Sam Rayburn
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Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn
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| In office September 16, 1940 – January 3, 1947 |
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| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1940-1945) Harry S. Truman (1945-1947) |
| Preceded by | William B. Bankhead |
| Succeeded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
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| In office January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 |
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| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
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| In office January 3, 1955 – November 17, 1961 |
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| President | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1955-1961) John F. Kennedy (1961) |
| Preceded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | John William McCormack |
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| In office January 3, 1937 – September 16, 1941 |
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| Deputy | Patrick J. Boland (whip) |
| Preceded by | William B. Bankhead |
| Succeeded by | John William McCormack |
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| In office January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 |
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| Deputy | John William McCormack (whip) |
| Preceded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
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| In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 |
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| Deputy | John William McCormack (whip) |
| Preceded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Joseph William Martin, Jr. |
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| In office March 4, 1913 – November 17, 1961 |
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| Preceded by | Choice B. Randell |
| Succeeded by | Ray Roberts |
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| In office 1911 – 1913 |
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| Governor | Oscar Branch Colquitt |
| Preceded by | John Wesley Marshall |
| Succeeded by | Chester H. Terrell |
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Member of the Texas House of Representatives from 34th district
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| In office 1909 – 1913 |
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| Preceded by | Rosser Thomas |
| Succeeded by | Robert R. Williams |
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| Born | January 30, 1882 Kingston, Tennessee |
| Died | November 16, 1961 (aged 79) Bonham, Texas |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | University of Texas at Austin |
| Profession | Law |
| Religion | Primitive Baptist |
Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (January 30, 1882–November 16, 1961) was a Democratic politician from Bonham, Texas. "Mr. Sam", as he was widely known, served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives for seventeen years, and is regarded by some historians as the most effective Speaker in history.
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[edit] Background
He was born in Roane County, Tennessee, and graduated from Mayo College (now Texas A&M University-Commerce) in Commerce in East Texas. After a year of teaching school, he won election to the Texas Legislature. During his third two-year term in the Legislature, he was elected Speaker of the House at the age of twenty-nine. The next year, he won election to the United States House of Representatives in District 4. He entered Congress in 1913 at the beginning of Woodrow Wilson's presidency and served in office for more than forty-eight years. Sam Rayburn was baptized in the Primitive Baptist Church (Old Line Baptist or Hardshell Baptist) by Elder H.G. Ball.
[edit] Speaker of the House
On September 16, 1940 at the age of 58, and while serving as Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives, Rayburn became Speaker of the House upon the sudden death of Speaker William Bankhead. Rayburn's career as Speaker was interrupted only twice: 1947–1948 and 1953–1954, when Republicans controlled the House. During those periods of Republican rule, Rayburn served as Minority Leader.
Rayburn grew up in abject poverty, and would champion the interests of the poor once in office. He was a close friend and mentor of Lyndon B. Johnson and knew Johnson's father Sam Ealy Johnson, from their days in the Texas State Legislature. Rayburn was instrumental to LBJ's ascent to power, particularly his unusual and rapid rise to the position of Minority Leader even though at the time, Johnson had been in the Senate for a mere four years. Johnson also owed his subsequent elevation to Majority Leader to Rayburn. Like Johnson, Rayburn did not sign a Southern Manifesto[1].
Rayburn, though a menacing and powerful presence on the House floor, was incredibly shy outside of work. He had married once, to Metze Jones (1897-1982), sister of Texas Congressman Marvin Jones and Rayburn's colleague, but the marriage ended quickly and no one really ever knew why. Biographer D.B. Hardeman guessed that Rayburn's work schedule and long bachelorhood, combined with the couple's differing views on alcohol contributed to the rift. The court's divorce file in Bonham, Texas, could never be located, and Rayburn avoided speaking of his brief marriage. One of his greatest, most painful regrets was that he did not have a son, or as he put it in Robert Caro's biography of Lyndon B. Johnson, "a towheaded boy to take fishing."
[edit] Legendary reputation
In shaping legislation, Rayburn preferred working quietly in the background to being in the public spotlight. As Speaker, he won a reputation for fairness and integrity. He refused to accept bribery in the form of gifts or money from lobbyists.[citation needed] He only said, "I am not for sale," and walked away.[citation needed] In his years in Congress, Rayburn always insisted on paying his own expenses, even going so far as to pay for his own travel expenses when inspecting the Panama Canal when his committee was considering legislation concerning it, rather than exercising his right to have the government pay for it. When he died, his personal savings only totaled $15,000 and most of his holdings were in his family ranch.
Rayburn was well known among his colleagues for his after business hours "Board of Education" meetings in hideaway offices in the House. During these off-the-record sessions, the Speaker and powerful committee chairmen would gather for poker, bourbon, and a frank discussion of politics. Rayburn alone determined who received an invitation to these gatherings; to be invited to a "Board of Education" gathering was a high honor.
He coined the term "Sun Belt" while strongly supporting the construction of Route 66. It originally ran south from Chicago, through Oklahoma, and then turned westward from Texas to New Mexico and Arizona before ending at the beach in Santa Monica, California. Arguing in favor of the project, he stated famously that America absolutely must connect "the Frost Belt with the Sun Belt."
Sam Rayburn also held a knack for dressing to suit his occasion. While in Washington D.C., Speaker Rayburn would sport expensive suits, starched shirts, and perfectly shined shoes. However, while back in his poorer district of Texas, Speaker Rayburn would wear simple shirts, blue-jeans, cowboy boots, and cowboy hats. Several politicians have imitated this pattern, including Ronald Reagan's famous examples of clearing brush while outside Washington D.C. while wearing fine suits inside Washington.
The phrase "A jackass can kick a barn down, but it takes a carpenter to build one," is attributed to Rayburn.[2]
Rayburn died of pancreatic cancer in 1961 at the age of seventy-nine and was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. By the time of his death, he had served as Speaker for twice as long as any of his predecessors.
His home in Texas, now known as Samuel T. Rayburn House, was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
[edit] Tributes
- The Rayburn House Office Building, which contains offices of House members adjacent to the United States Capitol.
- The ballistic missile submarine USS Sam Rayburn.
- The Sam Rayburn Reservoir in East Texas was named after him in 1963, and is a popular destination for bass fishing and professional fishing tournaments.
- Sam Rayburn High School in Pasadena, Texas, also bears his name and houses the desk he used as Speaker of the House.
- The Sam Rayburn Independent School District was named for him in 1964.
- A documentary tentatively titled "Rayburn: Mr. Speaker" is currently in production from filmmaker Reed Penney, according to a report by the Texas A&M University-Commerce campus newspaper The East Texan.
- Sam Rayburn Memorial Student Center at Texas A&M University-Commerce is named after Mr. Rayburn.
- Sam Rayburn Middle School in Bryan, Texas is named in his honor.
- Sam Rayburn Middle School in San Antonio, Texas was named in his honor.
- Sam Rayburn Parkway is a portion of U.S. Highway 75 that runs through Sherman, TX.
- Sam Rayburn Tollway is a toll road that goes through Dallas, Denton, and Collin counties in north Texas.[3]
- Sam Rayburn Elementary School in McAllen, Texas
[edit] Portrayals
Pat Hingle played Rayburn in LBJ: The Early Years while James Gammon portrayed the Speaker in Truman.
[edit] Bibliography
- Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power (1982).
- Anthony Champagne and Floyd F. Ewing, "RAYBURN, SAMUEL TALIAFERRO (1882-1961)." Handbook of Texas Online (2005) online version
- Anthony Champagne, Congressman Sam Rayburn (Rutgers University Press, 1984).
- Anthony Champagne, Sam Rayburn: A Bio-Bibliography (Greenwood, 1988).
- C. Dwight Dorough, Mr. Sam (1962).
- Lewis L. Gould and Nancy Beck Young, "The Speaker and the Presidents: Sam Rayburn, the White House, and the Legislative Process, 1941–1961" in Raymond W. Smock and Susan W. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). online version
- D. B. Hardeman and Donald C. Bacon, Rayburn: A Biography (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1987).
- Alfred Steinberg, Sam Rayburn (Hawthorn, 1975
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Obituary, NY Times, November 16, 1961, Rayburn Is Dead; Served 17 Years As House Speaker
- The leadership of Speaker Sam Rayburn published 1961, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- Sam Rayburn at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn from the Handbook of Texas Online
- "Mister Speaker", Time Magazine, September 27, 1943
- Rayburn: Mr Speaker Documentary Website
- The Friends of Sam Rayburn Website
- Sam Rayburn at Find A Grave
- Address Delivered by The Honorable Sam Rayburn at the Dedication of the Marker over the Graves of His Great-Great Grandfather Col. George Waller and his wife Ann Winston Carr, Oakwood Cemetery, Martinsville, Virginia, May 6, 1951
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