Huesca
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| Huesca | |||
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| — Municipality — | |||
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| Motto: Gate of the Pyrenees | |||
  Huesca
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| Coordinates: 42°8′N 0°25′W / 42.133°N 0.417°WCoordinates: 42°8′N 0°25′W / 42.133°N 0.417°W | |||
| Country |  Spain |
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| Autonomous community |  Aragón |
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| Province | Huesca | ||
| Comarca | Hoya de Huesca | ||
| Judicial district | Huesca | ||
| Government | |||
| - Alcalde | Fernando Elboj Broto (2007) (PSOE) | ||
| Area | |||
| - Total | 161.0 km2 (62.2 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 488 m (1,601 ft) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| - Total | 51,117 | ||
| - Density | 317.5/km2 (822.3/sq mi) | ||
| - Demonym | Oscense | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | 22001 - 22006 | ||
| Dialing code | 974 | ||
| Official language(s) | |||
Huesca (Aragonese: Uesca; pre-Roman Iberian: Bolskan; Latin: Osca; Greek: Ὄσκα, Ptol. ii. 6. § 68) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2008 it had a population of 51,117, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. That makes it one of the least populated provincial capitals in Spain. Huesca celebrates its main festivities (Fiestas de San Lorenzo) from 9th to 15th August.
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[edit] History
Huesca's pre-Roman Iberian name was Bolskan. It was the capital of the Ilergetes, in the north of Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from Tarraco (modern Tarragona) and Ilerda (modern Lleida) to Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza)[1] and fell under Caesaraugusta's jurisdiction. Pliny alone [2] places the Oscenses in Vescitania, a district mentioned nowhere else [3]. The city's name was rendered as Osca, and was a Roman colony, Urbs Victrix Osca, during the Roman Empire. Under the impetus of Quintus Sertorius, the renegade Roman and Iberian hero who made Osca his base, the city minted its own coinage and was the site of a prestigious school founded by Sertorius to educate young Iberians in Latin and Romanitas in general. We learn from Plutarch[4] that it was a large town, and the place where Sertorius died. It is probably the town called Ileoscan (Ἰλεόσκαν) by Strabo, in an apparently corrupt passage[5] It seems to have possessed silver mines,[6] unless the argentum Oscense here mentioned merely refers to the minted silver of the town. Enrique Florez, however,[7] has pointed out the impossibility of one place supplying such vast quantities of minted silver as we find recorded in ancient writers under the terms argentum Oscense, signatum Oscense; and is of the opinion that "Oscense" in these phrases means "Spanish", being a corruption of "Eus-cara".[8]
The fully Romanised city, with its forum in the Cathedral square, was made a municipium by decree of Augustus in 30 BCE. It was renamed Wasqah during the period of Arab domination, when the fortified city was a stronghold defending the frontier against the Christian counts and local kings of the Pyrenees. In 1094 Sancho Ramirez built the nearby Montearagon castle with the intention of laying siege to Wasqah; here he met his death by a stray arrow as he was reconnoitring the city's walls. It was conquered in 1096 by Peter I of Aragon.
In 1354, Pedro IV chartered the University of Huesca, which initially had a faculty of theology. The school expanded, but by the end of the sixteenth century was eclipsed by the University of Zaragoza. [9] The university was abolished in 1845. [10]
During the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) the "Huesca Front" was the scene of some of the worst fighting between the Republicans and Franco's army. The city was besieged by the Republicans, George Orwell among them (see below) but never fell.
[edit] Modern Huesca
Huesca celebrates its most important annual festival in August: the festival (or fiesta) of San Lorenzo (Lawrence), a native of Huesca martyred in 268 AD. The anniversary of his martyrdom falls on August 10. The fiesta starts on the 9th and finishes on the 15th. Many of the inhabitants dress in green and white for the duration of the fiesta.
San Lorenzo, born in Huesca, was a deacon in Rome and martyred by the Romans, burned on a grille (at least according to legend). Hence the grille is the symbol of San Lorenzo. It can be seen in a number of decorative works in the city.
Huesca is also the birthplace of film director Carlos Saura and his brother Antonio Saura, contemporary artist. There is an international film festival held annually.
The writer Oscar Sipan, winner of several literary prizes, was born in Huesca in 1974. The celebrated illustrator Isidro Ferrer, though born in Madrid, lives in the city.
[edit] Churches of Huesca
Huesca possesses many churches.
- Huesca Cathedral (Catedral de la Transfiguración del Señor) in Gothic style begun by king Jaime I of Aragon around 1273 on the ruined foundations of the mosque. Work continued until the fifteenth century, creating one of the architectural landmarks of northern Spain. The doorway of 1300-1313 has carvings depicting the Apostles. The interior contains a triple nave and lateral chapels. It includes a magnificent high altar of alabaster carved to represent the Passion, made in 1520-1533 by Damián Forment. The cloister and the bell-tower are from the fifteenth century.
- Church of St. Peter (Iglesia de San Pedro el Viejo), erected between 1100 and 1241, is one of the oldest Romanesque structures in the Peninsula. It was rebuilt in the seventeenth century, but retains its cloister of 1140.
- Church of St. Lawrence (Iglesia de San Lorenzo), seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
- Iglesia de Santo Domingo, in Baroque style.
- Iglesia de la Compañía San Vicente, seventeenth century.
- Ermita de Ntr. Sra. de Salas-M.H.A.-, Romanesque and Baroque
- Ermita de Loreto -M.H.A.-, San Lorenzo's cradle according to tradition.
- Ermita de San Jorge -s. XVI-, in memory of the Battle of Alcoraz
- Ermita de las Mártires
- Ermita de Santa Lucía
- Ermita de Jara, in ruins
- San Miguel, Romanesque tower
- Santa María de Foris, románico de transición
- Santa Cruz, Seminary, on Romanesque foundations.
- There are several old monasteries in the immediate neighbourhood. The one in Castle of Montearagón contains in its crypt the tomb of king Alfonso I.
- A double line of ancient walls can still be seen in present-day Huesca.
- The institute for secondary education occupies the building formerly belonging to the old university. In one of its vaults is the famous "Bell of Huesca", said to have been constructed from the heads of insurgent nobles who were executed by King Ramiro II of Aragon.
[edit] Coffee in Huesca
Huesca is notable for the saying "Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca", a running joke among militiamen of the Spanish Civil War. In February 1937, George Orwell was stationed near the falangist-held Huesca as a member of the POUM militia. In Homage to Catalonia, Orwell writes about this running joke, originally a naïvely optimistic comment made by one of the Spanish Republican generals:
- Months earlier, when Siétamo was taken, the general commanding the Government troops had said gaily: 'Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca.' It turned out that he was mistaken. There had been bloody attacks, but the town did not fall, and [the phrase] had become a standing joke throughout the army. If I ever go back to Spain I shall make a point of having a cup of coffee in Huesca.
Orwell never did: but the Indian writer Shashi Tharoor fulfilled his wish, on his behalf, in 1980, and has written about the experience ([1]).
Huesca is also famous for the legend of the Bell of Huesca.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) Council of Huesca
- Huesca Film Festival 2007
- (Spanish) Diario Del Alto Aragón
- Virtual Tour around Huesca
[edit] References
- ^ Antonine Itinerary pp. 391, 451.
- ^ iii. 3. s. 4.
- ^ Pliny, in the Third Book of Naturalis Historia. Translation at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/pliny3.html.
- ^ Sert. c. 14.
- ^ iii. p. 161; v. Friedrich August Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 451.
- ^ Livy xxxiv. 10, 46, xl. 43.
- ^ Med. ii. 520.
- ^ Cf. Julius Caesar Commentarii de Bello Civili i. 60; Velleius Paterculus ii. 30; "Euskara", Basque for the Basque language.
- ^ Hastings Rashdall, The universities of Europe in the middle ages, Volume 2, Part 1, Oxford, 1895, pp. 92-94.
- ^ Hans Hoefe & Andrew Eames, Spain, 2d ed 1993, p. 305.
[edit] Bibliography
- Michael H. Crawford, 1985. Coinage and Money Under the Roman Republic in series Library of Numismatics (London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.), pages 84 - 102.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography by William Smith (1856).
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