Turkish National Movement
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The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted in the creation and shaping of the Republic of Turkey, a consequence of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies in the aftermath of the Armistice of Mudros which ended the Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I; and against the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which was signed by the Ottoman government and partitioned Anatolia.
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[edit] History
After the establishment of the Turkish national movement and the successful Turkish War of Independence, the revolutionaries abolished the Ottoman Sultanate on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. The movement terminated the Treaty of Sèvres and negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne, assuring recognition of the national borders, termed Misak-ı Milli (National Oath).
The national forces were united around the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the authority of the Turkish Grand National Assembly set up in Ankara, which pursued the Turkish War of Independence. The movement gathered around a progressively defined political ideology that is generally termed "Kemalism", or "Atatürkism". Its basic principles stress the Republic - a form of government representing the power of the electorate, secular administration (laïcité), nationalism, a mixed economy with state participation in many sectors (as opposed to state socialism), and national modernization.
Turkish revolutionaries were mainly influenced by ideas which flourished during the Tanzimat period. The revolutionaries should not be associated with the Young Turk movement of the same era, which was tightly bound to the Ottoman State and the ideals of Ottomanism. Turkish revolutionaries indeed were not a homogenous group of people, as they had different ideas on social and political issues. There were years in which most of them did not communicate with each other, even though they presided over the major social and political institutions. The common idea which held them together was having a sovereign nation.
Note: Most of the individuals listed below served the revolution in multiple duties and ranks. The classifications below refer to the titles for which they are mostly remembered today.
Please note that the following list is currently far from being complete:
[edit] Leaders
[edit] Statesmen and office holders
[edit] Pamphleteers and activists
- Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
- Halide Edip Adıvar, novelist and feminist political leader.
- Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, historian.
- Mahmut Esat Bozkurt, designer of the Turkish Civic Law. Founder of the first Law School.
- Şükrü Saracoğlu, economist.
[edit] Military officers
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