Manila hostage crisis

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Manila hostage crisis

The bus where the hostages were held captive
Location Parade Avenue (in front of the Quirino Grandstand), Rizal Park, Manila,  Philippines
Coordinates 14°34′52″N 120°58′30″E / 14.58104°N 120.974922°E / 14.58104; 120.974922Coordinates: 14°34′52″N 120°58′30″E / 14.58104°N 120.974922°E / 14.58104; 120.974922
Date August 23, 2010
Around 10:00 a.m. to about 9:00 p.m. (UTC+8)
Target Hong Kong tourists onboard a bus
Attack type Hostage crisis
Weapon(s) XM16E1 rifle and knife
Death(s) 8 hostages[1] & Rolando Mendoza[2]
Injured 7 hostages and 2 bystanders
Belligerent(s) Rolando Mendoza[2]

The Manila hostage crisis occurred when a dismissed Philippine National Police officer took over a tour bus in front of the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. Disgruntled former senior inspector (equivalent military rank: captain) Rolando Mendoza, from the Manila Police District (MPD) hijacked a tour bus carrying 25 tourists from Hong Kong in an attempt to get his job back.[3] He said that he was summarily dismissed without the opportunity to properly defend himself, and that all he wanted was a fair hearing.[4]

As a result of the ten-hour siege, the ensuing shoot-out, and a botched rescue attempt by MPD watched by millions on live television news, eight of the hostages and Mendoza died and nine other people were injured. The Hong Kong Government then immediately issued a top-level 'black' travel alert for the Philippines.[5]

Contents

[edit] Perpetrator

The hostage taker was identified by the Philippine National Police (PNP) as Rolando Mendoza, a former high-ranking commissioned police officer,[6] who demanded to be reinstated with benefits to his previous post at the Manila Police District, from which he had been dismissed in 2009 amidst allegations of extortion.[3][7]

Mendoza graduated with a degree in criminology, joined the police force as a patrolman, and rose to become senior inspector. He was decorated 17 times for bravery and honor. Colleagues at the Manila Police District said he was hard-working and kind.[4] On February 1986, Mendoza led a group of policemen that flagged down a van that turned out to be carrying 13 crates full of money, which former Philippine president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos was apparently trying to take out of the country. Mendoza and his team turned the shipment over to authorities.[4] That year, Mendoza was awarded as one of the Ten Outstanding Policemen of the Philippines by Jaycees International.[8]

Hotel chef Christian Kalaw alleged he was accosted by Mendoza and several other officers over a parking violation on April 9, 2008, when they planted sachets of methamphetamine in his car, forced him to take the drug, accused him of being a drug addict, and demanded he empty his automatic teller machine and hand over his money. Kalaw said the policemen released him after a friend raised 20,000 pesos. The Office of the Ombudsman found Mendoza and four others guilty of misconduct and ordered Mendoza's dismissal from the service and the voiding of all his benefits.[4] Administrative charges against Mendoza were filed on April 25, 2008, after which he was relieved as Chief of the Mobile Patrol Unit. In August 2008, the Manila Prosecutors Office Eighth Division dismissed the case after Kalaw failed to attend the dismissal proceedings; the PNP Internal Affairs Service recommended the dismissal of the case on October 17, 2008, for the same reason. Mendoza's brother, Gregorio, said that all his brother wanted was a fair hearing by the Ombudsman, who "never even gave him a chance to defend himself; they immediately dismissed him."[4]

[edit] Hijacking

[edit] Boarding

Preliminary accounts suggest that as the Hong Thai Travel Services tour bus was taking on the 25 Hong Kong tourists in front of Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park, the gunman, Rolando Mendoza, attempted to follow the tourists onto the tour bus requesting a free ride. When his request was declined by the driver, Mendoza brandished a weapon, handcuffed the driver to the steering wheel and hijacked the bus.[9] However, survivor Li Yick Biu recounted that the boarding actually took place at Fort Santiago,[10][11] a fact corroborated by driver Alberto Lubang, who said Mendoza subsequently announced his true intention at Rizal Park.[12]

Mendoza, armed with small arms and an M16 rifle,[13] demanded to be reinstated to his previous post with benefits,[6] saying he was framed. Manila mayor Alfredo Lim said he would grant Mendoza's wish to be reinstated if he could prove himself.[14]

There were 21 Hong Kong holidaymakers, a bus driver, a Filipino tour guide, and Masa Tse, the trip's Hong Kong tour guide, aboard the bus. Tse immediately alerted his employing agency in Hong Kong to the situation by telephone shortly after 10:30 am. He spoke to the assistant customer services manager for two minutes, calmly informing her that his group was being held hostage.[9]

In respond to the hostage-taking, the Hong Kong government requested the incident to be resolved in a peaceful manner. The Security Bureau formed a taskforce, which sent officers from Hong Kong to Manila to assist.[15]

[edit] Negotiations

Mendoza (inside the bus) talks to hostage negotiators while a list of demands is displayed on the windshield

Almost an hour later, six Hong Kong tourists were freed:[16] an elderly woman who complained of stomach pains was the first to be released from the bus; her husband, a diabetic, was released later. Then, a middle-aged woman and her two children—a boy aged 10 and a girl aged 5—were freed. When she left, she asked to have the third child (a 12-year-old boy) released as well, lying to Mendoza that the boy was a relative. Two Filipino photographers boarded the bus, volunteering to be taken hostage in exchange for the aforementioned releases. The released hostages were taken to a police precinct in Rizal Park.[17]

By noon, four additional hostages (including the Filipino tour guide and the two photographers who volunteered to be taken hostage) were released by Mendoza, bringing the total to ten. TV5 news anchor Erwin Tulfo remained in permanent contact with Mendoza, with Superintendent Orlando Yebra and Chief Inspector Romeo Salvador leading negotiations. Seventeen more people remained on the bus.[18] By this time, ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5 and government-owned NBN were providing live coverage in Manila; TVB and Cable TV also provided live coverage in Hong Kong from noon onwards. Using borrowed satellite links from GMA Network, CNN, Channel News Asia, and Reuters took the coverage across the world.[19]

The Office of the Ombudsman disallowed Mendoza's request to be reinstated in the police, although they assured him that his case would be reviewed. Manila Vice-Mayor Isko Moreno delivered the letter from the Ombudsman to the hostage scene after sundown.[20] However, Mendoza regarded the Ombudsman's decision as "garbage", stating the text did not answer his demands.[21] Mayor Lim said on local radio that authorities had agreed to reinstate Mendoza to bring an end to the crisis, but had not been able to deliver the message due to bad traffic.[22][23]

When the Manila Police District (MPD) SWAT team arrived, Mendoza declared on a radio interview on DZXL that he would kill the passengers and wanted the SWAT team to leave the area.[24] His brother Gregorio Mendoza, ranked senior police officer-2 (SPO2, equivalent military rank: corporal), walked out after negotiating with his brother. He urged him to surrender peacefully and told his brother that "Nothing will happen here."[25] Gregorio Mendoza was later arrested, the MPD stating that he was not asked to assist in the negotiations, and that he had breached the exclusion zone while carrying a gun.[26][27] President Aquino later said that the gunman's brother contributed to the deterioration in the situation by fanning hatred against the negotiators.[22]

[edit] Assault

Wikinews has related news: Hong Kong tourists held hostage in the Philippines, nine killed

After Mendoza witnessed the arrest of his brother via the TV and radio on board the bus which was covered live by the media, he became agitated. Mendoza was thought to have fired warning shots as he saw his brother and son being hauled away by the police.[28] He demanded during a radio interview that the police release his brother, or else he would start executing hostages. Mendoza later claimed on live radio just before a police assault began that he had indeed shot two hostages.[7][29]

The first shots fired from within the bus were heard at about 7:21 pm. At around the same time it was reported that snipers had shot the tires immobilizing the bus after it had attempted to move. The bus driver escaped at around 7:30 pm and told the police that all hostages on the tour bus were killed. He later admitted that his assumption was based on witnessing Mendoza shoot three hostages and then the firing of other shots in the bus.[12][26][30]

The SWAT team started to surround the bus at 7:37 pm.[30] The policemen broke windows of the bus with sledgehammers and tried to enter the bus, but were repelled by gunfire. The attempt to board the coach lasted for about an hour. Thereafter, four tear gas canisters were thrown into the bus as police struggled to open the door. None of the policemen knew about the emergency door opener, which would had saved them time and effort. An attempt to break open the door by trying to tie a rope attached to a police vehicle resulted in the rope snapping.[31] Police marksmen, who had taken positions earlier in the day, shot Mendoza in the head during the assault. By that time, according to presidential spokesman Edwin Lacierda, four more hostages were confirmed dead; six hostages were confirmed alive and not seriously injured.[32] Two other people outside the bus – a 47-year-old TVB news crew engineer and a child bystander – were reportedly wounded by stray bullets.[9]

[edit] Aftermath

Members of the Philippine National Police (PNP) stand on guard metres away from the tourist bus

[edit] Hostages

Six hostages were taken to the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, where two were declared dead while four were declared stable;[32] two hostages were taken to the Philippine General Hospital in nearby Ermita, Manila;[33] the remaining seven hostages rescued from the final siege were taken to Manila Doctors Hospital.[34] Another six hospitalised victims from the three hospitals, including the Hong Kong tour guide Masa Tse, were subsequently declared dead, bringing the total number of confirmed fatalities to eight with at least one person remaining in critical condition and one in serious condition. The six survivors had minor to substantial injuries and were put under medical observation. The survivor Mrs. Leung (Ng Yau-woon, Amy) bemoaned at the length of time before the police stormed the bus.[35]

Tour bus driver Alberto Lubang, who claims to have been handcuffed to the steering wheel, escaped the bus minutes before the situation deteriorated. Later, Mayor Alfredo Lim said that his apparent friendliness towards the gunman, and the ease of which he got out of handcuffs led to suspicions that he was in fact the gunman's accomplice.[36] Lubang denies this, saying he had the handcuffs and cuticle remover he used to escape them to prove it.[12] On August 27, it was reported that Lubang has disappeared.[37]

The list of identified victims was quickly disclosed to the media.[1][38] Among the eight fatalities are six individuals belonging to two families. While Mrs. Leung survived, her husband, and two daughters aged 14 and 21 years respectively, died; her son was seriously injured due to blunt force trauma to the head, and remains in critical condition.[39] Survivors Tracey and Jason Wong were orphaned by the incident as both their parents, and their aunt, were killed. The husband of the woman who was released with her two children soon after the bus was commandeered was among the dead.

[edit] List of hostages

Name Age Gender Status Nationality Identity
Ken Leung (梁錦榮) 58 Male Deceased Canadian[39] Hong Kong tourist;
father, Leung family[40]
Doris Leung (梁頌詩) 21 Female Deceased Canadian[39] Hong Kong tourist;
elder daughter, Leung family[40]
Jessie Leung (梁頌儀) 14 Female Deceased Canadian[39] Hong Kong tourist
younger daughter, Leung family[40]
Wong Tze Lam (汪子林) 51 Male Deceased Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
father, Wong family[40]
Yeung Yee Wa (楊綺華) 44 Female Deceased Chinese Hong Kong tourist
mother, Wong family[40][41]
Yeung Yee Kam(楊綺琴) 46 Female Deceased Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
aunt, Wong family[40][41]
Fu Cheuk Yan (傅卓仁) 39 Male Deceased Chinese Hong Kong tourist
father, Fu family[40]
Masa Tse (謝廷駿) 31 Male Deceased, shot in the head Chinese Hong Kong tour guide
Jason Leung (梁頌學) 18 Male Critically injured from blunt force trauma to head[39] Canadian[39] Hong Kong tourist;
son, Leung family[40]
Leung Ng Yau Woon, Amy (梁吳幼媛) 53 Female Slightly injured Canadian[39] Hong Kong tourist;
mother, Leung family[40]
Yik Siu Ling (易小玲) 32 Female Severely injured: lower jaw shattered by gunshot; lost two fingers[42] Chinese Hong Kong tourist
Joe Chan (陳國柱) 46 Male Severely injured: both wrists broken by gunshot Chinese Hong Kong tourist
Tracey Wong (汪綽瑤) 15 Female Slightly injured on foot Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
daughter, Wong family[40]
Lee Ying Chuen (李瀅銓) 36 Female Slightly injured Chinese Hong Kong tourist
Lo Kam Fun (羅錦芬) 66 Female Slightly injured Chinese Hong Kong tourist
Wen Ming (溫明) 47 Male Slightly injured Chinese Hong Kong reporter
(TVB News)[43]
Mike Ladrillo y Campanero[44] ~13[44] Male Injured: thigh hit by stray bullets Filipino Filipino bystander[45]
Diana Chan 32 Female Released without physical harm Filipino Filipino tour guide
Alberto Lubang 38 Male Escaped without physical harm Filipino Filipino bus driver
Rigor Cruz 19 Male Released without physical harm Filipino Filipino photographer, substitute hostage
Danilo Medril 65 Male Released without physical harm Filipino Filipino photographer, substitute hostage
Yick Biu Li (李奕彪) 72 Male Released without physical harm British Hong Kong tourist
Fung Kwan Li (李徐鳳群) 66 Female Released without physical harm British Hong Kong tourist
Tsang Yee Lai (曾懿麗) 40 Female Released without physical harm Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
mother, Fu family[40]
Fu Chung Yin (傅頌賢) 4 Female Released without physical harm Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
daughter, Fu family[40]
Fu Chak Yin (傅澤賢) 10 Male Released without physical harm Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
son, Fu family[40]
Jason Wong (汪政逸) 12 Male Released without physical harm Chinese Hong Kong tourist;
son, Wong family[40]

[edit] Reactions

[edit] Chinese government

The Chinese foreign minister, Yang Jiechi, called the Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Alberto Romulo, saying he was "appalled" at the events and demanded an investigation.[46] The Chinese government also sent a team to the Philippines to deal with the situation.[46] In an analysis of the event, the state-run Global Times called the Philippines "one of the most chaotic countries in Southeast Asia."[47]

Following the shootings, a Chinese consul in the Philippines immediately asked for a written statement from the Philippine government.[48] Later on, he rejected President Benigno Aquino III's explanation given at a press conference held on the early morning of August 24, 2010.[49] The Chinese government refused to host a Philippine government delegation scheduled to visit Beijing and Hong Kong between August 26 and 27, citing that there was nothing to explain until the publication of a complete investigation report for the incident.[50]

On August 27, the Chinese embassy in the Philippines expressed their "anger" at the Mendoza family's decision to cover Mendoza's coffin with the Flag of the Philippines during his wake.[51]

[edit] Hong Kong government

Half-mast Flag of Hong Kong and full-mast Flag of the People's Republic of China on August 24
Both flags at half-mast on August 26 only
Flagpole at Golden Bauhinia Square

At 21:46 on the day of the assault, the Security Bureau of Hong Kong re-assessed the personal safety of Hong Kong residents in the Philippines, and announced a 'black' outbound travel alert immediately for that country: Hong Kong residents are advised against traveling to the Philippines, and residents on location were advised to be alert and to return to Hong Kong as soon as possible.[5]

Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, expressed anger at Mendoza and also offered his condolence to the victims' families, stating that the government would do anything within its power to aid and rehabilitate the survivors and their families. He complained that he had not been able to get through to President Aquino by telephone during the siege, and also criticized the way the siege was handled, particularly the outcome.[52] The government chartered two airplanes carrying doctors and counsellors to Manila to support the survivors of the incident, and to fly the Hong Kong victims back home.[46]

All Hong Kong SAR flags at official locations were lowered to half-mast from August 24 to 26,[53][54] while, the city's nightly "A Symphony of Lights" was suspended at the same time[55] to mourn the victims; all national flags in Hong Kong were also lowered to half-mast on August 26.[56] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange held a minute's silence before opening on August 24.[57] The government announced the opening of 18 locations around Hong Kong where citizens could pay their respects and sign the condolence book. A memorial ceremony was held as the victims arrived on the tarmac of Hong Kong International Airport on the evening of August 25, attended, amongst others, by Chief Secretary Henry Tang and Secretary for Security Ambrose Lee.[58]

After the bodies of the victims were brought back to Hong Kong, the Coroner has decided that an investigation into the death by the Police should be carried out, and autopsies performed.[59]

[edit] Philippine government

President Benigno Aquino III expressed concern over the matter and expressed his condolences to the victims. He promised a "thorough investigation". While he said he was not impressed with the manner the police handled the crisis,[5][60] he defended the actions of the police at the scene, saying the gunman had not shown any sign of wanting to kill the hostages.[5] He also made reference to the Moscow theater hostage crisis, which, according to Aquino, resulted in "more severe" casualties despite Russia's "resources and sophistication".[61] In addition, he declared that the news media may have worsened the situation by giving the shooter "a bird's-eye view of the entire situation".[62]

After Aquino's comments, a large number of angry messages from Hong Kong residents were posted onto his official Facebook page, a number of which accused Aquino of smiling during the press conference.[63] Aquino subsequently apologized, saying it was an expression of exasperation.[64]

The decision to arrest Mendoza's brother during the process of negotiation was questioned. In response, Manila Vice-Mayor Isko Moreno told CNN that Mendoza's brother was guilty of conspiring with the hostage-taker and allegedly helped instigate the shooting.[62]

MPD commander Leocadio Santiago, while saying it had been correct to put the assault on hold until Mendoza had started shooting hostages,[5] admitted that mistakes were made, saying, "We saw some obvious shortcomings in terms of capability and tactics used, or the procedure employed and we are now going to investigate this," he said on local television.[35]

Interior secretary Jessie Robredo, who is in charge of the national police, has also admitted there were problems with how the crisis was handled. Manila Police District director Rodolfo Magtibay has taken leave and four members of the SWAT team have been relieved of their duty, pending investigation.[65]

The Congress of the Philippines has also acted upon the botched operation. Several members of the House of Representatives condemned the hostage-taking while criticizing how the MPD handled the situation.[66] Representative Gabriel Luis Quisumbing (Lakas-Kampi, Cebu–6th) blamed the non-stop coverage of the media on the event, saying the live coverage "may have jeopardized police rescue operations on site" and authored a bill to constrain media coverage so as not to hinder or obstruct such rescue efforts.[67] Rodolfo Biazon (Liberal, Muntinlupa) blamed the outcome of the incident on the unclear MPD command structure.[68]

The Philippines planned to send a high-level delegation to China to meet and explain to officials there what happened in the hostage crisis. However, the schedule of this delegation could not be confirmed by Beijing government. Instead, Beijing urged the Philippines to submit a "comprehensive, precise, objective" investigation report.[69]

In his Proclamation 23, President Aquino declared August 25, 2010 a National Day of Mourning for those killed. All Philippine flags at all government institutions, including consulates and embassies worldwide, would be flown half-mast.[70][71]

A hearing into the crisis was conducted by the Senate committee on public order and illegal drugs on August 26.[72] During the hearing, police operatives revealed that Mendoza was reading the letter from the Office of the Ombudsman to an unknown person over the phone before the violence began. The Senate is planning to subpoena the records of the telephone conversation.[73] It was further revealed that Rodolfo Magtibay, ground commander during the crisis, had an elite team of Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police at his disposal, but chose to utilize the SWAT team instead because his team had successfully rehearsed the storming in the afternoon.[74] A counter-terrorist unit from the national police were also on standby behind the grandstand, and the Philippine Army Light Reaction Company had offered one of its elite squads, trained in hostage-taking scenarios and fighting Islamist militants in the southern Philippines, but was told by police it was not needed.[75]

Magtibay, whose appointment was opposed by Alfredo Lim,[76] said that Lim, as head of the crisis management committee, gave the order to arrest Gregorio Mendoza[77] – a move which caused distress in the gunman.

[edit] Other governments

Canadian Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon issued a statement on August 24 at 4:30pm ET expressing their country's condolences to the families and friends of those who died.[78] In the press statement, the Canadian government confirmed that there were Canadians among the deceased and injured victims; they were later identified by the media as the Leung family.[79] Foreign and Commonwealth Office said confirmed that hostages Yick Biu Li and Fung Kwan Li, both British nationals, were unharmed.[80] The British flag at British Consulate-General Hong Kong and British Embassy Manila were lowered to half-mast for this issue regarded to the former colony and the British people on August 25, 2010.[81] The U.S. embassy in Manila condemned Mendoza for taking "innocent tourists hostages in an effort to redress a professional grievance."[82]

[edit] Hong Kong media and public

All four free Hong Kong morning newspapers, am730,[83] Metro Hong Kong,[84]Headline Daily[85] and The Standard[86] reported the Manila assault with their front-page tabloid and further pages on August 24. In particular, am730 replaced its entire tabloid with a yellow background, a picture and a caption for the issues of August 24–26. On August 24 there was photograph of the hijacked coach, and a headline expressing condolence towards the victims;[83] August 25 a black ribbon and a caption urging the injured and the bereaved to live on courageously.;[87] and on August 26 a picture of a white rose and a farewell to the deceased.[88] The event was named the "Manila massacre" by the Oriental Daily,[89] and many newspapers displayed black newspaper logos on their front covers to express their sorrow for the dead.[90]

All major television channels in Hong Kong broadcast live coverage of the hostage crisis between 6pm and 9pm, making it the single incident with the most live television news coverage in Hong Kong since the September 11 attacks of New York.[91] On August 24, Google displayed a plain white Google Doodle on google.com.hk to mourn the dead.[92]

The Manila police and the Philippines government were strongly criticized by Hong Kong media for the way in which they dealt with the situation.[93][94][95][96]

The Chinese central government was also criticised by media commentators in Hong Kong for acting too slow to protect the lives of the Hongkongers taken hostage.[97] It was suggested that more hostages could be saved had the Chinese ambassador to the Philippines and the Chinese central government intervened sooner with the Philippine government and the Manila police, whereas no one except a Chinese counsel in Manila acted on behalf of China until after the hostages were harmed.[98] The Chinese government's reluctance to intervene the Manila hostage crisis was compared to their rapid rescue of Chinese vessel Tian Yu No. 8 from Somali pirates in December 2008.[97] That the flag of the People's Republic of China flew full-mast next to the half-mast flag of Hong Kong at Golden Bauhinia Square on August 24 due to procedural concerns[99] was said to have illustrated the Chinese central government's slowness in responding to the needs of Hongkonger hostages in Manila.[100]

In light of the hostage incident, considerable public anger has been vented against the Philippine authorities, President Aquino, and Filipinos in general, many of whom work in Hong Kong as domestic helpers.[101] There were media reports that some Hong Kong employers sacked their Filipino domestic helpers.[102] The South China Morning Post said that the regrettable episode was an isolated incident, and criticised the 'black' travel advisory as a knee-jerk political retribution that "punishes Filipinos as a race for an incident that they had nothing to do with."[101] A widely circulated Tagalog text message claiming about 30 Filipino domestic workers had been sacked.[103] According to the Filipino Migrant Workers' Union only two domestic workers had lost their jobs since the tragedy.[103] Commentators of Hong Kong newspapers urged Hongkongers to refrain from misdirecting their agony towards ordinary Filipinos, who are not responsible for the tragedy.[104]

On August 28, 2010 a candle light vigil with a thousand citizen was held in Hong Kong to mourn the victims.[105] An offer was made to the families of the eight victims to be buried in a special cemetery reserved for brave non-civil servants called the "Tribute garden" opposite of the Gallant Garden at the Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery.[106]

[edit] Pundits' criticism of rescue operation

A pundit interviewed on the main evening news in Hong Kong criticized the police for lack of planning and strategy for negotiating with hostage-takers. The response to the rapid deterioration of the situation caught the police off-guard; the hour-long assault on the coach was also described by a security expert as "extremely risky to the hostages".[107] The British Broadcasting Corporation interviewed Charles Shoebridge, a security analyst, who praised the SWAT team of showing courage but criticized the police for lack of determination, equipment, training and element of surprise; for not taking the opportunity to disarm or shoot Mendoza; for not satisfying Mendoza's demands; for not blocking off televised proceedings, for not safeguarding the public and for using Gregorio Mendoza in the negotiation.[108] Romeo Acop, a former director of the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group of the Philippine National Police, was also critical of the police for failure to establish an isolation line, slowness in addressing Mendoza's demands, failure to engage the Special Action Force, poor negotiating team and skills, absence of an officer to control the media, and lack of actual experience.[109] Frederic Gallois, commander of the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale from 2002 to 2007, branded the assault "badly prepared and risky", and commented the SWAT team lacked specialist training, equipment and tactical competence.[110]

[edit] See also

Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines portal

[edit] References

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