Western Asia
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Western Asia, West Asia, Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia are terms that describe the westernmost portion of Asia. The terms are partly coterminous with the Middle East - which describes geographical position in relation to Western Europe rather than location within Asia. Due to this perceived Eurocentrism, international organizations such as the United Nations,[2] have replaced Middle East and Near East with Western Asia. This region and Europe are collectively referred to as Western Eurasia.
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[edit] Geography
Western Asia is located directly south of Eastern Europe.
[edit] Climate
Western Asia is primarily arid and semi-arid, and can be subject to drought; nonetheless, there exists vast expanses of forests and fertile valleys. The region consists of grasslands, rangelands, deserts, and mountains. Water shortages are a problem in many parts of West Asia, with rapidly growing populations increasing demands for water, while salinization and pollution threaten water supplies.[3] Major rivers, including the Tigris and Euphrates, provide sources for irrigation water to support agriculture.
There are two wind phenomena in Western Asia: the sharqi and the shamal. The sharqi (or sharki) is a wind that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometers per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning and end of the season, and for several days during the middle of the season. The shamal is a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year.[4]
[edit] Topography
While Western Asia mainly contains areas with low relief, Turkey, Iran, and Yemen include mountainous terrain. The Anatolian Plateau is sandwiched between the Pontus Mountains and Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Mount Ararat in Turkey rises to 5,165 meters. The Zagros Mountains are located in Iran, in areas along its border with Iraq. The Central Plateau of Iran is divided into two drainage basins. The northern basin is Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert), and Dasht-e-Lut is the southern basin.
In Yemen, elevations exceed 3,700 meters in many areas, and highland areas extend north along the Red Sea coast and north into Lebanon. A fault-zone also exists along the Red Sea, with continental rifting creating trough-like topography with areas located well-below sea level.[5] The Dead Sea, located on the border between the West Bank, Israel, and Jordan, is situated at 418 m (1371 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.[6]
A large lowland belt is located on the Arabian Peninsula, from central Iraq, through Saudi Arabia, and to Oman and the Arabian Sea. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers cut through the lowland belt in Iraq and flow into the Persian Gulf. Rub'al KhāLī, one of the world's largest sand deserts, spans the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Jebel al Akhdar is a small range of mountains located in northeastern Oman, bordering the Gulf of Oman.
[edit] Geology
Three major tectonic plates converge on Western Asia, including the African, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The boundaries between the tectonic plates make up the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge, extending across North Africa, the Red Sea, and into Iran.[7] The Arabian Plate is moving northward into the Anatolian plate (Turkey) at the East Anatolian Fault,[8] and the boundary between the Aegean and Anatolian plate in eastern Turkey is also seismically active.[7]
[edit] Water resources
Several major aquifers provide water to large portions of Western Asia. In Saudi Arabia, two large aquifers of Palaeozoic and Triassic origins are located beneath the Jabal Tuwayq mountains and areas west to the Red Sea.[9] Cretaceous and Eocene-origin aquifers are located beneath large portions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia, including Wasia and Biyadh which contain amounts of both fresh water and saline water.[9] The Nubian aquifer system underlies large areas of North Africa.[9] The Great Manmade River project in Libya utilizes an extensive network of pipelines to transport water from the Nubian aquifer to its population centers. Groundwater recharge for these deep rock aquifers is on the order of thousands of years, thus the aquifers are essentially non-renewable resources.[10] Flood or furrow irrigation, as well as sprinkler methods, are extensively used for irrigation, covering nearly 90,000 km² across Western Asia for agriculture.[11]
[edit] Countries in Western Asia
The countries and territories of Western Asia according to the UN Subregion, listed below:
Armenia (partially in Europe)
Azerbaijan (partially in Europe)
Bahrain
Cyprus
Georgia (partially in Europe)
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Turkey (partially in Europe)
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Though not included in the UN subregion of Western Asia, Iran is commonly included within Western Asia, and sometimes Afghanistan and Egypt (which has some territory in Asia) are included in a broader definition of "Western Asia". It should also be noted that Afghanistan can be considered Central Asian[12][13], South Asian,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] or West Asian.[28]
[edit] Territory and region data
[edit] Territories sometimes included
| Country, with flag | Area (km²) |
Population | Density (per km²) |
Capital | GDP (Total) | Per capita | Currency | Government | Official languages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN Subregion of Southern Asia, (Iranian Plateau): | ||||||||||
 Iran |
1,648,195 | 74,196,000 | 45 | Tehran | $331.8 billion | $4,500 | Iranian rial | Islamic Republic (a Theocratic Republic) | Persian | |
 Afghanistan |
647,500 | 31,889,923 | 49 | Kabul | $13.3 billion | $400 | Afghani | Islamic Republic | Persian, Pashto | |
| UN Subregion of Northern Africa: | ||||||||||
 Egypt |
1,001,449 | 77,498,000 | 77 | Cairo | $188.0 billion | $2,400 | Egyptian pound | Semi-presidential republic (democracy) | Arabic | |
|
Sources:
Notes: 1 The figures for Turkey includes Eastern Thrace, which is not a part of Anatolia. |
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[edit] Use in ethnicity statistics
The Canadian government uses "West Asian" in its statistics.[29][30]
[edit] See also
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[edit] Other subregions of Asia
[edit] References
[edit] Sources
- Middle East, West Asia, National Geographic Style Manual, National Geographic Society
[edit] Citations
- ^ National Geographic Style Manual
- ^ United Nations Cartographic Section Web Site, United Nations Statistics Division
- ^ "Chapter 7: Middle East and Arid Asia". IPCC Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1997. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/index.htm.
- ^ Taru Bahl, M H Syed, ed (2003). Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. 20. ISBN 9788126114191. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2x4jq4bXrq0C&pg=PA20&dq=%22Sharqi%22+wind&as_brr=3. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
- ^ Sweeney, Jerry J., William R. Walter. "Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/235042.pdf.
- ^ "ASTER Image Gallery: The Dead Sea". NASA. http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=deadsea.
- ^ a b Beaumont (1988), p. 22
- ^ Muehlberger, Bill. "The Arabian Plate". NASA, Johnson Space Center. http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/handbooks/arabianpages/mainframe.htm.
- ^ a b c Beaumont (1988), p. 86
- ^ Beaumont (1988), p. 85
- ^ "Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)". http://www.fao.org/AG/agl/AGLW/aquastat/regions/neast/index6.stm.
- ^ The 2007 Middle East & Central Asia Politics, Economics,and Society Conference University of Utah.
- ^ "Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East & Central Asia" May 2006, International Monetary Fund.
- ^ CIA world factbook, Afghanistan - Geography (Location: Southern Asia)
- ^ Center for South Asia Studies: University of California, Berkeley
- ^ Center for South Asia Outreach UW-Madison
- ^ Department of South Asia Studies: University of Pennsylvania
- ^ South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research
- ^ MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY, OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA [1] Includes Afghanistan and Bhutan
- ^ Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge Links Central, South Asia [2] Refers to Afghanistan as South Asian and Tajikistan as Central Asian
- ^ University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html
- ^ Syracruse University: The South Asia Center http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/
- ^ Center for South Asian Studies
- ^ http://www.brandeis.edu/registrar/catalog/one-subject.php?subject_id=6550 this sources admits in certain contexts that Tibet and Afghanistan are South Asian
- ^ Organization - Center for South Asian Studies - Oscar
- ^ University of Hawaii at Manoa | South Asia Collection
- ^ Rutgers, SAS South Asian Studies: - Home
- ^ Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census
- ^ Statistics Canada: Population Groups (28) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census
- ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=west+asian+site%3Astatcan.ca
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