San Bernardino, California

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

City of San Bernardino
Nickname(s): Gate City; City on the Move; The Friendly City; The Heart of Southern California; San Berdoo; Berdoo
Location in the state of California
Coordinates: 34°7′46″N 117°17′35″W / 34.12944°N 117.29306°W / 34.12944; -117.29306
Country	United States
State	California
County	San Bernardino
Government
- City Council	Patrick J. Morris, Mayor Esther Estrada Dennis J. Baxter Tobin Brinker Chas A. Kelley Rikke Van Johnson Wendy McCammack
- Treasurer	David C. Kennedy, CCMT [1]
- City Attorney	James F. Penman
- City Clerk	Rachel Clark
Area
- Total	78.5 sq mi (202.4 km² km2)
- Land	75.8 sq mi (152.3 km² km2)
- Water	0.4 sq mi (1.1 km² km2)
Elevation	1,049-2,900 ft (321 m)
Population (2006)
- Total	205,010
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
- Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes	92401-92408, 92410-92415, 92418, 92420, 92423, 92424, 92427
Area code(s)	909
FIPS code	06-65000
GNIS feature ID	1661375
Website	sbcity.org

San Bernardino is the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, United States. San Bernardino's estimated population, as of 2006, is 205,010.^[2] As of 2006, it was the 18th largest city in California, and the 101st largest city in the United States.^[3] San Bernardino is part of the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario Metropolitan Area, which is the 14th largest in the nation and which is commonly referred to as the "Inland Empire". Though much of the housing stock is, on average, older than that of the surrounding region, new homes continue to be built in different parts of the city, with the bulk rising in the Verdemont area on the north side of the city.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Neighborhoods and districts 2.3 Zip codes 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnic diversity 4 Economy 5 Arts and culture 5.1 Annual events 5.2 Museums 5.3 Performing arts 5.4 Resorts and tourism 6 Sports 6.1 Inland Empire 66ers 6.2 Little League baseball 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 8.1 Municipal code 8.2 Joint-power authorities 8.3 County seat 8.4 Jails 8.5 Public safety 8.6 State and Federal 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.2 High schools 10 Media 11 Transportation 11.1 Roads and highways 11.2 Public transportation 11.3 Airports 12 Notable natives and residents 12.1 Arts 12.2 Politics 12.3 Science 12.4 Sports 13 Gallery 14 Nicknames 15 Sister cities 16 See also 17 References and notes 18 Further reading 19 External links

[edit] History

The City of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, which indigenous tribespeople originally referred to as "The Valley of the Cupped Hand of God." Upon seeing the immense Arrowhead geological monument on the side of the San Bernardino Mountains, they found the life-giving waters of the hot and cold springs to which the rock formation pointed.

The City of San Bernardino is one of the oldest communities in the State of California. Named for Bernardino of Siena on May 20, 1810, San Bernardino, in its present-day location, was not largely settled until 1851 when California entered the Union. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who would later be recalled in 1857 by Brigham Young due to the Utah War. During the interim, the city was officially incorporated in the year 1857. Soon afterward, San Bernardino became an important trading hub in Southern California.

According to the Native American legend regarding the landmark Arrowhead, an arrow from heaven burned the formation onto the mountainside in order to show tribes where they could be healed. During the mid-19th Century, "Dr." David Noble Smith claimed that a saint-like being appeared before him and told of a far-off land with exceptional climate and curative waters, marked by a gigantic arrowhead. Smith's search for that unique arrowhead formation began in Texas, and eventually ended at Arrowhead Springs in California in 1857. By 1889, word of the springs, along with the hotel on the site (and a belief in the effect of the water from the springs on general health) had grown considerably. Hotel guests often raved about the crystal-clear water from the cold springs, which prompted Seth Marshall to set up a bottling operation in the hotel's basement. By 1905, water from the cold springs was being shipped to Los Angeles under the newly-created "Arrowhead" trademark.

Indigenous people of the San Bernardino Valley and Mountains were collectively identified by Spanish explorers in the 19th Century as Serrano, a term meaning highlander. Serrano living near what is now Big Bear Lake were called Yuhaviatam, or "People of the Pines". In 1866, to clear the way for settlers and gold miners, state militia conducted a 32-day campaign slaughtering men, women, and children. Yuhaviatam leader Santos Manuel guided his people from their ancient homeland to a village site in the San Bernardino foothills. The United States government in 1891 established it as a tribal reservation and named it after Santos Manuel.

The California Southern Railroad established, through San Bernardino, a rail link between Los Angeles and the rest of the nation in 1883. In 1905, the City of San Bernardino passed its first Charter. World War II brought what would become Norton Air Force Base. The McDonald Brothers founded the McDonald's brand, along with its innovative restaurant concept, in 1948. In 1980, the Panorama Fire destroyed 284 homes. And, in 1994, Norton Air Force Base closed to become the San Bernardino International Airport.

[edit] Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 153.5 km² (59.2 mi²), of which 152.3 km² (58.8 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), or 0.74%, is water.

The city lies in the San Bernardino foothills and the eastern portion of the San Bernardino Valley, roughly 60 miles (97 km) east of Los Angeles. Some major geographical features of the city include the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Bernardino National Forest along the northern border; the Cajon Pass adjacent to the northwest border; City Creek, Lytle Creek, San Timoteo Creek, Twin Creek, Warm Creek (as modified through flood control channels) feed the Santa Ana River, which forms part of the city's southern border south of San Bernardino International Airport.

San Bernardino is unique among southern Californian cities because of its wealth of water, which is mostly contained in underground aquifers. A large part of the city is over the Bunker Hill Groundwater Basin, including downtown. This fact accounts for an historically high water table in portions of the city, including at the former Urbita Springs, a lake which no longer exists (It is now the site of the Inland Center Mall.). Seccombe Lake, named after a former mayor, is a man-made lake at Sierra Way and 5th Street. The San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District ("Muni") has plans to build two more large, multi-acre lakes North and South of the historic downtown in order to reduce groundwater, mitigate the risks of liquefaction in a future earthquake, and sell the valuable water to neighboring agencies.

The city has several notable hills and mountains; among them are: Perris Hill (named after Fred Perris, an early engineer, and the namesake of Perris, California); Kendall Hill (which is near California State University); and, Little Mountain, which rises among Shandin Hills (generally bounded by Sierra Way, 30th Street, Kendall Drive, and Interstate 215).

Freeways act as significant geographical dividers for the City of San Bernardino. Interstate 215 is the major East-West divider, while State Route 210 is the major North-South divider. Interstate 10 is in the southern part of the city. Other major highways include State Route 206 (Kendall Drive and E Street); State Route 66 (which includes the former U.S. 66); State Route 18 (from State Route 210 north on Waterman Avenue to the northern City limits into the mountain communities), and State Route 259, the freeway connector between State Route 210 and I-215.

[edit] Climate

San Bernardino has a Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by wet winters, with mild to chilly temperatures, and hot and dry summers. Snow flurries even occur within city limits on occasion. San Bernardino gets a total of 16 inches (41 cm) of rain, hail, or light snow showers each year.

The seasonal Santa Ana winds are felt particularly strongly in the San Bernardino area as warm and dry air is channeled through nearby Cajon Pass at times during the autumn months. This phenomenon markedly increases the wildfire danger in the foothill, canyon, and mountain communities that the cycle of cold wet winters and dry summers helps create.

Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures[4][5]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Rec High °F	94	93	96	102	112	111	116	116	117	111	98	93	117
Avg high °F	62	66	68	71	77	91	102	103	89	80	71	64	75
Avg low °F	34	35	41	46	50	53	60	60	57	50	42	37	46
Rec Low °F	17	21	26	20	35	40	44	43	36	29	24	18	17
Precip (in)	3.5	3.7	3.28	0.93	0.41	0.09	0.04	0.22	0.41	0.71	1.20	1.94	16.43

[edit] Neighborhoods and districts

The neighborhoods of San Bernardino are not commonly named. Some reflect geographical regions that existed before annexation, and others originated with specific housing developments. Arrowhead Springs extends from the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa in the North to the 210 freeway in the South and from Shandin Hills in the West to East Twin Creek in the East. Del Rosa is the area generally between the foothills and Highland, Mountain and Arden Avenues. Delmann Heights is the area North of Highland Avenue, West of the 215, and East of the unincorporated area of Muscoy, California (which is within the city's sphere of influence for annexation). Some portions of Highland are within the City of San Bernardino, generally consistent with the portions of historical "West Highlands" North of Highland Avenue. The city also contains the post office for Patton, California, the area coextensive with Patton Hospital. Mountain Shadows is the development name for the area between Palm Avenue and Highland Avenue to State Route 330. The "West Side" is used generically to refer to the areas West of the 215 freeway. North Loma Linda is the area West of Mountain View (the border with Redlands), South of the Santa Ana River, North of the 10 freeway, and East of Tippecanoe Avenue. The area north of Northpark Boulevard from University Parkway to Electric Avenue, and the area north of 40th Street from Electric Avenue to Harrison Street is called Newberry Farms. The area West of University Parkway, and North of Kendall Avenue to the north city area is called Verdemont. The "Bench" or "Rialto Bench" refers to the area with Rialto mailing addresses between Foothill Boulevard and Base Line Street.

San Bernardino is divided into several districts. Many of the traditional businesses of the historic downtown have migrated to the Hospitality Lane District, which is generally bounded by the Santa Ana River to the North and the I-10 freeway to the South. Downtown is its own district as well with shopping and government buildings. In the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains lies the University District, which is a commercial area designed to support the California State University with shopping, dining, and high density residential space. On the southern side of the 215 freeway and the University District is the Cajon Pass light-industrial district where warehouses are situated to take advantage of this important connection between southern California and the rest of the United States. On the opposite side of the city is the San Bernardino International Gateway, which encompasses the San Bernardino International Airport (SBD) and the AllianceCalifornia logistics campus. Nearby is the Burlington Northern Santa Fe rail hub. The combination of these assets (airport; rail hub; extensive freeway system; and, Cajon Pass) makes the city important in the movement of goods and people between southern California and the rest of the United States.

The City of San Bernardino is in the process of developing an historic district around the 1918 Santa Fe Depot, which recently underwent a $15.6 million restoration. When completed, this area will connect to the downtown District with period light standards and street furniture, historic homes and other structures, a new museum, coffee bars and, a mercado with an architectural style in keeping with the Mission Revival station.

[edit] Zip codes

San Bernardino has zip codes 92401 through 92427.^[6] Some parts of the San Bernardino include Loma Linda, Rialto and Highland zip codes.

[edit] Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there are 185,401 people, 56,330 households, and 41,120 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,217.2/km² (3,152.4/mi²). The population today is higher (2006 estimate: 201, 823)^[7], and the Census may have had an undercount. Some areas, particularly north of downtown, have a density beyond design capacity. There are 63,535 housing units at an average density of 417.1/km² (1,080.3/mi²). 47.48% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.23% White, 18.41% African American, 1.40% Native American, 4.19% Asian, 0.37% Pacific Islander, 27.12% from other races, and 5.28% from two or more races.

There are 56,330 households out of which 44.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% are married couples living together, 21.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% are non-families. 21.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.19 and the average family size is 3.72. As of 2000, 52.4% of housing is owner-occupied, 47.6% is renter-occupied, while 11.6% of all other housing units were vacant.

In the city the population is spread out with 35.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females there are 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $31,140, and the median income for a family is $33,357. Males have a median income of $30,847 versus $25,782 for females. The per capita income for the city is $12,925. 48.6% of the population and 23.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 36.2% of those under the age of 18 and 11.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

[edit] Ethnic diversity

Western, central & parts of eastern San Bernardino are home to mixed ethnic populations of low-income, of which the Latino & African American population dominates. Historically, many Latinos, primarily Mexican-Americans and Mexicans lived on Mount Vernon Avenue on the West Side^[8], while the Medical Center (formerly known as Muscott) & Base Line corridors was mostly black since the 1960s, in particular in the east side and west side areas centering around public housing projects Waterman Gardens and the public housing on Medical Center drive. The heart of the African American community is on the West side of San Bernardino.^{[9] [10]}

[edit] Economy

Government, retail, and service industries dominate the economy of the City of San Bernardino. From 1998 to 2004, San Bernardino's economy grew by 26,217 jobs, a 37% increase, to 97,139. Government was both the largest and the fastest-growing employment sector, reaching close to 20,000 jobs in 2004. Other significant sectors were retail (16,000 jobs) and education (13,200 jobs).^[11]

The city's location close to the Cajon and San Gorgonio passes, and at the junctions of the I-10, I-215, and SR-210 freeways, positions it as an intermodal logistics hub. The city hosts the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway's Intermodal freight transport yard, the Yellow Freight Systems' cross-docking trucking center, and Pacific Motor Trucking. Large warehouses for Kohl's, Mattel, Pep Boys, and Stater Bros. have been developed near the San Bernardino International Airport.^[11]

Over the last few decades, the city's riverfront district along Hospitality Lane has drawn much of the regional economic development away from the historic downtown of the city so that the area now hosts a full complement of office buildings, big-box retailers, restaurants, and hotels situated around the Santa Ana River.

The closure of Norton Air Force Base in 1994 caused the loss of 10,000 highly-skilled military and civilian jobs, emptied whole neighborhoods, and sent San Bernardino's economy into a significant downturn that has been offset by more recent growth in the intermodal logistics industry. The jobless rate in the region swelled to more than 12 percent during the years immediately after the base closure, and even today households within one mile (1.6 km) of the city core have a median income of $20,480, less than half that of the Inland region as a whole.^[12]

[edit] Arts and culture

[edit] Annual events

San Bernardino hosts several major events annually, including: Route 66 Rendez-vous,^[13] a four-day celebration of America's "Mother Road" that is held in downtown San Bernardino each September; the Berdoo Bikes & Blues Rendezvous, held in the Spring; the National Orange Show^[14] festival, a citrus exposition founded in 1911 and also held in the Spring; and, the Western Regional Little League Championships held each August.

[edit] Museums

The Robert V. Fullerton Museum of Art, located on the campus of California State University, San Bernardino, contains the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities west of the Mississippi River.^{[citation needed]} Other significant pieces in the permanent collection include ancient pottery from present-day Italy, as well as funerary art from ancient China. In addition to the extensive antiquities on display, the museum presents contemporary art and changing exhibitions.

The Heritage House holds the collection of the San Bernardino Historic and Pioneer Society, while the San Bernardino County Museum of regional history, in Redlands, has exhibits relating to the City of San Bernardino, as well.

The San Bernardino Railroad & History Museum is located inside the historic Santa Fe Depot. And, a Route 66 museum is located on the historic site of the original McDonald's restaurant.^[15]

Specialty museums include the Inland Empire Military Museum,^[16] the American Sports Museum, and the adjacent WBC Legends of Boxing Museum.

[edit] Performing arts

The 1928 California Theatre of the Performing Arts in downtown San Bernardino hosts an array of events, including concerts by the San Bernardino Symphony, as well as touring Broadway theatre productions presented by Theatrical Arts International, the Inland Empire's largest theatre company. The Glen Helen Pavilion at the Cajon Pass is the largest amphitheatre in the United States. The National Orange Show Events Center contains: the Orange Pavilion; a stadium; two large clear-span exhibition halls; a clear-span geodesic dome; and several ballrooms. Coussoulis Arena in the University District is the largest venue of its type in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Sturges Center for the Fine Arts, including the 1924 Sturges Auditorium, hosts lectures and other theatre. Roosevelt Bowl at Perris Hill presents outdoor theatre by Junior University during the Summer months. The historic 1929 Fox Theatre of San Bernardino, located in the Oowntown District and next to American Sports University, has recently been restored for new use.

[edit] Resorts and tourism

San Bernardino is home to the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa, which encompasses 1,916 acres (7.75 km²) directly beneath the Arrowhead geological monument that presides over the San Bernardino Valley. The resort contains the hottest hot springs in the world^{[dubious – discuss]}, in addition to mineral baths and the famous steam caves located deep underground. Long the headquarters for Campus Crusade for Christ, the site now remains largely vacant and unused since their operations moved to Florida.

The specific plan for the future of the site includes: a new 115-room annex to the existing 135-room hotel; a new 300-room lakefront hotel; new reservoirs and a reconfiguration of the 5-acre (20,000 m²) Lake Vonette; new vineyards, along with the Windy Point restaurant and wine-tasting site; a new 18-hole golf course; 36 new custom estates on fairway-adjacent lots; 200,000 square feet (19,000 m²) of commercial space, 34 apartment suites built to condominium standards, and 266 condominiums, townhomes, and single-family attached homes in the new Village Walk mixed-use lifestyle center; 300 new condominiums, townhomes, and/or senior apartments in an upscale retirement village; a new 8,600-square-foot (800 m²) spa resort; 429 condominiums, townhomes, and single-family detached homes located adjacent to the golf course; commercial stables at a new polo club and equestrian center; extensive multi-purpose trails and watercourses; a 13.9-acre (56,000 m²) public botanical garden; 7.1 acres (29,000 m²) of private parks; a new 250,000-square-foot (23,000 m²) office complex; a new 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m²) conference center; and, 8,000 square feet (740 m²) of commercial space and 285 condominiums, townhomes, and single-family attached homes in the Hilltown development. Existing facilities on the grounds include: a cinema; ten private bungalows previously-owned by such people as Eleanor Roosevelt, Lucille Ball, the Marx Brothers, Judy Garland, Elizabeth Taylor, and Humphrey Bogart; an outdoor amphitheatre; a wedding chapel; the Esther Williams Pool and Cabanas; the Hill Auditorium; several ballrooms; a guard house; tennis courts; and, the Hacienda.

The $300 million Casino San Manuel, one of the few in southern California that does not operate as a resort hotel, is located approximately one mile from the Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa.

In downtown, Clarion, adjacent to the San Bernardino Convention Center, is the largest hotel while the Hilton is the largest in the Hospitality Lane District.

[edit] Sports

California State University, San Bernardino Coyotes compete at the NCAA Division II level in a variety of sports. In 2007, the Coyotes' men's basketball team competed in the Division II Final Four in Springfield, Massachusetts. However, only San Bernardino Valley College plays football at the collegiate level.

San Bernardino has had other professional and semi-pro teams over the years, including the San Bernardino Jazz professional women's volleyball team, the San Bernardino Pride Senior Baseball team, and the San Bernardino Spirit California League Single A baseball team.

San Bernardino also hosts the BSR West Super Late Model Series at Orange Show Speedway. The series fields many drivers, including NASCAR Camping World Truck Series regular Ron Hornaday, who drove the #33 in a race on July 12, 2008.

[edit] Inland Empire 66ers

The city hosts the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino baseball club of the California League, which as of 2007 is the Los Angeles Dodgers Single A Affiliate in 2007. The 66ers play at Arrowhead Credit Union Park in downtown San Bernardino.

[edit] Little League baseball

San Bernardino is the home of Al Houghton Stadium and the Western Regional Little League headquarters of Little League Inc. Each year in the first two weeks of August, San Bernardino hosts eleven western states in the West and Northwest regional tournaments. The winner of each tournament goes onto the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The championships games each year are televised by ESPN.

v • d • e Sports teams based in the Inland Empire Baseball CL: High Desert Mavericks • Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino • Lake Elsinore Storm • Rancho Cucamonga Quakes Hockey ECHL: Ontario Reign Basketball ABA: Inland Empire 5LINX • Riverside Rage NCAA Div. I University of California, Riverside NCAA Div. II California State University, San Bernardino CCCAA San Bernardino Valley College • Chaffey College

[edit] Parks and recreation

San Bernardino offers several parks and other recreation facilities. Perris Hill Park is the largest with: Roosevelt Bowl, Fiscalini Field, several tennis courts, a Y.M.C.A., a senior center, a shooting range, hiking trails, and a pool. Other notable parks include: the Glen Helen Regional Park, operated by the County of San Bernardino.

[edit] Government

The City of San Bernardino is a charter city, a form of government under California that allows limited home-rule, in that it can pass its own laws not in conflict with state law, such as when state law is silent, or expressly allows municipal regulations of areas of local concern. San Bernardino became a charter city in 1905, the most current charter was passed in 2004.

The City of San Bernardino has what may be a unique form of government, with a strong, full-time, elected mayor, a city manager, an elected City Attorney, City Clerk, and City Treasurer, and seven council positions elected in a ward system. The charter also created the San Bernardino City Unified School District, a legally separate agency, and the Board of Water Commissioners, a semi-autonomous, but legally indistinct commission, and a Board of Library Trustees.

The City Manager is responsible for all department heads, except for the fire and police chiefs. Previously, the San Bernardino Municipal Code recognized a City Administrator.

When the City originally adopted a ward system, there were five wards. In the 1960s, the Council was expanded to seven wards. The boundaries are adjusted with each federal census as required by federal constitutional law. The current council is:

First Ward: Esther Estrada; Second Ward: Dennis Baxter; Third Ward: Tobin Brinker; Fourth Ward: Fred Shorrett Fifth Ward: Chas (not Charles) Kelley; Sixth Ward: Rikke Van Johnson; Seventh Ward: Wendy McCammack;

The Mayor is Patrick J. Morris;

The City Clerk is Rachel Clark;

The City Treasurer is David Kennedy;

The City Attorney is James "Jim" Frank Penman;

As per California law, all city positions are non-partisan.

San Bernardino's legal community has two centers: downtown and Hospitality Lane. Criminal, family, and government lawyers are centered downtown, while local civil firms and outposts of state and national firms, corporate, and insurance defense firms, are located along Hospitality Lane. The Government of Mexico has a consulate in downtown San Bernardino on the southeast corner of Third Street and "D" Street. Citizens of Mexico can obtain a Matrícula Consular which many governments and businesses use in lieu of U.S. photo identification.

[edit] Municipal code

As a charter city, San Bernardino may make and enforce its own laws not in conflict with the State's laws. These rules have been codified as the San Bernardino Municipal Code. Violations of the San Bernardino Municipal Code, punishable as a misdemeanor or infraction (or both) are prosecuted by the City Attorney's Office in the San Bernardino Superior Court. The City also has two administrative processes for violations of the San Bernardino Municipal Code, including adopted codes such as the California Building Code and the California Fire Code. One is an administrative citation system, similar to a parking ticket, with a pay or contest procedure. The other is an administrative hearing process, generally used for multiple code violations by the Code Enforcement Department.

[edit] Joint-power authorities

San Bernardino shares certain powers with other agencies to form legally separate entities known as joint-power authorities under California law. These include Omnitrans, which provides transportation throughout the east and west valleys of San Bernardino County; SANBAG, which coordinates transportation projects throughout the County, and the Inland Valley Development Agency, which is responsible for redevelopment of the areas around the San Bernardino International Airport.^{[citation needed]}

Additionally, the Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Bernardino, also known as the "Economic Development Agency of the City of San Bernardino," is a separate legal entity, though the City Council of the City of San Bernardino sits as the Agency Board, and the Mayor is its executive.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] County seat

San Bernardino is the county seat of San Bernardino County. Various state courts, (for civil, criminal and juvenile trials) operate under the auspices of the Superior Court, San Bernardino District (formerly Central Division prior to the unification of the Superior and Municipal Courts in 1998). Currently, the Superior Court of California county courthouse is located at 351 North Arrowhead Avenue. It consists of a four-story building of steel and concrete construction built in 1927. A six-story addition was added in the 1950s. Currently, the 1926 structure is being retrofitted. Additional court rooms have been opened at 303 West Third Street, site of the former State Building. A new courthouse is tentatively planned to be built at the south east corner of Third and Arrowhead, across from the 303 West Third courtrooms, and the current court. Funding for the future court will likely be conditioned upon a statewide bond initiative.

Juvenile Court and Juvenile Hall are located in a county enclave adjacent to the city on Gilbert Street, near the site of the former County Hospital.

The County's District Attorney and the Public Defender both have their main offices on Mountain View Avenue, directly east of the Courthouse.

The California Court of Appeal Fourth District, Division Two used to be located in San Bernardino, but moved to Riverside in the 1990s. Federal cases (including Bankruptcy) are also heard in Riverside courthouses.

[edit] Jails

The San Bernardino Police Department has a holding area, but pre-trial in-custodies are transported to the West Valley Detention Center in Rancho Cucamonga. Sentenced criminals are held at the Glen Helen Rehabilitation Center, just outside the City's limits in the Verdemont area. While the Central Detention Center, located at 630 East Rialto Avenue in San Bernardino, served as the main jail from 1971–1992, today it mostly serves federal prisoners under contract.

[edit] Public safety

The 1905 Charter created the San Bernardino Police Department and Chief of Police; before 1905, there was a position of City Marshal. The current Charter places the Chief of Police under the direction of the Mayor.

The San Bernardino City Fire Department was founded in 1878. The Fire Chief is under the direction of the Mayor. There are thirteen stations.^[17]

Charter Section 186 requires that the monthly salaries of police and fire local safety members be the average of like positions at ten comparable cities in California.^[18] Thus, if the average goes up in other cities, the compensation of the local safety employees automatically rises.

Over 90 percent of local police officers do not live within the City limits.^[19]

Recent police efforts include joint patrols with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department and the California Highway Patrol. As of November 2006,^[20] Part 1 Crime (Murders, Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary and Theft) was down 14.07 percent from 2005. Stricter enforcement caused a rise in both juvenile and adult arrests.^[21]

San Bernardino has long battled high crime rates. According to statistics published by Morgan Quitno, San Bernardino was the 16th most dangerous US city in 2003,^[22] 18th in 2004^[23] and 24th in 2005. San Bernardino's murder rate was 29 per 100,000 in 2005, the 13th highest murder rate in the country and the third highest in the state of California after Compton and Richmond.^[24] Police efforts have significantly reduced crime in 2008^[25] and a major drop collectively since 1993 when the city's murder rate placed ninth in the nation.^[26]

[edit] State and Federal

In the state legislature San Bernardino is located in the 31st and 32nd Senate Districts, represented by Republican Robert Dutton and Democrat Gloria Negrete McLeod respectively, and in the 59th, 62nd and 63rd Assembly Districts, represented by Republican Bob Margett, Democrat Wilmer Carter, and Republican Bill Emmerson respectively. Federally, San Bernardino is located in California's 41st and 43rd congressional districts, which have Cook PVIs of R +9 and D +10 respectively^[27] and is represented by Republican Jerry Lewis and Democrat Joe Baca.

[edit] Education

San Bernardino is primarily served by the San Bernardino City Unified School District, the th largest district in the state. All though it is also served by Rim of the World (far north, mountains), Redlands (far south east) and Rialto (far west) Unified School Districts.

[edit] Colleges and universities

• California State University, San Bernardino
• San Bernardino Valley College
• ITT Technical Institute
• The Art Institute of California - Inland Empire
• Argosy University-Inland Empire
• Everest College
• American Sports University

[edit] High schools

The district, as signified by its name, has elementary, intermediate, and high schools. The comprehensive high schools are:

• Arroyo Valley High School
• Cajon High School
• San Andreas High School
• San Bernardino High School
• Pacific High School (San Bernardion)
• Public Safety Academy Charter High School
• Middle College High School
• San Gorgonio High School
• Sierra High School
• Casa Ramona Academy for Technology, Community and Education

[edit] Media

San Bernardino is part of the Los Angeles Nielsen area. As such, its residents receive the same television stations as most other Southern Californians. KVCR-TV, a PBS affiliate operated by the San Bernardino Community College District, is the only local San Bernardino television station. KPXN, the Los Angeles "i" network affiliate, is licensed to San Bernardino, but contains no local content. Most of North San Bernardino cannot receive over-the-air television broadcasts from Los Angeles. This is because Mount Baldy and other San Gabriel Mountain peaks block transmissions from Mount Wilson. Since the 1960s, most North San Bernardino residents have required cable television to obtain television. Today, the City has two main cable franchises: Northwest San Bernardino has Charter Communications, the rest of the City is served by Time Warner Cable), and Mountain Shadow Cable is a small local company that provides services to the eponymous mobile home park. DBS satellite is also prevalent. Local programming is handled by the city's Public, Education, and Government Channel KCSB-TV.

Historically, San Bernardino has had a number of newspapers. Today, the San Bernardino Sun, founded in 1894 (but was the continuation of an earlier paper) publishes in North San Bernardino, and has a circulation area roughly from Yucaipa to Fontana, including the mountain communities.Many older residents refer to the Sun as the Sun-Telegram, its name when it merged with the afternoon Telegram in the 1960s. There is also the Black Voice News that has been in the area over 30 years serving African Americans that live in the community.

San Bernardino and the Inland Empire have their own Arbitron area. Therefore, there are a number of radio stations that broadcast in or near San Bernardino. These include rock station KCXX, country music station KFRG and NPR member station KVCR (FM). Other than government or media outlets, there is no major internet site made for the Inland Empire.

v • d • e Radio stations in the Riverside-San Bernardino market By FM frequency 88.3 · 88.7 · 89.1 · 89.7 · 90.1 · 91.9 · 92.9 · 93.5 · 94.3 · 94.5 · 95.1 · 96.1 · 96.7 · 97.5 · 98.1 · 98.3 · 98.3 · 99.1 · 99.9 · 100.9 · 101.3 · 101.7 · 103.3 · 103.9 · 105.5 · 105.7 · 106.9 By AM frequency 590 · 1050 · 1240 · 1290 · 1340 · 1350 · 1370 · 1410  · 1440 · 1490 · 1510 · 1570 · 1670 By callsign K251AH · K252BF · K295AI · KACE · KAEH · KATY-FM · KCAA · KCAL · KCAL-FM · KCXX · KDIF · KEZY · KFRG · KGGI · KGIC-LP · KHPY · KJVA-LP · KKDD · KLRD · KLYY · KMET · KMYT · KOLA · KPRO · KRCV · KRQB · KSGN · KSPA · KSPC · KTDD · KTIE · KTMQ · KUCR · KUOR · KVCR · KWIE · KWRM · KXFG · KXRS · KXSB California Radio Markets: Bakersfield • Chico • Fresno • Los Angeles • Merced • Modesto • Oxnard-Ventura • Palm Springs • Redding • Riverside-San Bernardino • Sacramento • San Diego • San Francisco • San Jose • San Luis Obispo • Santa Barbara • Santa Cruz • Santa Maria-Lompoc • Santa Rosa • Stockton • Victor Valley • Visalia-Tulare-Hanford Other California Radio Regions: Crescent City • High Desert/Eastern Sierra • Eureka • Fort Bragg-Ukiah • Imperial Valley • Red Bluff • Susanville/Sierra Nevada • Yreka See also: List of radio stations in California

[edit] Transportation

[edit] Roads and highways

San Bernardino has a system of mostly publicly maintained local streets, including major arterials, some private streets, state highways, and interstate highways.

The major streets are (north south streets, from the west): Meridian Avenue, Mount Vernon Avenue, E Street, Arrowhead Avenue, Sierra Way, Waterman Avenue, Tippecanoe Avenue, Del Rosa Avenue, Sterling Avenue, Arden Avenue, Victoria Avenue, Palm Avenue, and Boulder Street; east west streets, from the north): Northpark Boulevard, Kendall Avenue, 40th Street, Marshall Boulevard, 30th Street, Highland Avenue, Base Line (Street), 9th Street, 5th Street, 2nd Street, Rialto Avenue, Mill Street, Orange Show Road, and Hospitality Lane.

The state highways include:

• Waterman Avenue
• 5th Street
• Kendall Avenue

Freeways include:

• San Bernardino Freeway
• Foothill Freeway\Martin A. Matich Freeway
• I-215
• State Route 259
• City Creek Freeway

[edit] Public transportation

San Bernardino is served by the Metrolink regional rail service. Lines include: the Metrolink Inland Empire-Orange County Line and the Metrolink San Bernardino Line.

Preceding station		Amtrak		Following station
Riverside toward Los Angeles		Southwest Chief		Victorville toward Chicago
Preceding station		Metrolink		Following station
Riverside-Downtown toward Oceanside		IEOC Line		Terminus
Rialto toward Los Angeles		San Bernardino Line
Riverside-Downtown toward Los Angeles		91 Line

Plans are underway by SANBAG to create a light rail link to Redlands, California, with potential station-stops at Mill Street and Hospitality Lane.

Amtrak's Southwest Chief, operating from Los Angeles to Chicago has one daily train in each direction that stops at the San Bernardino station.

The City of San Bernardino is a member of the joint-powers authority Omnitrans and MARTA. A Bus Rapid Transit project, called SB-X, is planned from Cal State San Bernardino to Loma Linda. A bus transit center is planned in the vicinity of E Street and Rialto Avenue.

[edit] Airports

San Bernardino International Airport is physically located within the City. Several warehouses have been, and continue to be, built in the vicinity. The facility, itself, is within the jurisdiction of the Inland Valley Development Agency, a joint powers authority, and the San Bernardino Airport Authority. Hillwood, a venture run by H. Ross Perot, Jr., is the master developer of the project, which it calls AllianceCalifornia. The airport does not currently offer commercial passenger service. However, the airport passenger terminal has been remodeled, and it will be taking international flights sometime in 2009.

The airport is served by three major freeways: I-10 (Tippecanoe Avenue); I-215 (Mill Street); and, SR 210 (Waterman Ave. - Hwy 18).

[edit] Notable natives and residents

[edit] Arts

• Gene Hackman - actor
• Kirk Harris - actor, writer
• Edith Head - Academy Award-winning costume designer
• Twyla Tharp - modern dancer
• Michael Reaves - screenwriter, mostly on animated series
• Phillip Michael Thomas - actor^{[citation needed]}
• Chris Holyfield - recording Artist Dance War: Bruno vs. Carrie Ann

[edit] Politics

• Anna Escobedo Cabral - 42nd and current Treasurer of the United States
• Merritt B. Curtis - Brigadier General in the Marine Corps and candidate for President of the United States in 1960
• Jefferson Hunt - Western Pioneer
• Dirk Kempthorne - former US Secretary of the Interior and former governor of Idaho
• Claude R. Kirk, Jr. - former governor of Florida
• Robert Waterman - Governor of California

[edit] Science

• Michael R. Clifford - astronaut
• Howard Georgi - professor of physics at Harvard University

[edit] Sports

• Brandie Burton - professional golfer
• Tyson Chandler - professional basketball player, New Orleans Hornets
• Rich Dauer - professional baseball player
• Eric Koston - pro skateboarder, was born in Bangkok, Thailand but grew up in San Bernardino
• Shawn Estes - professional baseball player
• Charles Johnson - professional football player
• Steve Johnson - professional basketball player
• John Laurinaitis - professional wrestler
• Alberto Madril - professional wrestler
• Ryan Nece - professional football player, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
• Derek Parra - speed skater, gold and silver medalist at 2002 Winter Olympics, competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
• Bryon Russell - professional basketball player, Denver Nuggets
• Swede Savage - Indy 500, sports car, and NASCAR driver. Died in 1973 Indy 500.
• Jeremy Stevenson - NHL player born in San Bernardino
• Dave Stockton - professional golfer
• Lisa Marie Varon aka Victoria - professional wrestler
• Charlie Venegas - professional speedway rider and two-time world champion, four-time ice racing world champion

[edit] Gallery

San Bernardino skyline

SR 210 Freeway in San Bernardino

Heavy San Bernardino snowfall.

San Bernardino, Amtrak station, Santa Fe Depot

[edit] Nicknames

San Bernardino has received many informal nicknames in its history. Of these, San B., 'Dino, San Berdoo, and Berdoo^[28][29] are the most common but are sometimes considered derogatory or undignified. Other, more official nicknames include: Gate City^[30] (to reflect its proximity to Los Angeles, and location at the southern and western end of the Cajon Pass, leading to the High Desert and Las Vegas, Nevada); The Friendly City^[31];City on the Move^[32]; and, most recently, The Heartbeat of U.S. Route 66^[33].

[edit] Sister cities

San Bernardino has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International and the Mayor's office.^[34] of the City of San Bernardino:

Goyang, South Korea Herzliya, Israel Ilé-Ifẹ, Nigeria Kigali, Rwanda Mexicali, Mexico Roxas, Philippines

Tachikawa, Japan Tauranga, New Zealand Villahermosa, Mexico Yushu, China Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia

Tachikawa is the oldest and strongest of the relationships, and predates Sister Cities International, Inc. It was formed because both San Bernardino and Tachikawa had United States Air Force Bases.

[edit] See also

• USS San Bernardino (LST-1189)

[edit] References and notes

[edit] Further reading

• Edward Leo Lyman, San Bernardino: The Rise and Fall of a California Community, Signature Books, 1996.
• Walter C. Schuiling, San Bernardino County: Land of Contrasts, Windsor Publications, 1984
• Nick Cataldo, Images of America: San Bernardino, California, Arcadia Publishing, 2002

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: San Bernardino, California

• City of San Bernardino
• California Welcome Center in San Bernardino

Coordinates: 34°07′46″N 117°17′35″W / 34.12951°N 117.29315°W / 34.12951; -117.29315

v • d • e Municipalities and communities of San Bernardino County, California County seat: San Bernardino Cities and towns Adelanto | Apple Valley | Barstow | Big Bear Lake | Chino | Chino Hills | Colton | Fontana | Grand Terrace | Hesperia | Highland | Loma Linda | Montclair | Needles | Ontario | Rancho Cucamonga | Redlands | Rialto | San Bernardino | Twentynine Palms | Upland | Victorville | Yucaipa | Yucca Valley CDPs Big Bear City | Big River | Bloomington | Bluewater | Crestline | Joshua Tree | Lake Arrowhead | Lenwood | Mentone | Morongo Valley | Mountain View Acres | Muscoy | Nebo Center | Running Springs | San Antonio Heights | Searles Valley | Twentynine Palms Base | Wrightwood Unincorporated communities Arrowbear Lake | Amboy | Angelus Oaks | Bagdad | Baker | Blue Jay | Bryn Mawr | Cadiz | Calico | Chambless | Cima | Daggett | Devore | Earp | Essex | Fawnskin | Fort Irwin | Goffs | Green Valley Lake | Halloran Springs | Helendale | Hinkley | Kelso | Landers | Lucerne Valley | Ludlow | Lytle Creek | Mount Baldy Village | Mountain Pass | Newberry Springs | Nipton | Oak Hills | Oro Grande | Phelan | Pinon Hills | Pioneertown | Ragtown | Rice | Siberia | Sleepy Hollow | Sugarloaf | Sunfair | Sunfair Heights | Vidal | Vidal Junction | Yermo | Yucca Mesa | Zzyzx

v • d • e Inland Empire Metropolitan Area Counties Riverside • San Bernardino Major Cities Riverside • San Bernardino Cities and towns 100k-200k Corona • Fontana • Moreno Valley • Murrieta • Rancho Cucamonga • Ontario • Temecula • Victorville Cities and towns 25k-100k Apple Valley • Cathedral City • Chino • Chino Hills • Colton • Menifee • Hemet • Hesperia • Highland • Montclair • Indio • Lake Elsinore • Palm Desert • Palm Springs • Perris • Redlands • Rialto • Rubidoux • San Jacinto • Upland • Wildomar • Yucaipa Cities and towns 10k-25k Adelanto • Barstow • Beaumont • Big Bear Lake • Bloomington • Blythe • Canyon Lake • Coachella • Crestline • Desert Hot Springs • Glen Avon • Grand Terrace • La Quinta • Loma Linda • Mira Loma • Norco • Pedley • Rancho Mirage • Twentynine Palms • Yucca Valley Cities and towns under 10k Calimesa • Devore • El Cerrito • Highgrove • Home Gardens • Indian Wells • Mentone • Muscoy • Needles • San Antonio Heights • Sunnyslope • Wrightwood • Woodcrest Sub-regions Coachella Valley • Cucamonga Valley • Greater San Bernardino Area • High Desert (California) • Morongo Basin • Victor Valley

v • d • e California county seats Consolidated city-county San Francisco Cities Alturas | Auburn | Bakersfield | Colusa | Crescent City | El Centro | Eureka | Fairfield | Fresno | Hanford | Hollister | Jackson | Lakeport | Los Angeles | Madera | Mariposa | Martinez | Marysville | Merced | Modesto | Napa | Nevada City | Oakland | Oroville | Placerville | Red Bluff | Redding | Redwood City | Riverside | Sacramento | Salinas | San Bernardino | San Diego | San Jose | San Luis Obispo | San Rafael | Santa Ana | Santa Barbara | Santa Cruz | Santa Rosa | Sonora | Stockton | Susanville | Ukiah | Ventura | Visalia | Willows | Woodland | Yreka | Yuba City CDPs and communities Bridgeport | Downieville | Independence | Markleeville | Quincy | San Andreas | Weaverville

v • d • e   State of California Sacramento (capital) Topics Climate · Culture · Demographics · Districts · Economy · Elections · Geography · Government · History · Politics · Californians · Visitor attractions · Index of California-related articles Regions Antelope Valley · Big Sur · Cascade Range · Central Coast · Central Valley · Channel Islands · Coachella Valley · Conejo Valley · Cucamonga Valley · Death Valley · Desert · East Bay (SF) · Eastern California · Emerald Triangle · Gold Country · Great Basin · Greater Los Angeles · Inland Empire · Inner Los Angeles Area · Lake Tahoe · Los Angeles Basin · Lost Coast · Mojave · North Bay (SF) · North Coast · Northern California · Owens Valley · Oxnard Plain · San Francisco Peninsula · Pomona Valley · Sacramento Valley · San Bernardino Valley · San Fernando Valley · San Francisco Bay Area · San Gabriel Valley · San Joaquin Valley · Santa Clara Valley · Santa Clara River Valley · Santa Clarita Valley · Shasta Cascade · Sierra Nevada · Silicon Valley · South Bay (SF) · Southern California · Tri-Valley · Upstate California · Victor Valley · Wine Country · Yosemite · List of protected areas within California Metro areas Bakersfield · Chico · El Centro · Fresno · Hanford–Corcoran · Los Angeles–Long Beach–Glendale · Madera · Modesto · Merced · Napa · Oakland–Fremont–Hayward · Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura · Redding · Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario · Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville · Salinas · San Diego–Carlsbad–San Marcos · San Francisco–San Mateo–Redwood City · San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara · San Luis Obispo–Paso Robles · Santa Ana–Anaheim–Irvine · Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Goleta · Santa Cruz–Watsonville· Santa Rosa–Petaluma · Stockton · Vallejo–Fairfield · Visalia–Porterville · Yuba City Micro areas Bishop · Clearlake · Crescent City · Eureka–Arcata–Fortuna · Phoenix Lake-Cedar Ridge · Red Bluff · Susanville · Truckee–Grass Valley · Ukiah Counties Alameda · Alpine · Amador · Butte · Calaveras · Colusa · Contra Costa · Del Norte · El Dorado · Fresno · Glenn · Humboldt · Imperial · Inyo · Kern · Kings · Lake · Lassen · Los Angeles · Madera · Marin · Mariposa · Mendocino · Merced · Modoc · Mono · Monterey · Napa · Nevada · Orange · Placer · Plumas · Riverside · Sacramento · San Benito · San Bernardino · San Diego · San Francisco · San Joaquin · San Luis Obispo · San Mateo · Santa Barbara · Santa Clara · Santa Cruz · Shasta · Sierra · Siskiyou · Solano · Sonoma · Stanislaus · Sutter · Tehama · Trinity · Tulare · Tuolumne · Ventura · Yolo · Yuba

v • d • e 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas in the United States by population New York • Los Angeles • Chicago • Dallas • Philadelphia • Houston • Miami • Atlanta • Washington • Boston • Detroit • Phoenix • San Francisco • Riverside-San Bernardino • Seattle • Minneapolis • San Diego • St. Louis • Tampa • Baltimore • Denver • Pittsburgh • Portland • Cleveland • Cincinnati • Sacramento • Orlando • Kansas City • San Antonio • San Jose • Las Vegas • Milwaukee • Columbus • Indianapolis • Virginia Beach • Providence • Charlotte • Austin • Nashville • Jacksonville • Memphis • Louisville • Richmond • Hartford • Oklahoma City • Buffalo • Birmingham • Salt Lake City • Rochester • New Orleans

v • d • e Mayors of cities with populations of 100,000 in California     Antonio Villaraigosa (Los Angeles) Jerry Sanders (San Diego) Chuck Reed (San Jose) Gavin Newsom (San Francisco) Ashley Swearengin (Fresno) Bob Foster (Long Beach) Kevin Johnson (Sacramento) Ron Dellums (Oakland) Miguel A. Pulido (Santa Ana) Curt Pringle (Anaheim) Harvey Hall (Bakersfield) Ronald O. Loveridge (Riverside) Ann Johnston (Stockton) Cheryl Cox (Chula Vista) Jim Ridenour (Modesto) Bob Wasserman (Fremont) Sukhee Kang (Irvine) Pat Morris (San Bernardino) John Drayman (Glendale) Keith Bohr (Huntington Beach)^ William H. Batey II (Moreno Valley)^ Thomas E. Holden (Oxnard) Mark Nuaimi (Fontana) Paul S. Leon (Ontario) Donald Kurth (Rancho Cucamonga) Bob Kellar (Santa Clarita)^ Jim Wood (Oceanside) William Dalton (Garden Grove) Susan Gorin (Santa Rosa)^ Elliot Rothman (Pomona) Steve Nolan (Corona)^ R. Rex Parris (Lancaster) Dennis Donohue (Salinas) Bill Bogaard (Pasadena) Frank Scotto (Torrance) Michael Sweeney (Hayward) James C. Ledford Jr. (Palmdale) Lori Holt Pfeiler (Escondido) Carolyn Cavecche (Orange) Sharon Quirk (Fullerton)^ Pat Hume (Elk Grove) Tony Spitaleri (Sunnyvale) Jacqui Irwin (Thousand Oaks)^ Ernest Gutierrez (El Monte) William D. Shinn (Concord)^ Paul Miller (Simi Valley) Jesus Gamboa (Visalia) Osby Davis (Vallejo) Roosevelt F. Dorn (Inglewood) Patricia M. Mahan (Santa Clara) Eric R. Bever (Costa Mesa)^ Gina Garbolino (Roseville) Rick Trejo (Downey)^ Rudy Cabriales (Victorville) Roger Hernandez (West Covina)^ Harry T. Price (Fairfield) Jesse M. Luera (Norwalk) David Golonski (Burbank) Christy Weir (Ventura) Gayle McLaughlin (Richmond) Tom Bates (Berkeley) Carol L. Klatt (Daly City) ^Mayor selected from city council

v • d • e All-America City Award: Hall of Fame Akron, Ohio • Anchorage, Alaska • Bakersfield, California • Baltimore, Maryland • Bloomington, Indiana • Boston, Massachusetts • Cincinnati, Ohio • Cleveland, Ohio • Columbus, Ohio • Dayton, Ohio • Des Moines, Iowa • Edinburg, Texas • Grand Island, Nebraska • Grand Rapids, Michigan • Harrisburg, Pennsylvania • Hickory, North Carolina • Independence, Missouri • Kansas City, Missouri • Laurinburg, North Carolina • New Haven, Connecticut • Peoria, Illinois • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Phoenix, Arizona • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania • Roanoke, Virginia • Rockville, Maryland • San Antonio, Texas • San Bernardino, California • Shreveport, Louisiana • Tacoma, Washington • Toledo, Ohio • Tupelo, Mississippi • Wichita, Kansas • Worcester, Massachusetts