Prairie dog

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Prairie Dogs
Fossil range: Late Pliocene to Recent
Black-tailed Prairie Dog
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Sciuridae
Tribe: Marmotini
Genus: Cynomys
Rafinesque, 1817
Species

Cynomys gunnisoni
Cynomys leucurus
Cynomys ludovicianus
Cynomys mexicanus
Cynomys parvidens

Prairie dogs (Cynomys) are small, burrowing rodents (not actually dogs) native to the grasslands of North America. There are five different species of prairie dogs: black-tailed, white-tailed, Gunnison, Utah, and Mexican prairie dogs. They are a type of ground squirrel. On average, these stout-bodied rodents will grow to be between 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in) long, including the short tail and weigh between 0.5–1.5 kilograms (1–3 lb). They are found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In Mexico, prairie dogs are primarily found in the northern states which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.

Contents

[edit] Etymology

Prairie dog closeup

Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the name is attested from at least 1774.[1] The 1804 journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition note that in September 1804, they "discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog."[2] Its genus, Cynomys, derives from the Greek for "mouse dog."

[edit] Biology and behavior

Kissing Prairie Dogs
Fighting Prairie Dogs

The highly social prairie dogs live in large colonies or "towns" – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually consist of 1 male and 2 to 4 females living in a strict social hierarchy.[3] Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. Prairie dogs are social animals, however, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss.[4]

Prairie dog tunnel systems help channel rainwater into the water table to prevent runoff and erosion, and can also serve to change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can be a result of cattle grazing. The tunnels usually have several chambers. Tunnels can descend vertically as much as 5 metres (16 ft), and can extend laterally as much as 30 metres (98 ft). Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.[4]

The prairie dog is well adapted to predators. Using its dichromatic color vision, it can detect predators from a far distance and then alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call. Con Slobodchikoff and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators.[3][5] Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators.[6] Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.[3]

The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects. It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf forbs. Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups (babies) yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.

[edit] Conservation status

A Black-tailed Prairie Dog forages above ground for grasses and leaves

Ecologists consider this rodent to be a keystone species. They are an important prey species, being the primary diet in prairie species such as the black-footed ferret, the swift fox, the golden eagle, the badger, and the ferruginous hawk. Other species, such as the mountain plover and the burrowing owl, also rely on prairie dog burrows for nesting areas. Even grazing species such as bison, pronghorn and mule deer have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.[citation needed] It is believed that they prefer the vegetative conditions after prairie dogs have foraged through the area.

However, prairie dogs are often identified as pests and exterminated from agricultural properties because they are capable of damaging crops, as they clear the immediate area around their burrows of most vegetation.[7]

A prairie dog and his hole

As a result prairie dog habitat has been impacted by direct removal by ranchers and farmers as well as the more obvious encroachment of urban development which has greatly reduced their populations. The removal of prairie dogs "causes undesirable spread of brush" the costs of which to livestock range may outweigh the benefits of removal [8]. The largest remaining community comprises Black-tailed Prairie Dogs. In spite of human encroachment, prairie dogs have adapted, continuing to dig burrows in open areas of western cities.

One common concern which led to the widespread extermination of prairie dog colonies was that their digging activities could injure horses[9] by fracturing their limbs. However, according to writer Fred Durso, Jr. of E Magazine, "after years of asking ranchers this question, we have found not one example."[10] Another concern is their susceptibility to bubonic plague[11]

[edit] In captivity

Prairie dogs are gaining popularity as zoo animals

Until 2003, primarily black-tailed prairie dogs were collected from the wild for the exotic pet trade in Canada, the United States, Japan and Europe. They were removed from their underground burrows each spring, as young pups, with a large vacuum device. They are difficult to breed in captivity, but it has been done on several occasions. Removing them from the wild was a far more common method of supplying the market demand.

They can be difficult pets to care for, requiring regular attention and a very specific diet of grasses and hay. Each year they go into a period called rut that can last for several months, in which their personalities can drastically change, often becoming defensive or even aggressive. Despite their needs, prairie dogs are very social animals and come to almost seem like they treat humans as members of their colony, answering barks and chirps, and even coming when called by name.

In mid-2003, due to cross-contamination at a Madison, Wisconsin-area pet swap from an unquarantined Gambian pouched rat imported from Ghana, several prairie dogs in captivity acquired monkey pox, and subsequently a few humans were also infected. This led the CDC to institute an outright ban on the sale, trade, and transport of prairie dogs within the United States.[12] The disease was never introduced to any wild populations. The European Union also banned importation of prairie dogs in response.[13] While largely seen by exotic pet owners and vendors as unfair, the monkey pox scare was not the only zoonosis incident associated with prairie dogs.

Prairie dogs are also very susceptible to bubonic plague, and many wild colonies have been wiped out by it.[14][15][16][17] Also, in 2002 a large group of prairie dogs in captivity in Texas were found to have contracted tularemia.[18] The prairie dog ban is frequently cited by the CDC as a successful response to the threat of zoonosis.[citation needed]

Prairie dogs that were in captivity at the time of the ban in 2003 are allowed to be kept under a grandfather clause, but they may not be bought, traded, or sold and transport is only permitted to and from a veterinarian under properly quarantined procedures.

On September 8, 2008 the FDA & CDC rescinded the ban making it once again legal to capture, sell, and transport prairie dogs effective immediately. Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 174 Although the federal ban has been lifted, several States still have their own ban on prairie dogs in place.

[edit] Popular culture

 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)
A prairie dog prairie-dogging in the opening of its burrow

In companies that use large numbers of cubicles in a common space, employees sometimes use the term prairie dogging to refer to the action of several people simultaneously looking over the walls of their cubicles in response to a noise or other distraction. This action is thought to resemble the startle response of a group of prairie dogs.

A "surprised" prairie dog appeared in the internet video "Dramatic Chipmunk", which became a popular internet phenomenon.

The College of Santa Fe in Santa Fe, New Mexico uses the Prairie Dog as its athletic mascot.

Prairiemon, a digimon that looks like a prairie dog appears in Island of Lost Digimon.

They appear in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull film during the scenes in the desert.

Are often referred in the Canadian television sitcom Corner Gas.

On Total Drama Action, Izzy was revealed to have been living underground with a family of prairie dogs.

[edit] Classification and first identification

The Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[2] Lewis described it in more detail in 1806, calling it the "barking squirrel."[19]

[edit] Additional images

Common prairie dog

Prairie dog blends into its surroundings.

Prairie Dog

Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Prairie Dog in Captivity

[edit] References

  1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, prairie.
  2. ^ a b "Journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, "7th September Friday 1804. a verry Cold morning"". Libtextcenter.unl.edu. http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/examples/servlet/transform/tamino/Library/lewisandclarkjournals?&_xmlsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/files/xml/1804-09-07.xml&_xslsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/LCstyles.xsl. Retrieved on 2009-02-09. 
  3. ^ a b c "Cognition and communication in prairie dogs," The Cognitive Animal, 257-264, MIT Press.
  4. ^ a b Mondadori, Arnoldo Ed. Great Book of the Animal Kingdom. Arch Cape Press, NY 1988 p271
  5. ^ "Scientist: Prairie Dogs Have Own Language". http://www.rednova.com/news/display/?id=108412. Retrieved on 2006-04-18. 
  6. ^ Nebraska Game and Park Commission: the Prairie Dog.
  7. ^ Slobodchikoff, C. N., Judith Kiriazis, C. Fischer, and E. Creef (1991). "Semantic information distinguishing individual predators in the alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs", Animal Behaviour, 42, 713-719.
  8. ^ "Mammals of Texas: Black-tailed Prairie Dog". http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/cynoludo.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-18. 
  9. ^ "The Diary of Virginia D. (Jones-Harlan) Barr b. 1866". Kansasheritage.org. 1940-05-22. http://www.kansasheritage.org/kssights/home/diary.htm. Retrieved on 2009-02-09. 
  10. ^ Open Season on “Varmints” For Saving Endangered Prairie Dogs, It’s the Eleventh Hour.
  11. ^ "Prairie Dogs - Desert USA". DesertUSA. http://www.desertusa.com/dec96/du_pdogs.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-09. 
  12. ^ "CDC: Questions & Answers About Monkey Pox". http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-18. 
  13. ^ "Born Free: EU bans rodent imports following monkeypox outbreak". http://www.bornfree.org.uk/zoocheck/zcnews34.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-18. 
  14. ^ "Plague and Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs". http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/btprairiedog/plague.htm. 
  15. ^ "Biologist Studies Plague and Prairie Dogs". http://campusapps.fullerton.edu/news/research/2004/stapp.html. 
  16. ^ "Endangered, Rescued, Now in Trouble Again". http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/18/science/18ferr.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. 
  17. ^ Hoogland, John L. (1995). The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal. University of Chicago Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-2263-5117-3. 
  18. ^ "AVMA: Tularemia Outbreak Identified In Pet Prairie Dogs". http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/oct02/021001g.asp. Retrieved on 2006-04-18. 
  19. ^ "Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Tuesday July 1st 1806". Libtextcenter.unl.edu. http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/examples/servlet/transform/tamino/Library/lewisandclarkjournals?&_xmlsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/files/xml/1806-07-01.xml&_xslsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/LCstyles.xsl#n36070116. Retrieved on 2009-02-09. 

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cynomys ludovicianus

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