Video: See the sunbird in action
Dogs might be resistant, but it turns out you can teach an old bird new tricks. An African bird has learned to hover so that it can collect nectar from flowers, just as hummingbirds do in the Americas. The bird has an unlikely trainer: an invasive South American plant that has made its way to South Africa.
Tree tobacco produces yellow, tubular flowers and like other plants with flowers of this shape, it depends on nectar-sipping birds for pollination. In its native South America it is pollinated by hummingbirds, which have evolved the highest metabolism of any animal in order to generate enough energy to hover over flowers for long enough to drink their nectar.
There are famously no hummingbirds outside the Americas, something which has puzzled evolutionary biologists. Native Old World plants with tubular flowers usually produce some sort of perch to allow birds to sip their nectar. So when Sjirk Geerts of Stellenbosch University in Matieland, South Africa, noticed native malachite sunbirds hovering around tree tobacco flowers in north-eastern South Africa, he decided to investigate.
Winter boost
The birds were known to hover occasionally before, says Geerts, but he has discovered that some sunbirds are now getting most of their winter food from tobacco tree flowers. "This is the first time we have observed them making a lifestyle of it," he says. The sunbirds used to migrate out of the region in winter because there was no nectar. Now they stay put.
Geerts doesn't yet know what impact this is having on sunbird-pollinated plants elsewhere, or on sunbird numbers. But one thing is for sure: the tobacco plant is benefiting. By putting netting over some tobacco trees Geerts found that plants pollinated by sunbirds set three times as much seed.
The discovery casts a new light on why hover-feeding evolved in birds in the Americas but not elsewhere. Geerts speculates that at some point in the evolutionary history of the Americas, there may have been many nectar-eating bird species competing for flowers.
This would have put considerable pressure on birds to be better at hovering. In contrast, if there were fewer pollinators in the Old World, all the pressure would be on plants to evolve ways to attract them, resulting in some with elaborate perches.
Geerts now wants to find out if sunbirds keep hovering during the summer, when they are expending most of their energy on raising young.
Journal reference: Oikos (vol 118, p 573)
- Like what you've just read?
- Don't miss out on the latest content from New Scientist.
- Get 51 issues of New Scientist magazine plus unlimited access to the entire content of New Scientist online.
- Subscribe now and save
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
Have your say
No Hummingbirds Outside The Americas?
Mon Apr 13 19:51:00 BST 2009 by Icepriest
I live in the Seychelles, and we do have humming birds... they are dull grey......
No Hummingbirds Outside The Americas?
Tue Apr 14 22:41:23 BST 2009 by John Leonard
No there aren't. You may be seeing Hummingbird Hawk-moths, which are greyish with rufuous hind wings.
Tree Tobacco In Hawaii
Mon Apr 13 21:06:06 BST 2009 by Karl
Tree tobacco is also an invasive in Hawaii - where it seems to have rescued an endangered species endemic to Maui, the Blackberg's Hummingbird Moth. It is the largest native Hawaiian moth, and its natural food plant has been nearly exterminated since European contact. But it has recently adapted to feeding on tree tobacco. Introduced species have usually led to disaster in Hawaii, but it seems this is a lucky exception.
Tree tobacco is actually native to desert areas in both North and South America.
It's Not So Unusual, I Suppose
Mon Apr 13 23:02:22 BST 2009 by Nadav Levy, Zoologist and in ethics studies
It's seems to me not so unusual. In Israel, for example, we found that our common sunbird (nectarinia osea) is usually hover very often in the breeding season when they are looking for spider's web as preffared materials for their nests
All comments should respect the New Scientist House Rules. If you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the "Report" link in that comment to report it to us.
If you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.