Grini concentration camp

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Coordinates: 59°57′12.36″N 10°34′57.17″E / 59.9534333°N 10.5825472°E / 59.9534333; 10.5825472

Grini, around 1941-43

Grini prison camp (Norwegian: Grini fangeleir, German: Polizeihäftlingslager Grini) was a Nazi concentration camp in Bærum, Norway, which operated between 1941 and May 1945.

Contents

[edit] History

Grini was originally built as a women's prison, near an old cotter's farm named Ilen (also written Ihlen), on land bought from the Løvenskiold family by the Norwegian state. The construction of a women's prison started in 1938, but despite being more or less finished in 1940, it did not come into use for its original purpose:[1] Nazi Germany's invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, during World War II, instead precipitated the use of the site for detention by the Nazi regime. At first, the Nazis used the prison to detain Norwegian officers captured during the Norwegian Campaign fighting. This use was discontinued in June 1940, when Norway capitulated.[2] The prison was then used to house Wehrmacht soldiers,[3] until a concentration camp was established on 14 June 1941.[2] The first detainees were sent from Åneby concentration camp,[3] the use of which was at the same time discontinued.[4] Shortly afterwards, the ranks of prisoners were increased by detainees captured during Operation Barbarossa.[5] The camp was run by Schutzstaffel and Gestapo personnel,[6] who renamed the camp Polizeihäftlingslager Grini. The name corresponds to a nearby farm and surrounding residential district located a short distance southeast of the camp, but historically the area at Ilen had no connection to Grini farm.[3]

At first inmates were detained on the premises of the original prison, but in 1942 an extra barracks had to be built to enlarge capacity. Grini was used primarily for Norwegian political prisoners, but the detention of more regular criminals followed. Many were held at Grini before being shipped to camps in Germany;[2] 3,402 people in total passed through the camp en route to camps in Germany itself.[7] Similarly, many teachers who took part in the civil disobedience of 1942 were held at Grini for one day before being taken to Kirkenes via Jørstadmoen.[8] A small number of foreign citizens were also held there. Altogether, 19,247 prisoners passed through Grini,[7] and at most in (February 1945) there were 6,208, although not all of these actually sat at Grini at a given time.[3]

The total number killed at Grini is unknown, though the Gestapo and police often used the area for purposes of torture, and at least eight were executed. British airborne troops sent by glider to sabotage the Norsk Hydro heavy-water plant, in the Operation Freshman, crashed in Norway due to foul weather. The survivors were transferred to Grini, and executed. Executions normally took place at Akershus Fortress or Trandum.

Camps in other parts of Norway, including Fannrem, Kvænangen and Bardufoss, were organized as part of the Grini system.[7] German forces also maintained a military camp at Huseby, not far from Grini.[9]

[edit] Prison life

See also: list of Grini prisoners

Other than guards, the German occupiers devoted few personnel to the camp. Since many politicians, academics and cultural personalities were detained at Grini, a certain level of internal organization was established. Prisoners worked in manufacturing, agriculture and other manual labor.[2] Much of this manual labor took place outside the camp.[3] Some detainees maintained their pre-war specialties, such as literary historian Francis Bull who secretly held several lectures, and managed to publish three books with material written during his three-year stay at Grini.[10]

The diet at Grini was poor. After the war, it caused a certain stir in the populace when it was perceived that Nazi prisoners of the liberated Norway were treated better than prisoners of the Nazi regime; among others the diet in Norwegian prisons was much better.[8] On the other hand, Grini was more hospitable to resistance prisoners than the similar camps in Germany.[1]

[edit] Printed documentation

Architect Odd Nansen managed to preserve most of his diaries from Grini and Sachsenhausen, and selections from these were issued in 1946 as the three-volume book Fra dag til dag.[11] Volume one covers the period from January 1942 to August 1942,[12] volume two covers August 1942 to August 1943,[13] and volume three covers Nansen's stay in Sachsenhausen.[14] In 1946 and 1947 the two-volume book Griniboken was issued, edited by August Lange and Johan Schreiner, with contributions from several of the detainees.[15] The first volume describes daily life at Grini as it developed over the years, including separate articles on the women's department, on the "Haft" departments (for men and women), and on "Fallskjermen", the department for those who were sentenced to death and awaiting execution.[16] The second volume covers in more detail the internal organisation, such as the labor, farm work, and healthcare regimes, and also discusses cultural and religious life. The external locations (Kvænangen, Kongsvinger, Bardufoss, and others) are described. There are also chapters on the undercover resistance at Grini, such as the news service, espionage, and the secret finger-signing language which was developed.[17] Børre R. Giertsen's 1946 book Norsk fangeleksikon: Grinifangene ('Norwegian Prisoner Encyclopedia: the Grini Prisoners') contains an overview of the German staff at Grini,[18] as well as a systematic list of the prisoners, starting with the Solvær hostages incarcerated at Åneby 15 March 1941.[19]

[edit] After the war

After the liberation of Norway in May 1945, the prison was used for Norwegians tried or convicted of treason or collaboration, as a part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II. Since the name "Grini" was now associated with the Norwegian resistance movement, hence seen as heroic,[8] the camp was renamed Ilebu. The new name also reflected the actual location of the camp better. 3,440 people were imprisoned here in July 1945. It was closed in 1951 but reopened in the same year under the name Ila as a "landsfengsel og sikringsanstalt" (national prison and security institution), a prison for criminals serving long-term sentences.[1]

Much of the camp, including the barracks, has been torn down. One preserved barracks building today stands at Kadettangen.[3] There is also a museum, the Grini Museum, near today's Ila prison.[6]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Borgen, Per Otto (2006). "Grini fangeleir" (in Norwegian). Asker og Bærum leksikon. Drammen: Forlaget for by- og bygdehistorie. p. 180–181. ISBN 82-91649-10-3. 
  2. ^ a b c d Henriksen, Petter, ed (2007). "Grini – tysk fangeleir" (in Norwegian). Store norske leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. http://www.snl.no/Grini/tysk_fangeleir. Retrieved 29 May 2009. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f Espeland, Gard (2002) (in Norwegian). Neste stopp... Eiksmarka! Eiksmarka vel 1950–2000. Eiksmarka: Eiksmarka vel. pp. 110. ISBN 82-996193-0-0. 
  4. ^ Nøkleby, Berit (1995). "fengsler-fangeleirer". in Dahl, Hans Fredrik. Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45. Oslo: Cappelen. http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/f/f2.html#fengsler-fangeleirer. Retrieved 30 May 2009. 
  5. ^ Børre R. Giertsen, ed (1946) (in Norwegian). Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene. Oslo: Cappelen. pp. 9–11. 
  6. ^ a b Bakken, Tor Chr., ed (2008). "Grini" (in Norwegian). Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 211. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4. 
  7. ^ a b c "Eitinger-rapporten — del 1" (in Norwegian). NOU 1998: 12. Alta bataljon. Oslo: Government of Norway. 2001. http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/hod/Dokument/NOU-ar/1998/nou-1998-12/26.html?id=375533. Retrieved 17 May 2009. 
  8. ^ a b c Christensen, Trygve (1995) (in Norwegian). Bærum og krigen 1940–1945. Bekkestua: Bærum Public Library. ISBN 82-991713-5-0. 
  9. ^ Espeland, 2002: p. 111
  10. ^ Helle, Knut, ed. "Francis Bull" (in Norwegian). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Francis_Bull/utdypning. Retrieved 30 May 2009. 
  11. ^ Baalsrud, Gaute. "Odd Nansen". in Helle, Knut (in Norwegian). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Odd_Nansen/utdypning. Retrieved 2 June 2009. 
  12. ^ Nansen, Odd (1946) (in Norwegian). Fra dag til dag. Fra 13 januar til 4. august 1942. 1. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–285. 
  13. ^ Nansen, Odd (1946) (in Norwegian). Fra dag til dag. Fra 5. august 1942 til 21 august 1943. 2. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–390. 
  14. ^ Nansen, Odd (1946) (in Norwegian). Fra dag til dag. Fra 22. august 1943 til 28 april 1945. 3. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–302. 
  15. ^ Skodvin, Magne. "August Lange". in Helle, Knut (in Norwegian). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/August_Lange/utdypning. Retrieved 2 June 2009. 
  16. ^ August Lange, Johan Schreiner, ed (1946) (in Norwegian). Griniboken. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 1–446. 
  17. ^ August Lange, Johan Schreiner, ed (1947) (in Norwegian). Griniboken. 2. Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 1–605. 
  18. ^ Børre R. Giertsen, ed (1946). "Grinis organisasjon og leirens tyske tjenestemenn" (in Norwegian). Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene. Oslo: Cappelen. pp. xx–xxx. 
  19. ^ Børre R. Giertsen, ed (1946). "Fangeregister i nummerorden" (in Norwegian). Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene. Oslo: Cappelen. pp. 1–786. 
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