Yerevan
Coordinates: 40°11′00″N 44°31′00″E / 40.183333°N 44.516667°E
Yerevan Երևան |
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Yerevan City landmarks Saint Gregory Cathedral • The Presidential Palace Karen Demirchyan Complex • Marriott Armenia Hotel Parliament of Armenia • The centre of Yerevan with Mount Ararat of Greater Armenia in the background as seen from the Cafesjian Museum of Art Yerevan Skyline |
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Coordinates: 40°11′N 44°31′E / 40.183°N 44.517°E | |||
Country | Armenia | ||
Established | 782 BC | ||
Government | |||
- Mayor | Gagik Beglaryan | ||
Area | |||
- City | 227 km2 (87.6 sq mi) | ||
Elevation | 989.4 m (3,246 ft) | ||
Population (2009)[1] | |||
- City | 1,111,300 | ||
- Density | 4,896/km2 (12,680.6/sq mi) | ||
- Metro | 1,245,700 | ||
Time zone | GMT+4 (UTC+4) | ||
- Summer (DST) | GMT+5 (UTC+5) | ||
Website | www.yerevan.am |
Yerevan (Armenian: Երևան or Երեւան, Armenian pronunciation: [jɛɾɛˈvɑn]) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century B.C., with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by king Argishti I at the western extreme of the Ararat plain.[2] After World War I, Yerevan became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian Genocide settled in the area. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century as Armenia became one of the fifteen republics in the Soviet Union. In fifty years, Yerevan was transformed from a town of a few thousand residents within the Russian Empire, to Armenia's principal cultural, artistic, and industrial center, as well as becoming the seat of national government.
With the growth of the economy of the country, Yerevan has been undergoing major transformation as many parts of the city have been the recipient of new construction since the early 2000s. Today, the appearance of new buildings, roads, restaurants, boutiques, living quarters, etc., have started to give the city a modern, cosmopolitan appearance.
In 2009, the population of Yerevan was estimated to be 1,111,300 people with the agglomeration around the city regrouping 1,245,700 people (2007 official estimate[3]), more than a third of all the population of Armenia.
Yerevan is named as the 2012 World Book Capital by the UNESCO.[4]
[edit] Etymology and symbols
Early Christian Armenian chroniclers attributed the origin of the name, "Yerevan," to a derivation from an expression exclaimed by Noah, in Armenian. While looking in the direction of Yerevan, after the ark had landed on Mount Ararat and the flood waters had receded, Noah is believed to have exclaimed, "Yerevats!" ("it appeared!").[5]
Another theory regarding the origin of Yerevan's name is the city was named after the Armenian king, Yervand IV (the Last), the last leader of the Orontid Dynasty, and founder of the city of Yervandashat.[5] However, it is likely that the city's name is derived from an Urartian military fortress called Erebuni (Էրեբունի), which was founded on the territory of modern-day Yerevan in 782 B.C. by Argishti I.[5] As elements of the Urartian language blended with that of the Armenian one, the name eventually evolved into Yerevan. Scholar Margarit Israelyan notes these changes when comparing inscriptions found on two cuneiform tablets at Erebuni:
The transcription of the second cuneiform bu [original emphasis] of the word was very essential in our interpretation as it is the Urartaean b that has been shifted to the Armenian v (b > v). The original writing of the inscription read «er-bu-ni»; therefore the prominent Armenianologist-orientalist Prof. G. A. Ghapantsian justly objected, remarking that the Urartu b changed to v at the beginning of the word (Biani > Van) or between two vowels (ebani > avan, Zabaha > Javakhk)....In other words b was placed between two vowels. The true pronunciation of the fortress-city was apparently Erebuny.[6]
The name is also sometimes written as Erevan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan; former names include Erebuni, Ereun.
The principal symbol of Yerevan is Mount Ararat, which is visible from any area in the capital. The seal of the city is a crowned lion on a pedestal with the inscription "Yerevan." The lion's head is turned backwards while it holds a scepter using the right front leg, the attribute of power and royalty. The symbol of eternity is on the breast of the lion with a picture of Ararat in the upper part. The emblem is a rectangular shield with a blue border.[7]
On 27 September 2004, Yerevan adopted a hymn, "Erebuni-Yerevan", written by Paruyr Sevak and composed by Edgar Hovhanissian. It was selected in a competition for a new hymn and new flag that would best represent the city. The chosen flag has a white background with the city's seal in the middle, surrounded by twelve small red triangles that symbolize the twelve historic capitals of Armenia. The flag includes the three colours of the Armenian National flag. The lion is portrayed on the orange background with blue edging.[8]
[edit] History
[edit] Early history
The origin of the name Yerevan is unknown although it is generally accepted to have evolved from the Urartian name Erebuni, as described above. The territory of Yerevan was settled in the fourth millennium BC, fortified settlements from the Bronze Age include Shengavit, Tsitsernakaberd, Teishebaini, Arin Berd, Karmir Berd and Berdadzor. Archaeological evidence, such as a cuneiform inscription,[9] indicates that the Urartian military fortress of Erebuni (Էրեբունի) was founded in 782 BC by the orders of King Argishti I at the site of current-day Yerevan, to serve as a fort and citadel guarding against attacks from the north Caucasus.[5] Yerevan, as mentioned, is one of the most ancient cities in the world.
The cuneiform inscription found at Erebuni Fortress reads:
By the greatness of the God Khaldi, Argishti, son of Menua, built this mighty stronghold and proclaimed it Erebuni for the glory of Biainili [Urartu] and to instill fear among the king's enemies. Argishti says, "The land was a desert, before the great works I accomplished upon it. By the greatness of Khaldi, Argishti, son of Menua, is a mighty king, king of Biainili, and ruler of Tushpa." [Van].[10]
Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., Yerevan was one of the main centers of the Armenian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. During the height of Urartian power, irrigation canals and an artificial reservoir were built on Yerevan's territory. In 585 B.C., the fortress of Teishebaini (Karmir Blur), thirty miles to the north of Yerevan, was destroyed by an alliance of Medes and the Scythians.
Due to the absence of historical data, the timespan between the fourth century B.C. and the third century A.D. is known as the "Yerevan Dark Ages." The first church in Yerevan, the church of St. Peter and Paul, was built in the fifth century A.D., and was demolished in 1931 to build the Moscow Cinema.
[edit] Arab, Persian and Ottoman rule
In 658 A.D., Yerevan was conquered, during the height of Arab invasions. Since then, and as a result of the Arab trade activities, the site has been strategically important as a crossroads for the Arab caravan routes passing between Europe and India through lands controlled by the Arabs. It has been known as "Yerevan" since at least the seventh century A.D. Between the ninth and eleventh centuries, Yerevan was a secure part of the Armenian Bagratuni Kingdom, before being overrun by Seljuks. The city was seized and pillaged by Tamerlane in 1387 and subsequently became an administrative center of the Ilkhanate. Due to its strategic significance, Yerevan was constantly fought over, and passed back and forth, between the dominion of Persia and the Ottomans.
At the height of the Turkish-Persian wars, Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737. In 1604, under the order of Shah Abbas I, tens of thousands of Armenians (including citizens of Yerevan) were deported to Persia. As a consequence, population became 80 percent Muslim (Persians, Turco, Kurds) and 20 percent Armenian. Muslims were either sedentary, semi-sedentary, or nomadic. Armenians lived in Erevan or the villages. The Armenians dominated the various professions and trade in the area and were of great economic significance to the Persian administration.[11] The Ottomans, Safavids, and Ilkhanids, all maintained a mint in Yerevan. During the 1670s, the Frenchman Jean Chardin visited Yerevan and gave a description of the city in his Travels of Cavalier Chardin in Transcaucasia in 1672-1673. On 7 June 1679, a devastating earthquake razed the city to the ground. During the Safavid Dynasty rule, Yerevan and adjacent territories were part of the Čoḵūr Saʿd administrative territory. This lasted until 1828, when the region was incorporated into Russian Empire.
[edit] Russian rule
During the second Russian-Persian war, Yerevan was captured[5][12][13] by Russian troops under general Ivan Paskevich on 1 October 1827. It was formally ceded by the Persians in 1828, following the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Tsarist Russia sponsored Armenian resettlement from Persia and Turkey; by the turn of the twentieth century, Yerevan's population was over 29,000, of which 49% were Caucasian Tatars (today referred to as Azerbaijanis), 48% Armenians and 2% Russians.[14] It served as the seat of the newly-formed Armenian Oblast and subsequently the Erivan Governorate.
The city began to grow economically and politically, with old buildings torn down and new buildings in European style erected in their place. In 1829, Armenian repatriates from Persia were resettled in the city and a new quarter was built. By the time of Nicholas I's visit in 1837, Yerevan had become a uyezd.
The first general plan of the city was made in 1854, during which time the women's colleges of St. Hripsime and St. Gayane were opened and the English Garden built. In 1874, Zacharia Gevorkian opened Yerevan's first printing house and in 1879 the first theatre, sited near the church of St. Peter and Paul, was established. Two years into the twentieth century, a railway line linked Yerevan with Alexandropol, Tiflis and Julfa, the same year Yerevan's first public library opened. In 1913, a telephone line with eighty subscribers became operational. The early twentieth century saw the governorship of Erivan province by Louis Joseph Jérôme Napoléon (1864–1932), the grandnephew of Napoleon I.[15]
[edit] Brief independence (1917–1920)
At the start of the 20th century, Yerevan was a small town with a population of 30,000.[16] In 1917, the Russian Empire ended with the October Revolution. In the aftermath, Armenian, Georgian and Muslim leaders of Transcaucasia united to form the Transcaucasian Federation and proclaimed Transcaucasia's secession.
The Federation, however, was short-lived and on 28 May 1918, the Dashnak leader Aram Manougian declared the independence of Armenia. Subsequently, Yerevan became the capital and the centre of the newly-independent Democratic Republic of Armenia, although the members of the Armenian National Council were yet to stay in Tiflis until their arrival in Yerevan to form the government in the summer of the same year.
On 26 May 1919, the government passed a law to open the Yerevan State University, which was situated on the main street of Yerevan, the Astafyan (now Abovyan) street.
However, after a short period of independence, on 29 November 1920, the Bolshevik 11th Red Army entered Yerevan during the Russian Civil War, on 29 November 1920, and Armenia was incorporated democratically into the Soviet Union on 2 December 1920. Although nationalist forces managed to retake the city in February 1921, and successfully released all the political leaders, the city's nationalist elite were once again defeated by Soviet forces on 2 April 1921.
[edit] Soviet Yerevan
Yerevan became the capital of the newly formed Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union. The Soviet era transformed the city into a modern industrial metropolis of over a million people, developed according to the prominent Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian's designs. Yerevan also became a significant scientific and cultural center.
Tamanian incorporated national traditions with contemporary urban construction. His design presented a radial-circular arrangement that overlaid the existing city. As a result, many historic buildings were demolished, including churches, mosques, the Persian fortress, baths, bazaars and caravanserais. Many of the surrounding districts around Yerevan were named after former Armenian communities that were decimated by the Ottoman Turks during the Armenian Genocide. The districts of Arabkir, Malatya-Sebastia and Nork Marash, for example, were named after the towns Arabkir, Malatya, Sebastia, and Marash, respectively. Following the end of the Second World War, German POWs were used to help in the construction of new buildings and structures, such as the Kievyan Bridge.
In 1965, during the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, Yerevan was the center of a demonstration, the first such demonstration in the Soviet Union, to demand recognition of the Genocide by the Soviet authorities.[17] In 1968, the city's 2,750th anniversary was commemorated.
Yerevan played a key role in the Armenian national democratic movement that emerged during the Gorbachev era of the 1980s. The reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika opened questions on issues such as the status of Nagorno-Karabakh, the environment, Russification, corruption, democracy, and eventually independence. At the beginning of 1988, nearly one million Yerevantsis engaged in demonstrations concerning these subjects, centered on Theater Square.[18]
[edit] Post-USSR independence
Following the dismantling of the USSR or Soviet Union, Yerevan became the capital of the Republic of Armenia on 21 September 1991. Maintaining supplies of gas and electricity proved difficult; constant electricity was not restored until 1996 amidst the chaos of the badly instingated and planned transition to a market based economy. Since 2000, central Yerevan has been transformed into a vast construction site, with cranes erected all over the Kentron district. Officially, the scores of multi-storied buildings are part of large-scale urban planning projects. Roughly $1.8 billion was spent on such construction in 2006, according to the national statistical service. Prices for downtown apartments have increased by about ten times over the last decade.
Political demonstrations still occur in Yerevan, usually as a result of disputed election results. In 2008, unrest in the capital between the authorities and opposition demonstrators led by ex-President Levon Ter-Petrossian occurred after the 2008 Armenian presidential election. The events resulted in ten deaths[19] and a subsequent 20-day state of emergency declared by President Robert Kocharian.[20]
[edit] Geography
[edit] Topography and location
- Altitude: average 990 m (3,248.03 ft) - minimum 865 m (2,837.93 ft) - maximum 1,390 m (4,560.37 ft).[21]
- Location: to the edge of the Hrazdan river, north-east of the Ararat plain.
Yerevan is located in Eastern Armenia to the center-west of the country in the north-eastern extremity of the Ararat Valley. The upper part of the city is surrounded by mountains on three sides while to the south it descends to the banks of the river Hrazdan, a tributary of the river Arax. The Hrazdan divides Yerevan in two within a picturesque canyon. The city's elevation ranges between 900 to 1,300 m (2,952.76 to 4,265.09 ft) above sea level.
As the capital of Armenia, Yerevan is not part of any marz ("province"). Instead, it borders the following marzer: Kotayk (north), Ararat (south), Armavir (southwest) and Aragatsotn (northwest).
[edit] Climate
The climate of Yerevan is a semi-arid, continental climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with hot and dry summers and cold and snowy winters. This is attributed to the fact that Yerevan is located on a plain surrounded by mountains and to its distance to the sea and its effects. The summers are usually very hot with the temperature in August reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters generally carry snowfall and freezing temperatures with January being often as cold as −15 °C (5 °F). The amount of precipitation is small, amounting annually to about 318 millimetres (12.5 in). The city has an annual period of sunshine of approximately 2,700 hours.[21]
Climate data for Yerevan | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
16 (61) |
27 (81) |
29 (84) |
33 (91) |
36 (97) |
40 (104) |
39 (102) |
34 (93) |
27 (81) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
40 (104) |
Average high °C (°F) | -2 (28) |
1 (34) |
10 (50) |
19 (66) |
24 (75) |
31 (88) |
34 (93) |
33 (91) |
28 (82) |
21 (70) |
10 (50) |
3 (37) |
18 (64) |
Average low °C (°F) | -9 (16) |
-8 (18) |
-1 (30) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
14 (57) |
17 (63) |
18 (64) |
13 (55) |
7 (45) |
1 (34) |
-3 (27) |
5 (41) |
Record low °C (°F) | -27 (-17) |
-25 (-13) |
-18 (-0) |
-3 (27) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
10 (50) |
2 (36) |
-2 (28) |
-12 (10) |
-16 (3) |
-27 (-17) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 23 (0.91) |
25 (0.98) |
28 (1.1) |
48 (1.89) |
53 (2.09) |
23 (0.91) |
15 (0.59) |
8 (0.31) |
13 (0.51) |
23 (0.91) |
31 (1.22) |
28 (1.1) |
318 (12.52) |
Source: BBC Weather[22] |
[edit] Government and politics
[edit] Capital
Yerevan has been the capital of Armenia since the independence of the First Republic in 1918. Situated in the Ararat plain, the historic lands of Armenia, it served as the best logical choice for capital of the young republic at the time.
When Armenia became a republic of the Soviet Union, Yerevan remained as capital and accommodated all the political institution of the republic. In 1991 with the independence of Armenia, Yerevan remained the political center of the country and became the location of all the national institution: the Azgayin Zhoghov, ministries, the presidential palace, public organisms and judicial institutions.
[edit] Municipalities
The Armenian Constitution, adopted on 5 July 1995, granted Yerevan the status of a marz (region).[23] Therefore, Yerevan functions similarly to the other regions of the country with a few specificities.[24] The administrative authority of Yerevan is thus represented by:
- the mayor, appointed by the President (who can remove him at any moment) upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister,[23] alongside a group of four deputy mayors heading eleven ministries (of which financial, transport, urban development etc.),[25]
- the Yerevan Council, regrouping the Chiefs of neighborhood communities under the authority of the mayor,[26]
- twelve "neighborhood communities" (or districts), with each having its own chief and their elected councils.[27] Yerevan has a principal city hall and twelve deputy mayors of districts.
The last modification to the Constitution on 27 November 2005 turned the city into a "community" (hamaynk); since, the Constitution declares that this community has to be led by a mayor, elected directly or indirectly, and that the city needs to be governed by a specific law.[28] This law is currently in preparation in the Armenian parliament that adopted its first draft in December 2007 and should do the same in the second draft in spring of 2008.[29] The project on the law envisions an indirect election of the mayor.[30]
Artashes Geghamyan was the last mayor of the Armenian SSR and Hambartsoum Galstyan, the first mayor of the newly independent republic. Since 1991, there have been eight mayors of Yerevan. The current mayor is Gagik Beglaryan.[31] In addition to the national police and road police, Yerevan has its own municipal police. All three bodies maintain law in the city by cooperating.
[edit] Districts
Yerevan is divided into twelve "neighborhood communities" (թաղային համայնքներ), commonly translated as "districts",[32] each with an elected community leader. Each district is divided into neighborhoods (թաղամաս). A district can have up to seven neighborhoods.
District (Համայնք) |
Population | Area | Neighborhood (Թաղամաս) |
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Ajapnyak Աջափնյակ |
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Ajapnyak, Norashen (16 quarter), Nazarbekyan (17 quarter), Silikyan (3th village), Lukashin, Vahagni, Anastasavan, Cheryomushki |
Arabkir Արաբկիր |
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Nor Arabkir (Komitas St.), Aygedzor, Mergelyan, Raykom, Kanaker-GES |
Avan Ավան |
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Avan (Varujan St., Duryan St., Charents St., Isahakyan St., Hovhannisyan St., Sayat-Nova St., Bryusov St., Tumanyan St.), Avan-Arinj, Aghi Hank |
Davtashen Դավթաշեն |
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Davtashen (gyugh, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th block), Huysi Avan |
Erebuni Էրեբունի |
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Erebuni, Nor Aresh, Saritagh, Vardashen, Mushavan (Shorbulakh), Verin Jrashen, Kayaran (Vstrech), Nor Butaniya |
Kanaker-Zeytun Քանաքեր-Զեյթուն |
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Kanaker, Nor Zeytun, Mounument |
Kentron Կենտրոն |
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Pokr Kentron (Small Center), Noragyugh, Nor Kilikia, Aygestan, Kond, Dzoragyugh |
Malatia-Sebastia Մալաթիա-Սեբաստիա |
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Nor Malatia, Nor Sebastia, Harav-Arevmtyan Taghamas (South-Western district) (A-1, A-2, A-3, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4 blocks), Shahumyan, Araratyan, Haghtanak |
Nork-Marash Նորք-Մարաշ |
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Nork, Nor Marash |
Nor Nork Նոր Նորք |
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Nor Nork (1-9th blocks), Jrvezh, Bagrevand |
Nubarashen Նուբարաշեն |
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Nubarashen |
Shengavit Շենգավիթ |
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Nerkin Shengavit, Verin Shengavit, Nerkin Charbakh, Verin Charbakh, Noragavit, Aeratsia, 1st block, 3rd block (Hayrenik, Tsereteli, Yonjlakh, Khrer) |
[edit] Demographics
Originally a small town, Yerevan became the capital of Armenia and a large city with over one million inhabitants.
Until the fall of the Soviet Union, the majority of the population of Yerevan were Armenians with minorities of Russians, Kurds, Azeris and Iranians present as well. However with the breakout of the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1988 to 1994, the Azeri minority diminished in the country in what was part of population exchanges between Armenia and Azerbaijan. A big part of the Russian minority also fled the country during the 1990s economic crisis in the country. Today, the population of Yerevan is mainly Armenian.
Like the rest of the country and all other ex-Soviet republics, a lot of people fled their countries (mostly to Europe and North America) due to economic crises. The population of Yerevan fell from 1,250,000 in 1989[21] to 1,103,488 in 2001[33] and to 1,091,235 in 2003.[34] However, the population of Yerevan has been increasing since. In 2007, the capital had 1,107,800 inhabitants.
1827 | 1890 | 1917 | 1926 | 1939 | 1970 | 1975 | 1979 | 1989 | 1998 | 2003 | 2006 |
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10 000 | 12 500 | 34 000 | 65 000 | 204 000 | 767 000 | 899 000 | 1 019 000 | 1 201 539 | 1 249 202 | 1 091 235 | 1 104 900 |
Sources : Municipality of Yerevan, ArmStat
- Growth rate of the population : 0,29 % (in 2006).[35]
- Birth rate : 1,12 % (in 2006).[35]
- Death rate : 0,83 % (in 2006).[35]
- Rate of infantile mortality : 1,05 % (in 2006).[36]
[edit] Culture
[edit] Museums and Libraries
Yerevan is home to dozens of museums, art galleries, and libraries. The most prominent of these are the National Gallery of Armenia, the History Museum of Armenia, the Cafesjian Museum of Art, the Matenadaran library of ancient manuscripts, and the Armenian Genocide museum. Others include the Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.
Constructed in 1921, the National Gallery of Armenia is Yerevan principal museum. It is integrated with the Armenia's History Museum of Armenia. In addition to having a permanent exposition of works of painters such as Aivazovsky, Kandinsky, Chagall, Theodore Rousseau, Monticelli or Eugene Boudin,[37] it usually hosts temporary expositions such as Yann Arthus-Bertrand in 2005 or the one organized on the occasion of the Year of Armenia in France in October 2006.[38] The Armenian Genocide museum is found at the foot of Tsitsernakaberd memorial and features numerous eyewitness accounts, texts and photographs from the time. It comprises a Memorial stone made of three parts, the latter of which is dedicated to the intellectual and political figures who, as the museum's site says, "raised their protest against the Genocide committed against the Armenians by the Turks. Among them there are Armin T. Wegner, Hedvig Bull, Henry Morgenthau, Franz Werfel, Johannes Lepsius, James Bryce, Anatole France, Giacomo Gorrini, Benedict XV, Fritjof Nansen, Fayez el Husseini". This place of remembrance was created by Laurenti Barseghian, the Museum's director, and Pietro Kuciukian, the founder of the "Memory is the Future" Committee for the Righteous for the Armenians. This Memorial hosts the ashes or fistfuls of earth from the tombs of the Righteous and of those non-Armenians who witnessed the genocide and tried to help the Armenians. Here, people also celebrates living characters who stand out for their pro-memory engagement.
The Matenadaran is a library-museum regrouping 17,000 ancient manuscripts and several bibles from the Middle Ages. Its archives hold a rich collection of valuable ancient Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Hebrew, Roman and Persian manuscripts. It is located in the center of the city on Mesrop Mashdots avenue.
Next to the Hrazdan river, the Sergey Parajanov Museum that was completely renovated in 2002, has 250 works, documents and photos[39] of the Armenian filmmaker and painter. Yerevan has several other museums like the museum of the Middle-East and the Museum of Yerevan.[40]
Here is a list of Yerevan's most important museums:
Erebuni Fortress and Museum | The museum was founded in 1968 nearby the Erebuni fortress which is commonly known as Arin Berd. |
History Museum of Armenia | Opened in 1921, contains more than 400,000 items and pieces of Armenian heritage. |
National Gallery of Armenia | Exhibits more than 25,000 painting samples of Armenian, Russian and European artists. |
Matenadaran | Library, Museum and Institute of ancinet manuscripts named after Mesrop Mashtots. |
Gerard L. Cafesjian Museum of Art | Museum of modern arts, opened on 7 November 2009, part of the cascade complex. |
Museum of Folk Art of Armenia | Founded in 1978 and located on Abovyan Street. |
Armenian Genocide Museum | Part of Tsitsernakaberd memorial complex. |
Museum of Armenian Patriotic Movement (Fedayees) named after Andranik Ozanian | Opened in 1995 near Komitas Pantheon. Renovated and reopened in 2006 on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of independent. |
House-Museum of Hovhannes Tumanyan | Opened in 1953. Contains a large number of objects belonged to poet Hovhannes Tumanyan along with his personal library. |
House-Museum of Yeghishe Charents | Opened in 1964 and located on the Mashtots Avnue. |
House-Museum of Avetik Isahakyan | Opened in 1963 and located on Baghramyan street. |
House-Museum of Alexander Spendiaryan | Opened in 1967 and located on Nalbandian street. |
House-Museum of Aram Khachaturian | Opened in 1984 and contains more than 18,000 valuable items. |
House-Museum of Yervant Kochar | Opened in 1984 and dedicated to the famous Armenian artist Yervant Kochar. |
House-Museum of Martiros Saryan | Contains the works of the famous painter Martiros Saryan. |
House-Museum of Khachatur Abovian | The home of writer Khachatur Abovian in Kanaker was turned into museum in 1939. |
House-Museum of Painter Minas Avetisyan | Located on Nalbandian street. |
House-Museum of Writer Derenik Demirchyan | Located on Abovian street. |
Sergei Parajanov Museum | Opened in 1991 and exhibits the works of Sergei Parajanov and other film directors. |
State Museum of Nature of Armenia | Contains samples of animal and botanic life in Armenia. |
"Mayr Hayastan" Military Museum | Located in the Victory Park and dedicated to the World war II and Karabakh Liberation war. |
Museum of Russian Art | Founded in 1984 and located on Isahakyan street. It contains a number of paintings of Russian artists. |
Museum of Children's creative work | Gallery located on Abovyan street and exhibits some talents of Armenian children. |
Geological Museum of Armenia | Located on Abovian street. |
Museum-Institute of Zoology | Institute and research centre located on Sevak street. |
Charents Museum of Literature and Arts | Located on Arami street. |
ARF History Museum | Displays the history of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and of its notable members. |
Museum of Middle East | Dedicated to the Middle Eastern civilisations and cultures. Located on Arami street. |
Museum of Sculptor Ara Sargsian and Painter Hakop Kodjoian | Located on Mashtots street. |
Museum of History of Yerevan | Founded in 1931. In 2005 the museum settled in the Yerevan City Hall complex. |
Museum of Wood Craft | Opened in 1977 and located on Paronyan street. |
National Museum of Architecture named after Alexander Tamanyan | Contains a research centre and samples of Tamanyan's works. Located on Hanrapetutyan street. |
On 6 June 2010, Yerevan was named as the 2012 World Book Capital by The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Aremnian capital was chosen for the quality and variety of the programme it presented to the selection committee, which met at UNESCO’s headquarters in Paris on 2 July 2010.
[edit] Cinemas, Theatres, Opera and Concert Halls
The city of Yerevan possesses a number of operating cinema halls; among them the famous Moskva cinema. Most of the world's hit movies are available to watch there. Since 2004, Moskva hosts each year the Golden Apricot international film festival. Many other cinema halls characterized with several architectural values are operating in Yerevan such as Hayrenik, Nayiri, Rossiya,etc.
The Yerevan Opera & Ballet Theatre consists of two concert halls: Aram Khatchaturian concert hall and the hall of the National Theatre of Opera and Ballet named after Alexander Spendiarian.
Numerous theatres and halls allow the audience to enjoy a multitude of various shows and performances, such as the modern Complex named after Karen Demirchyan. Other significant theatres include: Yerevan State Musical Comedy Theatre named after Hagop Baronian, Russian Drama Theater named after Constantin Stanislavski, Yerevan State Dramatic Theatre named after Hrachia Ghaplanian, Yerevan State Hamazgain Theatre, State Pupppet Theatre named after Hovhannes Tumanyan, etc. The Sundukyan State Academic Theatre of Yerevan is the oldest modern theatre in Armenia.
[edit] Amusement Parks and Zoo
- The Yerevan Zoo was founded in 1940. After experiencing a period of difficulty during the 1990s, the zoo is in better economic shape today. It hosts elephants, eagles, bears, camels and 260 other animal species.[41]
- The Waterworld is a water park in Yerevan.[42] It has several pools, toboggans, bars and restaurants. The park used to close from October to May but the construction of an indoor section called Aquatek has permitted the water park to be open all year. The indoor section has jacuzzis, pools, hammams, fitness rooms, restaurants and a hotel.[43]
- Play City is an enterteinment centre located in Avan district, consists of a bowling arena, a cinema hall, paint-ball, karting ring and video-game rooms.[44]
- The green areas in Yerevan are increasing day by day, the municipality is working towards the inauguration of new parks in all districts of Yerevan. The most popular park nowadays is the Lovers' park on Baghramyan street, while the Victory park is one of the largest parks in the city along with the Youth (formerly Circular) park. Many other beautiful parks enhance the city of Yerevan, such as the English and Shahumyan parks in Kentron District, Tumanyan park in Ajapnyak, Komitas park in Shengavit, Vahan Zatikian park in Malatia-Sebastia, David Anhaght park in Kanaker-Zeytun, the Family park in Avan, Fridtjof Nansen park in Nor Nork, etc.
[edit] Tourism
Tourism in Armenia is developing year by year and the capital city of Yerevan is one of the major tourist destinations. The city has a majority of luxury hotels, modern restaurants, bars, pubs and nightclubs. Zvartnots airport has also conducted renovation projects with the growing number of tourists visiting the country. Numerous places in Yerevan are attractive for tourists, such as the dancing fountains of the Republic Square, the State Opera House, the Cascade complex, the ruins of the Urartian city of Erebuni (Arin Berd), the historical site of Karmir Blur (Teishebaini), etc. The Armenia Marriott Hotel is situated in the heart of the city at Republic Square, while other major chains are also present in downtown Yerevan, such as the Golden Tulip Yerevan Hotel and the Best Western Congress Hotel. Recently, a number of new modern hotels have been inaugurated in the Silikian neighborhood of Ajapnyak district.
The location of Yerevan itself, inspires foreigners to visit the city in order to enjoy the view of the biblical mount of Ararat, as the city lies on the feet of the mountain forming the shape of a Roman amphitheatre.
There is a plenty of historical sites, churches and citadels in areas and regions surrounding the city of Yerevan (Garni Temple, Zvartnots Cathedral, Khor Virap, etc.).
On the other hand, visitors and tourists can enjoy the charming nights of Yerevan with a variety of several types of restaurants, street cafes, tea houses, casinos, pubs, disco and night clubs, bars and karaoke clubs.
[edit] Transportation
[edit] Air
Yerevan is served by the Zvartnots International Airport, located 12 km west of the city center. It is the primary airport of the country and the hub of Armavia, national air carrier company. Inaugurated in 1961 during the Soviet era, Zvartnots airport was renovated for the first time in 1985 and a second time in 2002 in order to adapt to international norms. It went through a facelift starting in 2004 with the construction of a new terminal. The first phase of the construction ended in September 2006 with the opening of the arrivals zone. A second section designated for departures was inaugurated in May 2007.[45] The entire project costs more than $100 million USD.
The airport serves direct flights to dozens of countries which include France, Russia, Germany, Greece, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Iran, Italy, Bahrain, Lebanon, Spain, Syria, Turkey, Poland, India, Switzerland, Georgia etc.[46]
A second airport, Erebuni Airport, is located just south of the city. Since independence of the country in 1991, the airport is mainly used by the military or for private flights. The Armenian Air Force has equally installed its base there and there are several MiG-29s stationed on Erebuni's tarmac.
[edit] Bus and Trolleybus
Yerevan has 46 bus lines[47] and 24 trolleybus lines.[48] The trolleybuses have been operating in the streets of Yerevan since 1949. Old Soviet-era buses are slowly being replaced by new buses. Outside the bus lines that cover the city, some buses at the start of the central road train station located in the Nor Kilikia neighborhood serve practically all the cities of Armenia as well as of others abroad, notably Tbilisi in Georgia or Tabriz in Iran.
The tramway network that operated in Yerevan since 1906 was decommissioned in January, 2004. Its use had a cost 2.4 times higher than the generated profits, which pushed the municipality to shutdown the network,[49] despite a last ditch effort to save it towards the end of 2003. Since the closure, the rails have been dismantled and sold.
[edit] Metro
The Yerevan Metro (Երեւանի մետրոպոլիտեն) is a rapid transit system that serves the capital city. It has one 13.4 km (8.37 miles) line and currently services 10 active stations. The station interiors resemble that of the former western Soviet nations, with chandeliers hanging from the corridors. The metro stations had most of their names changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Independence of the Republic of Armenia.
A northeastern extension of the line with two new stations is currently being planned. The construction of the first station (Ajapnyak) and of the one kilometer tunnel linking it to the rest of the network will cost 18 million USD.[50] The time of the end of the project has not yet been defined. Another long term project is the construction of two new lines, but these have been suspended due to a deficit in the budget balance.
[edit] Train
Yerevan has a single central train station (several train stations of suburbs have not been used since 1990) that is connected to the metro via the Sasuntsi Davit station. The train station is made in Soviet-style architecture with its long point on the building roof, representing the symbols of communism: red star, hammer and sickle. Due to the Turkish and Azerbaijani blockades of Armenia, there is only one international train that passes by once every two days, with neighboring Georgia being its destination. For example, for a sum of 9 000 to 18 000 dram, it is possible to take the night train to the Georgian capital, Tbilisi.[51] This train then continues to its destination of Batumi, on the shores of the Black sea.
The only railway that goes to Iran to the south passes by the closed border of Nakhichevan. For this reason, there are no trains that go south from Yerevan. A construction project on a new railway line connecting Armenia and Iran directly is currently being studied.
Recently, the South Caucasus Railway CJSC -which is the current operator of the railway system in Armenia- announced its readyness to put the Yerevan-Gyumri-Kars railway line in service in case the Armenian-Turkish protocols are ratified and the opening of the borders between the two countries is achieved.
There are several number of suburb trains to:
- Armavir (4), Gyumri (2);
- Yeraskh (1), Ararat (2);
- Hrazdan (2), Shorzha (1, on route only in summer).
[edit] Economy
[edit] Industry
In 2001, Yerevan's share of national industrial production was approximately 50%.[52] Yerevan's manufactures include chemicals, primary metals, machinery, rubber products, plastics, textiles, alcoholic beverages and processed food. Even though the economic crisis of the 90s ravaged the industry of the country, several factories remain always in service, notably in the petrochemical and the aluminium sectors. Not only is Yerevan the headquarters of major Armenian companies, but of international ones as well, as it's seen as an attractive outsourcing location for Western European, Russian and American multinationals. Yerevan is also the country's financial hub, home to the Central Bank of Armenia, the Armenian Stock Exchange (NASDAQ OMX Armenia), as well as some of the country's largest commercial banks.[53]
Armenian beverages, especially the Armenian cognac and beer have a worldwide fame. Hence, Yerevan is home to many leading enterprises of Armenia and the Caucasus for the production of alcoholic beverages, such as Yerevan Brandy Company, Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory, Yerevan Kilikia Beer Company and Yerevan Champagne Wines Factory.
Yerevan is also home to other giant industrial and international plants: Nairit chemical and rubber plant, ArmRosGazProm a subsidiary of Russian giants Gazprom, RUSAL ARMENAL aluminium foil mill and Cigaronne company for tobacco products.
The carpet industry in Armenia has an ancinet tradition and a very deep history, therefore, the carpet production is rather developed in Yerevan with three major factories that also produce hand-made carpets.[54][55][56]
Yerevan's location on the shores of Hrazdan river has enabled the production of hydroelectricity. Two plants are established on the territory of the municipality.[57] There is also a modern thermal power plant which is unique in the region for its quality and high technology, situated in the southern part of the city, furnished with a new gas-steam combined cycled turbine, to generate electric power.[58]
[edit] Construction
The construction sector has experienced strong growth since 2000.[59] Recently, Yerevan has been undergoing massive construction boom, funded mostly by Armenian millionaires from Russia, with an extensive and controversial redevelopment process in which Czarist and Soviet-period buildings have been demolished and replaced with new buildings. This urban renewal plan has been met with opposition[60] and criticism from some residents. Coupled with the construction sector's growth has been the increase in real estate prices.[61] Downtown houses deemed too small are more and more demolished and replaced by high-rise buildings. Jermaine Jackson has planned to build an entertainment complex in a new 5-star hotel which is being built in the city.[62]
Two major construction projects are scheduled in Yerevan: the Northern Avenue and the Main Avenue projects. The Northern Avenue is almost completed and was put in service in 2007, while the Main Avenue is still under development. In the past few years, the city centre has also witnessed major road reconstruction, and the renovation of the Republic square, funded by the American-Armenian billionaire, Kirk Kerkorian. Another diasporan Armenian from Argentina; Eduardo Eurnekian took over the airport, while the cascade development project was funded by the US based Armenian millionaire Gerard L. Cafesjian.
The construction boom accompanied with the creation of new luxurious residential areas in Yerevan suburbs, like Vahakni and Silikian districts.
On 29 January 2010, another major project "Yerevan City" was announced by the municipality of Yerevan, to build a new cultural businesslike centre near the hill of Paskevich, where the Noragyugh neighborhood is located.[63] The project will link Admiral Isakov Avenue with Arshakunyats Avenue and will be fulfilled through a cooperation with Moscow city government.
There has also been recent construction of new shopping centers, such as Tashir Shopping Center, which is located near Kentron.
[edit] Monuments, movie theaters and other buildings
Erebuni Fortress and Museum | Where the city of Yerevan was first founded in 782 BC by King Argishti I. |
Cafesjian Center of Arts and the Cascade | The museum was opened on 7 November 2009 and showcases a massive collection glass artwork, more specifically that of the Czech artists Libenský / Brychtová. The cascade is a complex of massive white steps with fountains that ascend through Tamanyan street towards Haghtanak Park (Victory Park). The front gardens showcase sculptures from the Gerard L. Cafesjian Collection. |
Cossack Monument | A monument to the Cossacks killed during the Russian-Persian wars in 1826-1827. |
Karen Demirchyan Complex | or Hamalir, Concert hall and sports complex. |
Komitas Pantheon | Cemetery where many famous Armenians are buried. |
Lover's Park (Boghossian gardens) | Opened in October 2008 on Baghramyan street and has a very unique design. |
Matenadaran | Institute of Ancient Manuscripts. One of the richest depositories of manuscripts and books in the world. |
Moskva Cinema (Kino Moskva) | A well known movie theater, built on what was once the site of Saint Poghos-Petros Church built between the 5th and 6th centuries. The church was tragically destroyed in 1931 to build the cinema. |
Mother Armenia | A statue located in Haghtanak Park (Victory Park). |
Surb Zoravor Church | A 17th century church, one of the oldest churches in Yerevan. |
Saint Sarkis Cathedral | The the seat of Araratian Patriarchal Diocese, rebuilt between 1835-1842. |
Saint Gregory Cathedral | The largest Armenian church in the world, completed in 2001. |
Argavand Funerary Monument | Islamic funerary tower built in the year 1413, located in the village of Argavand now absorbed by Yerevan. |
Blue Mosque (Gök Jami) | A Persian mosque built between 1764–1768, is the only one operating in Armenia and the only surviving mosque of eight that were once in Yerevan at the time of the Russian conquest. |
Sasuntsi Davit statue square | A statue dedicated to a famous Armenian hero. |
Statue of Hayk | Statue of a legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. |
Swan Lake | A nice place for the residents of Yerevan, located in the opera park. It turns to ice skating arena in winters. |
Tsitsernakaberd | Monument commemorating the victims of the Armenian Genocide. |
Yerablur | Cemetery where Armenians that fought in the Nagorno-Karabakh War are buried. |
Yerevan Opera House | The Armenian National Academic Opera & Ballet Theatre. |
Yerevan Waterworld | A modern complex of entertainment and water adventures both in summer and winter. |
Yerevan Zoo | The Yeravan zoo is operated by the municipality. |
[edit] International relations
[edit] Sister & Partner cities
Currently, Yerevan has twenty-nine sister and partner cities.[64][65]
City | Country | Year |
---|---|---|
Carrara | Italy | From 1965 |
Podgorica | Montenegro | From 1974 |
Antananarivo | Madagascar | From 1981 |
Cambridge, MA | United States | From 1987[66][67] |
Marseille | France | From 1992 |
Athens | Greece | From 1993 |
Lyon | France | From 1993[68] |
Stavropol | Russia | From 1994 |
Isfahan | Iran | From 1995 |
Kiev | Ukraine | From 1995 |
Moscow | Russia | From 1995 |
Odessa | Ukraine | From 1995 |
Florence | Italy | From 1996 |
Tbilisi | Georgia | From 1996 |
Beirut | Lebanon | From 1997 |
Damascus | Syria | From 1997 |
Saint-Petersburg | Russia | From 1997 |
Paris | France | From 1998 |
Montreal | Canada | From 1998 |
Volgograd | Russia | From 1998 |
Bratislava | Slovakia | From 2001[69] |
Minsk | Belarus | From 2002 |
São Paulo | Brazil | From 2002[70][71] |
Chişinău | Moldova | From 2005 |
Rostov-on-Don | Russia | From 2005 |
Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | From 2007 |
Los Angeles | United States | From 2007 |
Nice | France | From 2007[72] |
Delhi | India | From 2008 |
Sofia | Bulgaria | From 2008 |
[edit] Education
Yerevan is a major educational centre in the region. It has 166 nursery schools, 259 public education schools, 12 state musical & art schools and several state owned schools for special needs.
At present, 90 institutes of higher education are functioning in the Republic of Armenia. As a capital city, Yerevan has the majority with 71 higher educational institutions, 19 out of which are state universities and the rest 52 are private ones.[73] In 2008-2009 academic year, according to data released by the National Statistical Service of Armenia, there were 114,399 students from which 91,806 students were studying at the institutes of higher education in the capital. 16,304 students in Yerevan institutes got their higher education for free while 75,502 students paid for their studies.
Currently, 38 state technical colleges (elementary and intermediate post-school educational institutions) are operating in the city, under the supervision of Yerevan Municipality, government ministries and state organizations.
[edit] Universities
Below is a list of Yerevan's most important Universities:
[edit] Sports
The most played and popular sport in Yerevan is football. Yerevan has many football clubs with five in the 2010 season Armenian Premier League.
Club | Stadium |
---|---|
FC Banants | Banants Stadium |
Kilikia FC | Hrazdan Stadium |
Mika FC | Mika Stadium |
Pyunik FC | Republican Stadium |
Ulisses FC | Hrazdan Stadium |
Yerevan has four major stadiums which are Banants Stadium, Mika Stadium, Republican Stadium and Hrazdan Stadium, along with two small ones; Nairi Stadium and Erebuni Stadium. Hrazdan is the main and biggest stadium which also houses a sports complex that is composed of boxing and karate training facilities, swimming pool, basket-ball arena and tennis courts.
The biggest indoor arena of the city and the whole country is the Karen Demirchyan Sports and Concerts Complex, which is mostly used for Figure Skating shows and concerts.
Armenia has always excelled in chess with its players being very often among the highest ranked and decorated. The headquarters of the Armenian Chess Federation is located in the Kentron (central district) in Yerevan and there exists plenty of chess clubs in the city. In 1996, despite a severe economic crisis, Yerevan hosted the 32nd Chess Olympiad.[74] In 2006, the four members from Yerevan of the Armenian chess team won the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin and repeated the feat at the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden. The Yerevan-born leader of this team, Levon Aronian, is currently one of the world's top chess players and is number six on the April 2008 FIDE rankings.
[edit] Notable people
Notable people who are from or have resided in Yerevan:
List of notable persons born in Yerevan: People from Yerevan
[edit] Cityscape
The statue of Komitas |
||||
Yerevan in 1796 with Yerevan Fortress in the background. |
[edit] See also
- Radio Yerevan
- Zvartnots Airport
- Yerevan Physics Institute
- Yerevan Metro
- Yerevan TV Tower
- Yerevan drive
[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography
- The capitals of Armenia, Sergey Vardanyan, Apolo 1995 , ISBN 5-8079-0778-7
- My Yerevan, G. Zakoyan, M. Sivaslian, V. Navasardian, Acnalis 2001, ISBN 99930-902-0-4
- Yerevan at GEOnet Names Server
[edit] Notes
- ^ Armstat:Population "Armenia's Population". http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf Armstat:Population.
- ^ Katsenelinboĭgen, Aron (1990). The Soviet Union: Empire, Nation and Systems. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 143. ISBN 0887383327.
- ^ "Population of each district in Yerevan according to the city's official website". Yerevan.am. http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=mayor&lang=eng. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ UN News Cnetre "Yerevan named World Book Capital 2012 by UN cultural agency". http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35242&Cr=UNESCO&Cr1= UN News Cnetre.
- ^ a b c d e (Armenian) Baghdasaryan A., Simonyan A, et al. «Երևան» (Yerevan). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. iii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1977, pp. 548-564.
- ^ (Armenian) Israelyan, Margarit A. Էրեբունի: Բերդ-Քաղաքի Պատմություն (Erebuni: The History of a Fortress-City). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Hayastan Publishing Press, 1971, p. 137.
- ^ "Symbols and emblems of the city". Yerevan.am. http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=emblem&lang=eng. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ "Yerevan (Municipality, Armenia)". CRW Flags. http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/am-yerev.html. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ Brady Kiesling, "Rediscovering Armenia". 2000. http://yerevan.usembassy.gov/armenia.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Israelyan. Erebuni, p. 9.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica (George A. Bournoutian and Robert H. Hewsen, Erevan)
- ^ Ferro, Mark (2003). The Use and Abuse of History: How the Past Is Taught to Children. London: Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 0415285925.
- ^ Kirakossian, Arman J. (2003). British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question: From the 1830s to 1914. New York: Gomidas Institute Books. p. 142. ISBN 1884630073.
- ^ (Russian) Erivan in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907.
- ^ (French) "La Famille impériale". http://www.napoleontrois.fr/site/index.php?Famille-imperiale. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ (French) Encyclopædia Universalis France S.A., « Erevan », 1995.
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0804722471.
- ^ Malkasian, Mark (1996). Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Wayne State University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0814326056.
- ^ Death Toll in Armenia’s Post-election Melee Rises to Ten", Armenia Liberty ([RFE/RL]), 14 April 2008
- ^ Armenia declares emergency rule", BBC News, 1 March 2008.
- ^ a b c (Armenian) (Russian) V. Azatian et T. Hakopian, Երևան Ереван Yerevan, ИПО Parberakan, Erevan, 1989, p. 284.
- ^ "Average Conditions Yerevan, Armenia". BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004530. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- ^ a b "Article 108 of the Armenian Constitution". http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter=7. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Article 117 of the Armenian Constitution". http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/?chapter=9. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Yerevan municipality structure". http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=structure. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Article 82 of 7 May 2002 Law relative to local autonomy". http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1305&lang=eng. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Article 77 on 7 May 2002 Law relative to local autonomy". http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1305&lang=eng. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Articles 88.1 and 108 of the Armenian Constitution". http://www.president.am/library/constitution/eng/. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ (French) "Declaration of a member of the Assembly of the Council of Europe.". http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/APFeaturesManager/defaultArtSiteVoir.asp?ID=729. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Panorama.am, Executive prefers to have indirect elections for mayor". 2007-10-18. http://www.panorama.am/en/society/2007/10/18/ereven/. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ^ "Municipality website". http://www.yerevan.am/?lang=3. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ^ (Armenian) "The 12 district of Yerevan". http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=mayor. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ 2001 Census : ArmStat.
- ^ "ArmStat, 2003 Census". http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/12.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ a b c "ArmStat". http://www.armstat.am/Arm/StatData/Taregirq_07/TAREGIRQ_07_3.pd. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ "ArmStat". http://www.armstat.am/Eng/Regionstat/Reg5/yerevan-eng.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ The National Gallery of Armenia has equally a collection of paintings, drawings and sculptures issued from German, American, Austrian, Belgian, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Italian, traDutch, Russian and Swiss."Website of the National Gallery of Armenia". http://www.gallery.am/colls.php?ct_id=1&langid=1. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Website of the Armenian National Gallery". http://www.gallery.am/. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "ArmeniaTour". http://www.armeniatour.com/muse.php?id=14&sid=40. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ Brady Kiesling, Rediscovering Armenia, 2000, Read online
- ^ "The Yerevan Zoo on Armeniapedia". http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Yerevan_Zoo. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Official website of Waterworld". http://www.waterworld.am/world.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ Julia Hakobyan, « Winter Water World: Popular park expands for cold-weather indulgence » on ArmeniaNow, 2 November 2007 Read online
- ^ "Official website of Play City". http://www.playcity.info/index.php?lang=eng. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Website of Zvartnots International Airport". http://www.aia-zvartnots.aero/. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ "List of destinations of Zvartnots international airport". http://zvartnots.am/. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ (Armenian) "List of bus lines on the website of Yerevan". http://www.yerevan.am/iravakan_dasht/avtobus.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ (Armenian) "List of trolleybus lines on the website of Yerevan". http://www.yerevan.am/iravakan_dasht/troleybus.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ "Arminfo, "Last Tram Put Out Of Operation in Yerevan"". 2004-01-22. http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/js04/040122tram.html. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Announcement by Prime Minister Serge Sargsyan during a visit to the network in January, 2008.
- ^ "ArmenPress, "Yerevan - Batumi railway communication to resume in Summer", ArmeniaDiaspora.com". 2007-02-15. http://www.armeniandiaspora.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-81016.html. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ "International Monetary Fund, "Republic of Armenia : Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper", in IMF Country Report, n° 03/62 (november 2003)". http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr03362.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "NASDAQ OMX Armenia". Capitalmarket.Banks.am. http://capitalmarket.banks.am/en-page-nasdaqomx.html. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ ""Tufenkian Trans Caucasus" Co.Ltd". Spyur.am. 2010-03-24. http://www.spyur.am/eng/1752.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ ""ARARATRUGS" Closed Joint-Stock Company". Spyur.am. http://www.spyur.am/eng/6269.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ ""MEGERIAN CARPET" Open Joint-Stock Company". Spyur.am. 2010-01-21. http://www.spyur.am/eng/6550.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ G. Beglaryan, Atlas of Armenia and adjacent countries, Noyan Tapan, 2007, p. 8.
- ^ 22/04/2010 11:58 (2010-04-22). "President Sargsyan attends opening of reconstructed Yerevan thermal power plant. Retrieved 22 April 2010". Arka.am. http://www.arka.am/eng/energy/2010/04/22/19591.html. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ (French) "Haroutiun Khatchatrian, « Un ambitieux agenda économique pour l’Arménie: Le nouveau gouvernement pourra-t-il relever le défi ? » sur Caucaz.com, le 18 juillet 2007". http://www.caucaz.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=451. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "ArmeniaNow.com". ArmeniaNow.com. http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&CID=1258&IID=1042&AID=1054. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ (French) "Stéphane/armenews, « Les prix de l’immobilier à Erevan en hausse en 2007 » sur Armenews, le 1er janvier 2008". http://www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=37217. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "wayango Jermain Jackson bio". Wayango.com. http://www.wayango.com/jermaine-jackson/bio/. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ "Yerevan city official web: News". http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=3&id=964&page_name=news.
- ^ "Yerevan Municipality - Sister Cities". © 2005-2009 www.yerevan.am. http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&lang=3. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ "Yerevan Municipality - Partner Cities". © 2005-2009 www.yerevan.am. http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=233. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities," 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ Richard Thompson. "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities'," Boston Globe, 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". © 2008 Mairie de Lyon. http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ "Bratislava City - Twin Towns". © 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk. http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation[dead link]
- ^ "International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ "Yerevan official web: Sister cities: Nice". http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=229&lang=3.
- ^ "Website of Yerevan Municipality". http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=305&lang=3. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ "32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996". http://www.olimpbase.org/1996/1996in.html. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yerewan |
- Yerevan Municipality webpage in Armenian, English and Russian
- Yerevan article on Armeniapedia
- Yerevan Video - Daily Videos from Yerevan
- Armenia Info Yerevan page
- Photos of Yerevan Sights
- Google Map of Yerevan including street names in Armenian and English.
- 3d Models in Yerevan
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