has been a close friend of Secretary of State Clinton and serves as her top informal advisor on foreign policy matters. She is currently serving as a top advisor for United States President Barack Obama in a working group on national security. On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama nominated then-Senator Clinton for Albright's former post of Secretary of State.

[edit] Personal information

Albright was born Marie Jana Korbelová in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) and raised as a Roman Catholic by her parents, Josef Korbel and Anna Spiegelova, who had converted from Judaism in order to escape persecution.[33] She has a brother, John, who later became an economist, and a sister, Katherine. "Madeleine" was the French version of "Madlenka", a nickname given by her grandmother. Albright adopted the new name when she attended a Swiss boarding school.

Albright is the daughter of a diplomat—her father had served in the Czechoslovak diplomatic service. Her brother said, "Madeleine had a special relationship with our father, partly because she followed so closely in his footsteps." Later in life, she joined the Episcopal Church of USA.

Many of her Jewish relatives in Czechoslovakia were killed in the Holocaust, including three of her grandparents.[34]

She and her parents fled again when the Communists assumed power over Czechoslovakia, moving to the United States in 1948. Once settled there, Josef became the founding dean of the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver. Korbel later taught future Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.[35] In Madam Secretary, Albright wrote of how her mother told her that Rice was her father's favorite student. At Josef's funeral, Rice gave the family a planter shaped like a piano in memory of Korbel; it was Korbel that convinced Rice to switch from her music major to majoring in international studies.

Albright attended school in Switzerland and in Denver at Kent Denver School, and later majored in political science on a scholarship at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. She became a US citizen in 1957. After Wellesley graduation in May 1959, she married Chicago newspaper journalist Joseph Medill Patterson Albright on June 11, 1959, whom she had met working a summer job with the Denver Post.

They had three daughters, twins Anne and Alice, and Katie:

  • Alice Patterson Albright (born June 17, 1961 in Garden City, New York) who was married on October 31, 1987, in Washington, D. C. to Gregory Bigelow Bowes
  • Anne Korbel Albright (born June 17, 1961 in Garden City, New York) who was married on November 24, 1990, in Washington D. C., to Geoffrey Roland Watson
  • Katherine Medill Albright (born 1964)

While raising her family, she earned a PhD in Public Law and Government from Columbia University.[36] The couple divorced in 1982.

Albright is multilingual, being fluent in English, French, and Czech in addition to Russian, with good speaking and reading abilities in Polish and Serbo-Croatian.

[edit] Books

After her retirement, Albright published her memoir, Madam Secretary (2003), The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs (2006) and Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership (2008).

[edit] Controversies

[edit] Stolen art

Madeleine Albright's father, Josef Korbel, allegedly appropriated artwork which belonged to German industrialist Karl Nebrich, who owned a Prague apartment later given to Korbel after World War II. Like most other German-speakers living in Czechoslovakia, Nebrich and his family were expelled from the country under the postwar Beneš decrees. The claim is being pressed by Philipp Harmer, the great-grandson of Karl Nebrich.[37]

[edit] Radovan Karadžić

During his first hearing in front of the ICTY, Radovan Karadžić stated that Madeleine Albright[38] along with Richard Holbrooke offered him a deal which would allow him not to get prosecuted for war crimes if he would disappear from public life and politics. According to Karadžić, Albright offered him to get out of the way and go to Russia, Greece, or Serbia and open a private clinic or to at least go to Bijeljina.[39] He also said that Holbrooke or Albright would like to see him disappear and expressed the fear for his life by saying "I do not know how long the arm of Mr Holbrooke or Mrs Albright is ... or whether that arm can reach me here."[40]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Knox Announces Honorary Degree Recipients
  2. ^ http://www.cfr.org/about/people/board_of_directors.html
  3. ^ "Interview Madeleine Albright". Ghosts of Rwanda. PBS Frontline. April 1, 2004 (Interview conducted on February 25, 2004). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/interviews/albright.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  4. ^ (Source: Romeo Dallaires's Shake Hands with the Devil, p. 374)
  5. ^ (Source: Romeo Dallaires's Shake Hands with the Devil, p.506)
  6. ^ Mahajan, Rahul (November/December 2001). ""We Think the Price Is Worth It"". FAIR. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1084. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  7. ^ a b Albright, Madeleine (2003). "Madam Secretary". p. 275. 
  8. ^ a b U.S., U.N. not to blame for deaths of Iraqis | Gazette, The (Colorado Springs) | Find Articles at BNET.com
  9. ^ ""Albright's Blunder". Irvine Review. 2002. Archived from the original on 2003-06-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20030603215848/http://www.irvinereview.org/guest1.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 
  10. ^ http://www.reason.com/news/show/28346.html
  11. ^ "Madelaine Albright, former US Secretary of State, gives her views on future of Iraq and the trial of Saddam Hussein." (RealAudio). BBC Radio 4 Today Programme. October 19, 2005. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/ram/today5_albright_20051019.ram. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  12. ^ "Hussein seeks 'just' solution to standoff". CNN. November 13, 1998. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9811/13/iraq.03/. Retrieved on 2007-06-21. 
  13. ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (June 4, 2001). "Bomber's defense focuses on U.S. policy on Iraq". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/06/04/embassy.bombings.02/. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  14. ^ Albright, Madeleine (2003). "Madam Secretary", 182.
  15. ^ CNN - U.S. to boycott seating of new Hong Kong legislature - June 10, 1997
  16. ^ Before Bombings, Omens and Fears
  17. ^ News from the USIA Washington File
  18. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/Albright.html
  19. ^ U.S. Will Maintain Pressure on Iraq, Albright Says
  20. ^ BBC News | EUROPE | Albright tipped for Czech presidency
  21. ^ "The Albright Group LLC". BusinessWeek. 2008. http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5910760. Retrieved on 2008-12-28. 
  22. ^ Broder, John M. (December 11, 2008). "Title, but Unclear Power, for a New Climate Czar". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/12/us/politics/12climate.html. 
  23. ^ a b Bilodeau, Otis (2007-01-18). "Madeleine Albright Raises $329 Million for New Fund". Bloomberg News. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aU1Dya07Rrr8&refer=news. Retrieved on 2008-12-28. 
  24. ^ "Board of Directors-Council on Foreign Relations". http://www.cfr.org/about/people/board_of_directors.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-06. 
  25. ^ Business: Interim NYSE chairman to stay another year
  26. ^ The Last Word: Madeleine Albright - Newsweek: International Editions - MSNBC.com
  27. ^ U.S. News - Washington Whispers, May 5, 2006
  28. ^ NPR - Madeline Albright Reveals Exercise Regimen For "Kicking Ass"
  29. ^ http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12773216
  30. ^ http://www.asbarez.com/index.html?showarticle=37680_12/9/2008_1#AMC=Open&ASBSC=Closed
  31. ^ Madeleine Albright to Co-Chair Genocide Prevention Task Force, Huffington Post, November 20, 2007
  32. ^ UNC News Release - Five to receive honorary degrees at Carolina's Spring Commencement
  33. ^ "Conversion of Albright's Jewish Family Followed a Well-Trod Path." International Herald Tribune.
  34. ^ Shear, Michael D. (September 20, 2006). "Allen Says He Embraces His Jewish Ancestry". The Washington Post. p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/19/AR2006091901141.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  35. ^ Raz, Guy (June 28, 2006). "For Albright and Rice, Josef Korbel Is Tie that Binds". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5516648. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  36. ^ "Biography: Madeleine Korbel Albright". U.S. Department of State. January 20, 2001. http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/biography/albright.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  37. ^ Germans lost their art, too. Family says Albright's father took paintings
  38. ^ Karadzic demands Holbrooke, Albright appear in court | International | Reuters
  39. ^ Karadzic says 'witch hunt' has tainted trial
  40. ^ US wants me dead: Karadzic

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Madeleine Albright
Political offices
Preceded by
Warren Christopher		 United States Secretary of State
Served under: Bill Clinton
1997 – 2001		 Succeeded by
Colin Powell
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Edward J. Perkins		 United States Ambassador to the United Nations
1993 – 1997		 Succeeded by
Bill Richardson
v • d • e
United States Secretaries of State
Jefferson • Randolph • Pickering • J Marshall • Madison • Smith • Monroe • Adams • Clay • Van Buren • Livingston • McLane • Forsyth • Webster • Upshur • Calhoun • Buchanan • Clayton • Webster • Everett • Marcy • Cass • Black • Seward • Washburne • Fish • Evarts • Blaine • Frelinghuysen • Bayard • Blaine • Foster • Gresham • Olney • Sherman • Day • Hay • Root • Bacon • Knox • Bryan • Lansing • Colby • Hughes • Kellogg • Stimson • Hull • Stettinius • Byrnes • G Marshall • Acheson • Dulles • Herter • Rusk • Rogers • Kissinger • Vance • Muskie • Haig • Shultz • Baker • Eagleburger • Christopher • Albright • Powell • Rice • Clinton
v • d • e
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
v • d • e
 
Cabinet of President Bill Clinton (1993 – 2001)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright"
Personal tools