Berkshire

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Berkshire
Shown within England
Geography
Status	Non-metropolitan & Ceremonial county
Origin	Historic
Region	South East England
Area - Total	Ranked 40th 1,262 km2 (487 sq mi)
ISO 3166-2	GB-WBK
ONS code	Formerly 10
NUTS 3	UKJ11
Demography
Population - Total (2005) - Density	Ranked 26th 812,200 643 /km2 (1,665/sq mi)
Ethnicity	88.7% White 6.8% S.Asian 2.0% Black.
Politics
No county council
Members of Parliament	Adam Afriyie (C) Richard Benyon (C) Andrew Mackay (C) Fiona Mactaggart (L) Theresa May (C) John Redwood (C) Martin Salter (L) Rob Wilson (C)
Districts
West Berkshire (Unitary) Reading (Unitary) Wokingham (Unitary) Bracknell Forest (Unitary) Windsor and Maidenhead (Unitary) Slough (Unitary)

Berkshire ( /ˈbɑrkʃər/ BARK-shər or /ˈbɑrkʃɪər/ BARK-sheer ; abbreviated Berks) is a ceremonial county in the South East of England. It is also often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1958, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.^[1]

Berkshire borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire, and is usually regarded as one of the home counties. Under boundary changes in 1995, it also acquired a boundary with Greater London.^[2]

Historically the county town was Abingdon, but in 1867 the town of Reading – by then much larger – superseded Abingdon in this role.^[3] In 1974 local government reorganisation moved Abingdon and several other north-west Berkshire towns into Oxfordshire. A later reorganisation, in 1998, abolished Berkshire County Council, although retaining Berkshire as a ceremonial county. The highest tier of local government in Berkshire are now the unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham.

Contents 1 History 2 Economy 2.1 Agricultural produce 3 Geology, landscape and ecology 4 Sport 5 Demographics 6 Ceremonial County 7 Politics 8 Places of interest 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

[edit] History

The county is one of the oldest in England. It may date from the 840s, the probable period of the unification of "Sunningum" (East Berkshire) and "Ashdown" (the Berkshire Downs, probably including the Kennet Valley). The county is first mentioned by name in 860. According to Asser, it takes its name from a large forest of box trees that was called Bearroc (believed, in turn, to be a Celtic word meaning "hilly").^[4]

Berkshire has been the scene of many battles throughout history, during Alfred the Great's campaign against the Danes, including the Battle of Englefield, the Battle of Ashdown and the Battle of Reading. During the English Civil War there were two battles in Newbury. During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, there was a second Battle at Reading, also known as the "Battle of Broad Street".

Reading became the new county town in 1867, taking over from Abingdon^[5] which remained in the county. Under the Local Government Act 1888, Berkshire County Council took over functions of the Berkshire Quarter Sessions, covering an area known as the administrative county of Berkshire, which excluded the county borough of Reading. Boundary alterations in the early part of the 20th century were minor, with Caversham from Oxfordshire becoming part of the Reading county borough, and cessions in the Oxford area.

On 1 April 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, the northern part of the county became part of Oxfordshire, with Faringdon, Wantage and Abingdon and hinterland becoming the Vale of White Horse district, and Didcot and Wallingford going to form part of the South Oxfordshire district. The Berkshire Yeomanry (94 Signal Squadron) still keep the Uffington White Horse as their symbol above the motto Berkshire, even though the White Horse is now in Oxfordshire. Berkshire obtained the towns of Slough and Eton and part of the former Eton Rural District from Buckinghamshire. The original Local Government White Paper would have transferred Henley-on-Thames from Oxfordshire to Berkshire: this proposal did not make it into the Bill as introduced.

On 1 April 1998 Berkshire County Council was abolished under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, and the districts became unitary authorities. Unlike similar reforms elsewhere at the same time, the non-metropolitan county was not abolished.^[6][7] Signs saying "Welcome to the Royal County of Berkshire" have all but disappeared but may still be seen on the borders of West Berkshire District, on the east side of Virginia Water, and on the M4 motorway.

[edit] Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Berkshire at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added1	Agriculture2	Industry3	Services4
1995	10,997	53	2,689	8,255
2000	18,412	40	3,511	14,861
2003	21,119	48	3,666	17,406

Notes

1. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
2. Includes hunting and forestry
3. Includes energy and construction
4. Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[edit] Agricultural produce

A number of distinctive cheeses are produced in Berkshire, including Wigmore, Barkham Blue and Waterloo cheeses.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Geology, landscape and ecology

From a landscape perspective, Berkshire divides into two clearly distinct sections with the boundary lying roughly on a north-south line through the centre of Reading.

The eastern section of Berkshire lies largely to the south of the River Thames, with that river forming the northern boundary of the county. In two places (Slough and Reading) the county now includes land to the north of the river. Tributaries of the Thames, including the Loddon and Blackwater increase the amount of low lying riverine land in the area. Beyond the flood plains, the land rises gently to the county boundaries with Surrey and Hampshire. Much of this area is still well wooded, especially around Bracknell and Windsor Great Park.

In the west of the county and heading upstream, the Thames veers away to the north of the (current) county boundary, leaving the county behind at the Goring Gap. This is a narrow part of the otherwise quite broad river valley where, at the end of the last Ice Age, the Thames forced its way between the Chiltern Hills (to the north of the river in Oxfordshire) and the Berkshire Downs.

As a consequence, the western portion of the county is situated around the valley of the River Kennet, which joins the Thames in Reading. Fairly steep slopes on each side delineate the river's flat floodplain. To the south, the land rises steeply to the nearby county boundary with Hampshire, and the highest parts of the county lie here. The highest of these is Walbury Hill at 297 m (974 ft), which is also the highest point in South East England.

To the north of the Kennet, the land rises again to the Berkshire Downs. This is a hilly area, with smaller and well-wooded valleys draining into the River Lambourn, River Pang and their tributaries, and open upland areas famous for their involvement in horse racing and the consequent ever-present training gallops.

As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Summer Snowflake as the county flower.

[edit] Sport

One football club from the county plays professional football, Reading, who were formed in 1871.

The London Irish rugby club also ground-share with Reading FC at Madjeski Stadium.

[edit] Demographics

According to 2003 estimates there are 803,657 people in Berkshire, or 636 people/km². The population is mostly based in the urban areas to the east and centre of the county (Reading, Slough, Bracknell, Maidenhead, Wokingham, Windsor, Sandhurst, Crowthorne and Twyford being the largest towns) with West Berkshire being much more rural and sparsely populated, with far fewer towns (Newbury, Thatcham, Hungerford and Lambourn).

The population has increased massively since 1831; this is largely due to Berkshire's proximity to an expanding London^{[citation needed]}. In 1831, there were 146,234 people living in Berkshire; by 1901 the population had risen to 252,571 (of which 122,807 were male and 129,764 were female).

Population of Berkshire:

• 1831: 146,234
• 1841: 161,759
• 1851: 170,065
• 1861: 176,256
• 1871: 196,475
• 1881: 218,363
• 1891: 238,709
• 1901: 252,571

[edit] Ceremonial County

The ceremonial county of Berkshire consists of the area controlled by the six unitary authorities, each of which is independent of the rest. Berkshire has no county council. The ceremonial county has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff. Currently the Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire is Mary Bayliss and the High Sheriff of Berkshire is Dr Christina Bernadette Thérèse Hill Williams.

Berkshire districts

District	Main towns	Population (2007 estimate)	Area	Population density (2007)
Bracknell Forest	Bracknell, Sandhurst	113,500	109.38 km²	1038/km²
Reading	Reading	143,700	40.40 km²	3557/km²
Slough	Slough	120,100	32.54 km²	3691/km²
West Berkshire	Newbury, Thatcham	150,700	704.17 km²	214/km²
Windsor and Maidenhead	Windsor, Maidenhead	141,000	198.43 km²	711/km²
Wokingham	Wokingham, Twyford	156,600	178.98 km²	875/km²
TOTAL Ceremonial	N/A	825,600	1262 km²	643/km²

Population figures for 2007 estimates [1]. See List of English districts by population for a full list of every English district.

[edit] Politics

Berkshire is a ceremonial county and non-metropolitan county and it is unusual in England in that it has no county council as its entire area is divided into several unitary authorities, which do not have county status. It was the only county to function in such a manner until the English local government reforms of 2009, where it was joined by Bedfordshire and Cheshire.

In the unitary authorities the Conservatives control West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead, Wokingham and Bracknell Forest councils, Labour controls Slough and Reading is under no overall control.

Since the 2010 general election, the Conservative Party dominates, controlling seven out of eight constituencies. Slough is represented by the Labour Party.

See also: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Berkshire

[edit] Places of interest

• Ashdown House
• Basildon Park
• Beale Park
• Berkshire Downs
• Bisham Abbey
• California Country Park
• Combe Gibbet
• Donnington Castle
• Eton College
• Frogmore House
• Greenham Common
• Lardon Chase, the Holies and Lough Down
• Legoland Windsor
• Museum of English Rural Life
• Museum of Reading
• Reading Abbey
• Reading School Grade II listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse
• North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
• REME Museum of Technology
• Stanlake Park Wine Estate
• The Ridgeway
• Walbury Hill
• Welford Park
• Windsor Castle
• Windsor Great Park

[edit] See also

• Thames Valley
• Schools in Berkshire
• List of places in Berkshire
• List of civil parishes in Berkshire
• Flag of Berkshire
• Berkshire Record Office

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berkshire

• Berkshire at the Open Directory Project
• Royal Berkshire History
• BBC Berkshire website
• Photographs of Berkshire
• Berkshire Enclosure Maps Digital copies of Berkshire enclosure maps and awards 1738-1883
• "Victoria County History: Berkshire". British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/subject.aspx?subject=5&gid=2. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 

Neighbouring counties

	Wiltshire	Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire	Buckinghamshire
	Wiltshire		Greater London
		Berkshire
	Wiltshire	Hampshire	Surrey

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v • d • e Ceremonial county of Berkshire Berkshire Portal Unitary authorities Bracknell Forest · Reading · Slough · West Berkshire · Windsor and Maidenhead · Wokingham Major settlements Ascot · Bracknell · Crowthorne · Earley · Eton · Hungerford · Maidenhead · Newbury · Reading · Sandhurst · Slough · Thatcham · Windsor · Wokingham · Woodley See also: List of civil parishes in Berkshire Topics History · Parliamentary constituencies · Places · Museums