Wells

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Coordinates: 51°12′26″N 2°39′07″W / 51.2073°N 2.6519°W / 51.2073; -2.6519

Wells


Penniless Porch and The Bishop's Eye
Wells is located in Somerset
Wells

Wells shown within Somerset
Population 10,406 (2001 census)[1]
OS grid reference ST545455
District Mendip
Shire county Somerset
Region South West
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town WELLS
Postcode district BA5
Dialling code 01749
Police Avon and Somerset
Fire Devon and Somerset
Ambulance South Western
European Parliament South West England
UK Parliament Wells
List of places: UK • England • Somerset

Wells is a small cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills.

The name Wells derives from the three wells dedicated to Saint Andrew, one in the market place and two within the grounds of the Bishop's Palace and cathedral.[2] During the Middle Ages these wells were thought to have curative powers.[3] The Wells city arms show an ash tree surrounded by three wells, with the Latin motto Hoc fonte derivata copia (the fullness that springs from this well).

Although the population, recorded in the 2001 census, is only 10,406,[4] it has had city status since 1205. This was confirmed and formalised by Queen Elizabeth II by letters patent issued under the Great Seal dated April 1, 1974.[5][6] It is the smallest city in England, though St Davids in Wales is the smallest city in the UK.

Contents

[edit] History

Vicar's Close facing the Cathedral

The City was a Roman settlement but only became an important centre under the Saxons when King Ine of Wessex founded a minster church in 704. Two hundred years later, this became the seat of the local Bishop; but by 1091, this had been removed to Bath. This caused severe arguments between the canons of Wells and the monks of Bath until the bishopric was renamed as the 'Diocese of Bath & Wells', to be elected by both religious houses. Wells became a borough some time before 1160 when Bishop Robert granted its first charter. Fairs were granted to the City before 1160.

Wells was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Welle, from the Old English wiells,[7], which was not listed as a town but included four manors with a population of 132 which implies a population of 500-600.[8] Earlier names for the settlement have been identified which include Fontanetum in a charter of 725 granted by King Ina to Glastonbury, and Fontuculi. Tydeston has also been recorded although this may relate to a hill settlement to the south east of Wells. Tidesput or Tithesput furlang relates to the area east of the Bishops garden in 1245.[9] An established market had been created in Wells by 1136, and it remained under episcopal control until its city charter from Elizabeth I in 1589.[8]

[edit] English Civil War

During the English Civil War, Parliamentarian troops used the Cathedral to stable their horses and damaged much of the ornate sculpture by using it for firing practice.[10] William Penn stayed in Wells shortly before leaving for America, spending a night at The Crown Inn. Here he was briefly arrested for addressing a large crowd in the market place, but released on the intervention of the Bishop of Bath & Wells.[11]

The main street. The cathedral is seen.

[edit] Monmouth Rebellion and the Bloody Assizes

During the Monmouth Rebellion the rebel army attacked the Cathedral in an outburst against the Established Church and damaged the West front. Lead from the roof was used to make bullets, windows broken, the organ smashed and their horses stabled in the nave.[12] Wells was the final location of the Bloody Assizes on September 23, 1685. In a makeshift court lasting only one day, over 500 men were tried and the majority sentenced to death.[13]

[edit] PoW camps

During World War II, Stoberry Park in Wells was the location of a Prisoner of War camp, housing Italian prisoners from the Western Desert Campaign, and later German prisoners after the Battle of Normandy. Penleigh Camp on the Wookey Hole Road was a German working camp.

[edit] Railways

The Cathedral rising behind the market place

Wells has had three railway stations. The first station, Priory Road, opened in 1859 and was on the Somerset Central Railway (later the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway) as the terminus of a short branch from Glastonbury. A second railway, the East Somerset, opened a branch line from Witham in 1862 and built a station to the east of Priory Road. In 1870, a third railway, the Cheddar Valley line branch of the Bristol and Exeter Railway from Yatton, reached Wells and built yet another station, later called Tucker Street. Matters were somewhat simplified when the Great Western Railway acquired both the Cheddar Valley and the East Somerset lines and built a link between the two that ran through the S&DJR's Priory Road station. In 1878, when through trains began running between Yatton and Witham, the East Somerset station closed, but through trains did not stop at Priory Road until 1934.

Priory Road closed to passenger traffic in 1951 when the S&DJR branch line from Glastonbury was shut, though it remained the city's main goods depot. Tucker Street closed in 1963 under the Beeching Axe, which closed the Yatton to Witham line to passengers. Goods traffic to Wells ceased in 1964.

[edit] Today

Following construction of the A39/A371 bypass, Wells has returned to being a pleasant market city situated at the foot of the Mendip Hills. It has all the modern conveniences plus charm, interesting shops, hotels and restaurants. The local football side is Wells City F.C., past winners of the Western League.

[edit] Governance

Wells City Council has sixteen councillors, elected from three wards: Central, St.Thomas and St.Cuthbert.[14] It was previously known as Wells Municipal Borough.[15]The City Council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. They also evaluate local planning applications and work with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. This includes City Centre management including CCTV, an alcohol ban and regulating street trading permissions including the two funfairs held in the Market Place in May and November each year and the Wells In Bloom competition.[14]

The city council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of city facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. They are involved in the management of the Community Sports Development Centre at the Blue School, the skateboard park and allotments in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace, Burcott Road and Barnes Close. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.[14]

The Town Hall was built in 1778, with the porch and arcade being added in 1861 and the balcony and round windows in 1932. It is a Grade II listed building.[16] It replaced the former on the site of the Market and Assize Hall in the Market Place,[17] and a Canonical House also known as 'The Exchequer', on the authority of an Act of Parliament dated 1779. The building also houses the magistrates courts and other offices. The Assize court last sat here in October 1970.[16]

Wells elects five councillors to Mendip District Council from the same three wards as are used for the City Council.[18] The Mendip District was formed on April 1, 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The district council are responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Wells has one councillor on the Somerset County Council,[19] which is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

Wells is part of the UK Parliament constituency of Wells. Its Member of Parliament is David Heathcoat-Amory of the Conservative Party.[20]

Wells is within the South West England constituency of the European Parliament which elects seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

[edit] Transport

Wells is situated at the junction of three numbered routes. The A39 goes north-east to Bath and south-west to Glastonbury and Bridgwater. The A371 goes north-west to Cheddar and east to Shepton Mallet. The B3139 goes west to Highbridge and north-east to Radstock.

Wells is served by FirstGroup bus services to Bristol, Bath, Frome, Shepton Mallet, Yeovil, Street, Bridgwater, Taunton, Burnham on Sea and Weston-super-Mare, as well as providing some local service. Some National Express coach services call at Wells. The bus station is in Princes Road.

[edit] Education

The Blue School, founded in 1654,[21] is a state coeducational comprehensive school and has been awarded Specialist science college status. It has 1,460 students aged 11–18 of both sexes and all ability levels and is the largest school in Somerset.[22]

Wells Cathedral School, founded in 909, is an independent school that has a Christian emphasis and is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. The school teaches over 700 pupils between the ages of 3 and 18. The school's boarding houses line the northern parts of the city and the music school retains close links with Wells Cathedral.[23]

The primary schools in Wells are Stoberry Park School, St Cuthbert's Church of England Infants School, St Joseph and St Teresa Catholic Primary School, and Wells Central CofE Junior School.

[edit] Cathedral

Main article: Wells Cathedral
The west front of Wells Cathedral

Wells Cathedral is the cathedral of the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells. Parts date back to the 10th century. It is known for its fine fan vaulted ceilings, Lady Chapel and windows, and the scissor arches which support the central tower. Together with the Bishop's Palace (still used by the Bishop of Bath and Wells) Wells has been an ecclesiastical City of importance for hundreds of years. The cathedral is a grade I listed building.[24]

The cathedral is notable for:

  • the west front – said to be the finest collection of statuary in Europe, containing 356 individual figures carved from the cathedral's warm, yellow Doulting stone.
  • the east end of the nave – an unusual scissored arch design of striking beauty, which saved the cathedral's central tower from collapse. In 1338, the original construction was found to be weakening underneath the tower (the West side had sunk 100 mm (4 inches). About 1340, the Master Mason, William Joy, implemented his ingenious solution of the inverted arch to redistribute the weight on the foundations by 10% from west to east.
  • the Chapter House – at the top of a flight of stone stairs, leading out from the north transept. It is an octagonal building with a fan-vaulted ceiling.[25] It is here that the business of running the cathedral is still conducted by the members of the Chapter, the cathedral's ruling body.
  • Wells Cathedral clock is famous for its 24 hour astronomical dial and set of jousting knights that perform every quarter hour.
  • the heaviest ring of 10 bells in the world. The tenor bell weighs just over 56 CWT (6,272 lb, 2,844 kg).[26]

[edit] Tourism and architecture

St.Cuthbert Parish Church, Wells

Wells is a popular tourist destination, due to its historical sites, its proximity to Bath, Stonehenge and Glastonbury and its closeness to the Somerset coast. Also nearby are Wookey Hole Caves, the Mendip Hills and the Somerset Levels. Wells is part of the West Country Carnival circuit. Somerset cheese, including Cheddar, is made locally. The Mendip Way and Monarch's Way long-distance footpaths pass through the city, as does National Cycle Route 3.[27]

A walled precinct, the Liberty of St Andrew, encloses the twelfth century Cathedral, the Bishop's Palace, Vicar's Close and the residences of the clergy who serve the cathedral. Entrances include the Penniless Porch[28] The Bishop's Eye[29] and Brown's Gatehouse[30] which were all built around 1450. The Bishop's Barn was built in the 15th century.[31]

The Bishop's Palace gatehouse and drawbridge

The Bishops Palace has been the home of the Bishops of the Diocese of Bath and Wells for 800 years. The hall and chapel are particularly noteworthy, dating from the 14th century.[32] There are 14 acres (5.7 ha) of gardens including the springs from which the city takes its name. Visitors can also see the Bishop's private Chapel, ruined Great Hall and the Gatehouse with portcullis and drawbridge beside which mute swans ring a bell for food.[33]

The Vicars' Close is the oldest residential street in Europe[6]. The Close is tapered by 10 feet (3.0 m) to make it look longer when viewed from the bottom. When viewed from the top, however, it looks shorter.[34][35][36][37][38][39]

The The Old Deanery dates from the 12th century,[40][41][42] and St John's Priory from the 14th.[43]

The Church of St Cuthbert is often mistaken for the cathedral, the church has a fine Somerset stone tower and a superb carved roof. Originally an Early English building (13th century), it was much altered in the Perpendicular period (15th century).[6] The nave's coloured ceiling was repainted in 1963 at the instigation of the then Vicar's wife, Mrs Barnett.[44][45] Until 1561 the church had a central tower which either collapsed or was removed, and has been replaced with the current tower over the west door.[46] Bells were cast for the tower by Roger Purdy.[47]

[edit] Wells in popular culture

[edit] Literature

Elizabeth Goudge used Wells as a basis for the fictional Cathedral city of Torminster, in her book City of Bells

[edit] Film and television

Wells has been used as the setting for several films:

The cathedral interior stood in for Southwark Cathedral during filming for the Doctor Who episode The Lazarus Experiment.

[edit] Notable people

See also: List of Bishops of Bath and Wells and precursor offices

[edit] Civic ties

Wells is twinned with Bad Dürkheim in Germany and Paray-le-Monial in the Burgundy region of France.[48][49] HMS Somerset, The Rifles and Harry Patch have the Freedom of the City.[50][51][52] West Country Class locomotive 34092 is named City of Wells and is preserved at the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway.

[edit] Economy

Wells is part of the Wells & Shepton Mallet Travel to Work Area which also includes Glastonbury, Cheddar and surrounding areas.[53]

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Somerset County Council, Census 2001" (PDF). http://www.somerset.gov.uk/somerset/media//6A18C/Wells.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. 
  2. ^ "The Well House". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483263. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  3. ^ "Wells Council Tourism". http://www.wells.gov.uk/. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. 
  4. ^ "Somerset County Council, Census 2001" (PDF). http://www.somerset.gov.uk/somerset/media//6A18C/Wells.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. 
  5. ^ London Gazette, issue no. 46255, April 4, 1974
  6. ^ a b c Leete-Hodge, Lornie (1985). Curiosities of Somerset. Bodmin: Bossiney Books. pp. 29. ISBN 0906456983. 
  7. ^ Robinson, Stephen (1992). Somerset Place Names. Wimbourne: The Dovecote Press Ltd. ISBN 1874336032. 
  8. ^ a b Havinden, Michael (1982). The Somerset Landscape. The making of the English landscape. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 210. ISBN 0340201169. 
  9. ^ Reid, R.D. (1963). Wells Cathedral. Friends of Wells Cathedral. pp. 10. ISBN 0902321110. 
  10. ^ "Changes of Monarch". History. Wells Cathedral. http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/presentbuilding/changesofmonarch.shtml. Retrieved on 2009-03-15. 
  11. ^ Clarkson, Thomas (1827). Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn. S.C. Stevens. pp. 57. http://books.google.com/books?id=02elBDTaOA8C&pg=RA1-PA51&lpg=RA1-PA51&dq=william+penn+wells&source=web&ots=pDiDdMklkP&sig=HpvrpZEL449uu6eg5TQ-5bFNlFM#PRA1-PA57,M1. 
  12. ^ "The Monmouth Rebellion and the Bloody Assize". Aspects of Somerset History. Somerset Archive & Record Service. http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Monmouthreb.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-01. 
  13. ^ "The Bloody Assize". Somerset Archive & Record Service. http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Bloodyassize.htm. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. 
  14. ^ a b c "City of Wells". Wells City Council. http://www.wells.gov.uk/. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. 
  15. ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Wells Municipal Borough
  16. ^ a b "Town Hall". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=483446. Retrieved on 2009-03-02. 
  17. ^ "The Town Hall". Wells City Council. http://www.wells.gov.uk/services/townhall.php. Retrieved on 2009-03-02. 
  18. ^ "Your Councillors". Mendip District Council. http://www.mendip.gov.uk/council/councillors.asp?cat=-1. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. 
  19. ^ "Somerset County Councillors". http://www.somerset.gov.uk/council/councillors.asp. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. 
  20. ^ "Members by area: Shire Counties". House of Commons Information office. http://www.parliament.uk/directories/hciolists/clnonmetro.cfm. Retrieved on 2007-09-23. 
  21. ^ Grammar & Charity Schools at r-alston.co.uk
  22. ^ Somerset County Council Press release
  23. ^ "http://www.wellscathedralschool.org/wells/". http://www.wellscathedralschool.org/wells/. http://www.wellscathedralschool.org/wells/. Retrieved on 2009-03-02. 
  24. ^ "Cathedral Church of St Andrew, Chapter House and Cloisters". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483287. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  25. ^ "Chapter House to Cathedral Church of St Andrew". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483286. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  26. ^ "Bells". Wells Cathedral. http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/bells.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. 
  27. ^ "Ordnance Survey Get-a-map". ST 548 455. http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=SO9850297782. Retrieved on 2009-03-01. 
  28. ^ "Penniless Porch Gateway to Cathedral Green, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483442. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  29. ^ "The Bishop's Eye, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483444. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  30. ^ "Brown's Gatehouse, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483519. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  31. ^ "The Bishop's Barn, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483576. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  32. ^ "The Bishop's Palace and Bishop's House". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483259. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  33. ^ "Bishop receives Royal swan gift". BBC News. 19 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/5359808.stm. Retrieved on 2007-11-10. 
  34. ^ "Nos.1-13 Vicars Close, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483615. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  35. ^ "Nos.14-27 Vicars Close, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483617. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  36. ^ "Boundary walls to Nos.1-13 Vicars Close, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483616. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  37. ^ "Boundary walls to Nos.14-27 Vicars Close, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483618. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  38. ^ "The Vicars' Chapel Vicars Close, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483619. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  39. ^ "The Vicars' Hall Vicars Close, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483620. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  40. ^ "Gatehouse and south boundary wall to the Old Deanery, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483311. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  41. ^ "Old Deanery Court, with link wall along east side The Old Deanery, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483310. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  42. ^ "The Old Deanery, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483309. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  43. ^ "No.2 St John's Priory, with front boundary wall and railings, Wells". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483533. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. 
  44. ^ "Church of St Cuthbert". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483529. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  45. ^ "Nos.14-27 Vicars Close". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=483617. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  46. ^ "Our Church". St Cuthbert, Wells. http://www.stcuthbertswells.co.uk/our_church.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 
  47. ^ "Bells in St Cuthberts Tower, Wells, Somerset". Notes & Queries s2-IV(93): 284–285. 1857. 
  48. ^ "Links". Wells City Council. http://www.wells.gov.uk/contact/links.php. Retrieved on 2 March 2009. 
  49. ^ "British and French Twin Towns". France Magazine. http://www.francemag.com/Editorial.aspx?page=3073. Retrieved on 2 March 2009. 
  50. ^ "City of Wells". Royal Navy (crown Copyright). http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.9116. Retrieved on 2009-03-03. 
  51. ^ "Minutes of the City Council". Wells City Council. 14 Feb 2007. http://www.wells.gov.uk/pdfs/CNCLMINS-14feb07.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-03. 
  52. ^ "Freedom of Wells for Britain's oldest soldier". Defence News. Ministry of Defence. 11 Jul 08. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/HistoryAndHonour/FreedomOfWellsForBritainsOldestSoldier.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-03. 
  53. ^ "Travel to Work Areas, 2001". National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/downloads/2001_TTWA_map.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-05. 
  • Somerset Railway Stations, by Mike Oakley, (Dovecote Press, 2002)

[edit] See also


[edit] External links

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