Timeline of Jerusalem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a partial timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem:
Contents
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[edit] Canaanite period
- c. 2000 BCE
- First known mention of the city in Egyptian Execration Texts.[1][2]
- c. 1700 BCE
- The Jebusites fortify Jebus (Jerusalem).
[edit] First Temple period
- c. 1000 BCE
- King David attacks and captures Jerusalem. Jerusalem becomes City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel.[1]
- c. 967 BCE
- King Solomon builds the First Temple.
- c. 937 BCE
- Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) Kingdom of Judah led by Rehoboam after the split of the United Monarchy.
- c. 712 BCE
- King Hezekiah builds the Pool of Siloam tunnel in order to keep water from the Gihon Spring inside the city in preparation for invasion by the Assyrians under Sennacherib. Jerusalem's fortifications are upgraded (or expanded) across the Tyropoeon Valley to enclose the hill to the west of the Temple Mount today known as Mount Zion.[3]
- 712 BCE
- The Assyrians lay an unsuccessful siege on Jerusalem.
[edit] Babylonian captivity
- 606 BCE-586 BCE
- The Babylonians destroy Jerusalem in three waves of attacks. King Nebuchadnezzar burns Solomon's Temple in 586 BCE.
[edit] Second Temple period
- 537 BCE
- King Cyrus the Great allows the Israelites to return from the Babylonian captivity and rebuild the Temple. The first wave, led by Sheshbazzar, repatriates and reestablishes sacrificial worship on the site of the destroyed Temple. The second wave is led by Zerubbabel, the appointed governor of Judah and the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak (Haggai 1:12).
- 516 BCE
- The Second Temple is built on the 6th year of Darius the Great.
- 458 BCE
- Ezra leads 1,800 Jews from Babylonia
- 445 BCE
- The appointed governor of Judah Nehemiah rebuilds the Old City walls
- 410 BCE
- The Great Assembly is established in Jerusalem.
- 332 BCE
- Hellenistic domination under Alexander the Great.[1]
- 313 BCE
- Ptolemy I of Egypt rules Jerusalem.
- 175 BCE-165 BCE
- Antiochus Epiphanes sacks Jerusalem and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it.
- 167 BCE-164 BCE
- Maccabean revolt.
- 165 BCE 25 Kislev
- The Maccabees recapture Jerusalem, rededicate the Temple (see Hanukkah). Jewish autonomy is restored under the Hasmoneans.
- 134 BCE
- Antiochus VII Sidetes recapture the city and he left the city to John Hyrcanus, who depends on him.
- 63 BCE
- Roman invasion by Pompey.[1]
- 37 BCE
- Jerusalem is the capital of Roman client kingdom under Herod the Great, appointed by Rome.
- 19 BCE
- Herod expands the Temple Mount and rebuilds the Temple (the Herod's Temple).
- 6 CE
- Census of Quirinius, Jerusalem becomes a part of the Roman province Iudaea, ruled by procurators.
- c. 33 CE
- Crucifixion of Jesus, see also Jerusalem in Christianity.[1]
- c. 50 CE
- Council of Jerusalem.
- 66–73 CE
- First Jewish-Roman War.
- 70 CE
- Titus besieges and sacks Jerusalem and destroys the Temple on Tisha B'Av. Sanhedrin relocated to Yavne, see also Council of Jamnia.
[edit] Late Roman period
- 132–135
- Hadrian crushes Bar Kokhba's revolt, reestablishes Jerusalem as the Roman pagan polis Aelia Capitolina, and forbids Jewish presence.
- 325
- Jerusalem receives special recognition in Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea[4].
- 361–363
- Tolerant to other faiths, pagan Emperor Julian the Apostate announces to the Jews that they are allowed to return[5] to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt".
- 390s
- Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built.
- 451
- The Council of Chalcedon confirms Jerusalem's status as a Patriarchate.[6]
- 614
- Jerusalem falls to Persians led by General Shahrbaraz. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is burned and the True Cross is captured.[7] "Ever since the Persian occupation, ... the Jews had resumed worship on the (Temple Mount) platform ..."[8]
- 629 March 21
- Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem.[9]
[edit] Arab control
- 638
- Muslim Arabs under the leadership of Caliph Umar conquer Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire.[1]
- 687–691
- The Dome of the Rock is built by Caliph Abd al-Malik.[1]
- 692
- Orthodox Council in Trullo formally makes Jerusalem one of the Pentarchy (disputed by Roman Catholicism).
- 715
- The Ummayads build Masjid al-Aqsa.
- 750
- The Abbasids take the city.
- 878
- the Tulunids take the city.
- 904
- The Abbasids retake the city.
- 939
- The Ikhshidid take the city.
- 969
- The Fatimids take the city by General Gawhar Al-Siqilli.
- 1009
- Caliph Al-Hakim orders destruction of churches and synagogues.
- 1077
- Seljuk Turks conquer Jerusalem.
- 1098
- Fatimids reconquer Jerusalem.
[edit] Crusader period
- 1099
- First Crusaders capture Jerusalem and slaughter most of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. The Dome of the Rock mosque is converted into a church.[10]
- 12th century
- Jerusalem is visited by Yehuda Halevi (1141), Maimonides (1165), Benjamin of Tudela (1173).
[edit] Ayyubid period
- 1187
- Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders, after Battle of the Horns of Hattin allows Jewish settlement. The Dome of the Rock is converted to the mosque again.
- 1192
- Richard the Lionheart fails to conquer Jerusalem.
- 1212
- 300 Rabbis from England and France settle in Jerusalem.
- 1244
- Kharezmian Tatars take the city from the Christians, who will not regain control until 1917[11]
[edit] Mamluk period
- 1260
- Rule by the Egyptian Mamelukes[12]
- 1267
- Nachmanides goes to Jerusalem and prays at the Western Wall.
- 1347
- The second conquest by the Mamelukes.
- 1482
- The visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssianians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
[edit] Ottoman period
- 1517
- Sultan Selim of the Ottoman Empire captures Jerusalem.
- 1535–1538
- Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds walls around Jerusalem.
- 1541
- Muslims seal The Golden Gate to prevent Jewish Messiah's entrance.
- 1556
- Earthquake damages the city.
- 1700
- Judah the Pious with 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
- 1703–1705
- The city revolts against heavy taxation. It is finally put down two years later by Jurjī Muhammad Pasha.[13]
- 1705
- Restrictions imposed against the Jews.
- 1798
- Napoleon occupy this area for conquest of Syria but conquest aim of her was failed at Akka.
- 1827
- First visit by Sir Moses Montefiore.
- 1831
- Sultan Mehemet Ali of Egypt conquers the city.
- 1838
- The first British consulate is opened.
- 1840
- The Ottoman Turks retake the city.
- 1844
- The first census: 7120 Jews, 5760 Muslims, 3390 Christians.
- 1860
- The first Jewish neighborhood (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the Old City walls. [1]
- 1873–1875
- Mea Shearim is built.
- 1898
- Theodore Herzl meets German Kaiser Wilhelm outside city walls.
- 1906
- Bezalel Academy of Art and Design is founded.
[edit] British Mandate
- 1917
- British Army led by General Allenby captures the city.
- 1918
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) is founded (inaugurated in 1925) on Mount Scopus on the land owned by the Jewish National Fund. 1923: The first lecture is delivered by the first president of World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS) Albert Einstein.
- 1918–1920
- Jerusalem is under British military administration.
- 1920
- Arab riots.
- 1922–1948
- The British Mandate of Palestine. Haj Amin al-Husayni is appointed Mufti of Jerusalem.
- 1929
- Arab riots in Hebron, Safed and Jerusalem.
- 1932
- King David Hotel is opened. The first issue of The Palestine Post is published.
- 1946
- King David Hotel is blown up by militant Irgun Tzvai-Leumi Zionists, killing 91 people.
- 1947 November 29
- 1947 UN Partition Plan calls for internationalization of Jerusalem (UN General Assembly Resolution 181).
[edit] Partition
- 1948–1949
- 1948 Arab-Israeli War
- April 9: Deir Yassin Massacre
- May 13: Hadassah medical convoy massacre.
- May 14: The term of the British Mandate ends.
- May 14: The State of Israel is established at 4 pm
- May 27: The Arab Legion Destroys the Hurva Synagogue.
- May 28: The Jewish Quarter of the Old City falls to Arab Legion under Glubb Pasha. The Legion destroys all remaining synagogues.
- July 26: West Jerusalem is proclaimed territory of Israel.
- 1949: Jerusalem is proclaimed the capital of Israel. The Knesset moves to Jerusalem from Tel-Aviv. Jordan prevents access to the Western Wall and Mount Scopus, in violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
- 1951
- King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by Arab extremists on the Temple Mount.
- 1953
- Establishment of Yad Vashem.
- 1964
- Pope Paul VI visits the city.
- 1966
- Inauguration of new Knesset building. Israel Museum and Shrine of the Book are established.
[edit] Israeli control
- 1967 5–11 June
- The Six Day War.
- June 7: The Old City is captured by the IDF. The Jewish Quarter is liberated.
- June 28: Israel declares Jerusalem unified and announces free access to holy sites of all religions.
- 1969
- An Australian Protestant extremist burns a part of the al-Aqsa Mosque.
- 1977
- President of Egypt Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem.
- 1978
- WUJS headquarters moves from London to Jerusalem.
- 1980
- The Jerusalem Law is enacted leading to UN Security Council Resolution 478.
- 2000
- Final Agreement between Israel and Palestine cannot be achieved, largely because the Palestinian side rejects every compromise on Jerusalem suggested by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
- 2008
- Israeli Sephardic Religious Party, Shas, refuses to form part of the government without a guarantee that there will be no negotiations that will lead to a partition of Jerusalem.
[edit] Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g Slavik, Diane. 2001. Cities through Time: Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem. Geneva, Illinois: Runestone Press, p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8225-3218-7
- ^ Mazar, Benjamin. 1975. The Mountain of the Lord. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 45. ISBN 0-385-04843-2
- ^ Ben-Dov, Meir. 1985. In the Shadow of the Temple. New York, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-06-015362-8
- ^ Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: First Nicaea: Canon VII: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Aelia [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honoured, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honour."; "It is very hard to determine just what was the “precedence” granted to the Bishop of Aelia, nor is it clear which is the metropolis referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including Hefele, Balsamon, Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be Cæsarea; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is Antioch that is referred to."
- ^ Browning, Robert. 1978. The Emperor Julian. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 176. ISBN 0-520-03731-6
- ^ Horn, Cornelia B.; Robert R. Phenix, Jr. 2008. The Lives of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the Monk Romanus. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, p. lxxxviii. ISBN 978-1-5898-3200-8
- ^ Hussey, J.M. 1961. The Byzantine World. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, p. 25.
- ^ Karen Armstrong. 1997. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York, New York: Ballantine Books, p. 229. ISBN 0-345-39168-3
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George. 1969. History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 104. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2
- ^ Runciman, Steven. 1951. A History of the Crusades: Volume 1 The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 279–290. ISBN 0-521-06161-X
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jerusalem (After 1291)
- ^ Jerusalem Timeline From David to the 20th Century
- ^ Asali, K. J. Jerusalem in History. Brooklyn, New York: Olive Branch Press, p. 215. ISBN 978-1-5665-6304-8
[edit] External links
- History of Jerusalem. Jerusalem through the ages at Hagshama
- Main Events In The History Of Jerusalem at HUJI
- Jerusalem timeline at shalomjerusalem.com
- Jerusalem chronolgy at Christian Travel Study Programs
- Main Events in the History of Jerusalem at CenturyOne Bookstore
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