Morrison v. Olson
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| Morrison v. Olson | ||||||
 Supreme Court of the United States |
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| Argued April 26, 1988 Decided June 29, 1988 |
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| Full case name | Alexia Morrison, Independent Counsel v. Theodore Olson, et al. | |||||
| Citations | 487 U.S. 654 (more) 108 S. Ct. 2597; 101 L. Ed. 2d 569; 1988 U.S. LEXIS 3034; 56 U.S.L.W. 4835 |
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| Prior history | Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit | |||||
| Holding | ||||||
| The Independent Counsel Act is constitutional, as it does not increase the power of the judiciary or legislative branches at the expense of the executive. | ||||||
| Court membership | ||||||
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| Case opinions | ||||||
| Majority | Rehnquist, joined by Brennan, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Stevens, O'Connor | |||||
| Dissent | Scalia | |||||
| Kennedy took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | ||||||
| Laws applied | ||||||
| U.S. Const. art. II | ||||||
Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988), was a case that went before the Supreme Court of the United States. By a 7 to 1 margin, the Court ruled that the Independent Counsel Act was constitutional. Justice Antonin Scalia wrote the sole dissenting opinion.
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[edit] Facts
The situation from which the case arose involved subpoenas from two subcommittees from the United States House of Representatives directing the Environmental Protection Agency to produce documents relating to the efforts of the EPA and the Land and Natural Resources Division of the Justice Department to enforce the Superfund law. Ted Olson was the assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel. President Ronald Reagan ordered the Administrator of the EPA to withhold the documents on the ground that they contained "enforcement sensitive information." This led to an investigation by the House Judiciary Committee that later produced a report suggesting Olson had given false and misleading testimony before a House subcommittee during the investigation.
The Chairman of the Judiciary Committee forwarded a copy of the report to the Attorney General with a request that he seek the appointment of an independent counsel to investigate the allegations against Olson and two others.
Olson, who was a Constitutional lawyer, attempted to argue that the independent counsel took executive powers away from the office of the President of the United States and created a hybrid "fourth branch" of government that was ultimately answerable to no one. He argued that the broad powers of the independent counsel could be easily abused, or corrupted by partisanship.
Independent Counsel Alexia Morrison in turn argued that her position was necessary in order to prevent abuses of the executive branch, which historically operated in a closed environment.
[edit] Holding
The Court upheld the Independent Counsel provision of the Ethics in Government Act because it did not violate the separation of powers by increasing the power of one branch at the expense of another. Instead, even though the President could not directly fire the independent counsel, the person holding that office was still an Executive branch officer, not under the control of either U.S. Congress or the courts.
[edit] Justice Scalia's dissent
Justice Scalia, the lone dissenter, said that the law had to be struck down because (1) criminal prosecution is an exercise of "purely executive power" as guaranteed in the Constitution and (2) the law deprived the president of "exclusive control" of that power. Scalia, in his opinion, also predicted how the law might be abused in practice, writing, "I fear the Court has permanently encumbered the Republic with an institution that will do it great harm."
Conservatives began to share his concern when in 1992, four days before the election, Lawrence Walsh announced the re-indictment of former defense secretary Caspar Weinberger on charges related to the Iran-Contra affair. Critics also sensed partisan politics when Walsh's office leaked a note suggesting President Bush had lied about his connections to the affair. Liberals also began to share Scalia's concern when independent counsel Kenneth Starr spent $40 million and more than four years investigating President Clinton's land deals and extramarital affairs. Many believed the investigation was plagued by partisanship.[citation needed]
[edit] Aftermath
Congress let the Independent Counsel Act expire in 1999.
The New York Times wrote, “[i]n an introduction he gave shortly after the case was decided, (then) Judge (Samuel A.) Alito said the decision hit the separation of powers doctrine ‘about as hard as heavy-weight champ Mike Tyson usually hits his opponents.’”[1]
In February 2006, lawyers for I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's former top aide, argued that Special Counsel Patrick J. Fitzgerald lacked the legal authority to bring charges now pending against him.[2] In April 2006, a court rejected Libby's argument, citing the precedent in Morrison v. Olson.[3]
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Glitzenstein, Eric R.; Morrison, Alan B. (1988). "Supreme Court's Decision in Morrison v. Olson: A Common Sense Application of the Constitution to a Practical Problem". American University Law Review 38: 359–382. ISSN 0003-1453.
- Tushnet, Mark (2008). I dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 191–210. ISBN 9780807000366.
[edit] References
- ^ Hulse, Carl; Kirkpatrick, David D. (2005-12-02). "After Memo, Democrats Are Taking Firmer Stance Against Alito Nomination". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/02/politics/politicsspecial1/02confirm.html.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (2006-02-24). "Special Counsel in Plame Case Invalid, Libby Contends". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/23/AR2006022302087_pf.html.
- ^ http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/files/Libby_060427_Fitz_Constitutional.pdf
