Hakham Bashi
Hakham Bashi (Turkish: Hahambaşı حاخامباشی) is the Turkish name for the Chief Rabbi of the nation's Jewish community.
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[edit] History
The institution of the Hakham Bashi was established by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, as part of the millet system for governing exceedingly diverse subjects according to their own laws and authorities wherever possible. Religion was considered a primordial aspect of a community's 'national' identity, so the term Ethnarch has been applied to such religious leaders, especially the (Greek Orthodox) Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (i.e. in the Sultan's imperial capital, renamed Istanbul in 1930 but replaced by Ankara as republican capital in 1923). As Islam was the official religion of both court and state, the Chief Mufti in Istanbul had a much higher status, even of cabinet rank.
Because of the size and nature of the Ottoman state, containing a far greater part of the diaspora then any other, the position of Hakham Bashi has been compared to that of the Jewish Exilarch.
In the Ottoman Empire, and as such, the Hakham Bashi was the closest thing to an overall Exilarchal authority among Jewry everywhere in the Middle East in early modern times. They held broad powers to legislate, judge and enforce the laws among the Jews of Ottoman Turkey and often sat on the Sultan's divan.
The office also maintained considerable influence outside the Ottoman Empire, especially after the forced migration of numerous Jewish communities and individuals out of Spain (after the fall of Granada in 1492) and Italy.
The Chief Rabbi of the modern, secular Republic of Turkey is still known as Hakham Bashi (haham başı).
[edit] List of individuals holding the titles of Chief Rabbi in the Ottoman Empire
[edit] Chief Rabbis of Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire (haham başı)
| Moses Capsali | 1453? - 1495? |
| Elijah Mizrachi | 1495? - 1535? |
[edit] Chief Rabbis of Istanbul
| Tam ibn Yahya | died 1542 |
| Eliyyah Benjamin ha-Levi | died after 1540 |
| Menaḥem Beḥar Samuel | |
| Eliyyah ben Ḥayyim | 1543–1602 |
| Yeḥiel Bassan | 1602–1625 |
| Joseph Miṭrani | 1625–1639 |
| Yomṭov Ben Yaʿesh | 1639–1660 |
| Yomṭov ben Ḥananiah Ben Yaqar | 1660? - 1677 |
| Ḥayyim Qamḥi | died after 1730 |
| Judah Ben Rey | died after 1721 |
| Samuel Levi | 1727 - ? |
| Abraham ben Ḥayyim Rosanes | died 1745 |
| Solomon Ḥayyim Alfandari | 1757–1774 |
| Meir Ishaki | |
| Elijah Palombo | 1762 - ? |
| Ḥayyim Jacob Benyakar |
[edit] Chief Rabbis of Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire (haham başı)
| Abraham ha-Levi | 1835–1836 |
| Samuel ben Moses Ḥayyim | 1836–1837 |
| Moses Fresco | 1839–1841 |
| Jacob Behar David | 1841–1854 |
| Ḥayyim ha-Kohen | 1854–1860 |
| Jacob (or Yakup) Avigdor | 1860–1863 |
| Yakir Geron | 1863–1872 |
| Moses Levi | 1872–1908 |
| Haim Nahum Effendi | 1908–1920 |
| Shabbetai Levi | 1918–1919 |
| Ishak Ariel | 1919–1920 |
[edit] Chief rabbis of Palestine
| Makhlouf Eldaoudi | 1889–1909 |
[edit] Chief rabbis of the Turkish Republic (since 1920)
| Haim Moşe Becerano | 1920–1931 |
| Haim Ishak Saki | 1931–1940 |
| Rafael David Saban | 1940–1960 |
| David Asseo | 1961–2002 |
| Ishak Haleva | 2002 - |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Haim Ze'ew Hirschberg, 'Hakham Bashi', Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0), edited by Cecil Roth (Keter Publishing House, 1997). ISBN 965-07-0665-8
- Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). ISBN 0-691-00807-8
- Stanford J Shaw, 'Appendix 1: Grand Rabbis of Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire, and Chief Rabbis of republican Turkey', in The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic (New York City: New York University Press, 1991), 272-273.
