Catalonia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Catalonia (disambiguation) and Catalunya (disambiguation).
Catalonia
Catalunya (Catalan)
Cataluña (Spanish)
—  Autonomous Community  —
Autonomous Community of Catalonia
Comunitat Autònoma de Catalunya
Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña
Flag of Catalonia
Flag		 Coat-of-arms of Catalonia
Coat of arms
Location of Catalonia
Coordinates: 41°49′N 1°28′E / 41.817°N 1.467°E / 41.817; 1.467Coordinates: 41°49′N 1°28′E / 41.817°N 1.467°E / 41.817; 1.467
Country Spain Spain
Capital Barcelona
Government
 - President José Montilla (PSC)
Area(6.3% of Spain; Ranked 6th)
 - Total 32,114 km2 (12,399.3 sq mi)
Population (2010)
 - Total 7,504,881
 - Density 233.7/km2 (605.3/sq mi)
 - Pop. rank 2nd
 - Percent 16% of Spain
ISO 3166-2 CT
Official languages Catalan, Spanish and Aranese.
Statute of Autonomy 9 August 2006
Parliament Parliament of Catalonia, 135 members
Spain's Cortes Generales 47 of 350 Congress seats
16 of 264 Senate seats
Website Generalitat de Catalunya
The Medieval church of Sant Climent in Taüll, located at the foothills of the Pyrenees.
The town of Cadaqués, a popular tourist destination, is located on the Mediterranean coast.

Catalonia (Spanish: Cataluña, Spanish pronunciation: [kataˈluɲa]; Catalan: Catalunya, Catalan pronunciation: [kətəˈɫuɲə]) is one of the Kingdom of Spain's seventeen autonomous communities, the administrative divisions that represent the country's historical nationalities and regions. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. Its capital city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,504,881.[1] It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east (580 km coastline). The official languages are Catalan, Spanish and Aranese.

Contents

[edit] Etymology

From the 12th century, this is thought to be the first written document in the Catalan language

The name Catalunya (Catalonia) began to be used in the 12th century[2] in reference to the group of counties that comprised the Marca Hispanica. The origin of the term is subject to diverse interpretations. A theory suggests that Catalunya derives from the term "Land of Castles",[3] having evolved from the term castlà, the ruler of a castle (see castellan).[4] This theory, therefore, suggests that the term castellà ("Castilian") would have been synonymous, though critics question this.[5][6]

Another theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia (or Gauthia), "Land of the Goths", since the Spanish March was first known as Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.[7]

Yet another theory, less accepted, points to the Lacetani, an Iberian tribe that lived in the area and whose name, due to the Roman influence, could have evolved by metathesis to Katelans and then Catalans.[8]

[edit] Climate

The climate of Catalonia is diverse. The populated areas lying by the coast in Tarragona, Barcelona and Girona feature a Mediterranean climate. The inland part (including the Lleida province and the inner part of Barcelona) show a mostly continental Mediterranean climate. The Pyreneean peaks have a mountain or even Alpine climate at the highest summits.

In the Mediterranean area, summers are dry and hot with sea breezes, and the maximum temperature is around 25-30 °C. Winter is cool or cold depending on the location. It snows frequently in the Pyrenees, and it occasionally snows at lower altitudes, even by the coastline. Spring and autumn are typically the rainiest seasons, except for the Pyrenean valleys, where summer is typically stormy.

The inland part of Catalonia is hotter and drier in summer. Temperature may reach 35 °C, some days even 40 °C. Nights are cooler there than at the coast, with the temperature of around 14-16 °C. Fog is not uncommon in valleys and plains; it can be especially persistent, with freezing drizzle episodes during winter, along the Segre and in other river valleys.

[edit] Statutes of Autonomy

Main article: Autonomous Communities of Spain

Catalonia, along with the Basque Country and Galicia, was set apart from the rest of Spain as a historical nationality and given the automatic right to autonomy, which resulted in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979. The rest of Spain, in a process spearheaded by Andalusia, followed by Asturias and Castile and León, and completed by 1985, carved itself into 14 additional autonomous regions that drafted their own Statutes of Autonomy. Since 2003, there has been a round of amendments to the various Statutes of Autonomy (notably, alongside Catalonia's, those of Aragon, the Valencian Community, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands).

Both the 1979 Statute of Autonomy and the current one, approved in 2006, state that "Catalonia, as a nationality, exercises its self-government constituted as an Autonomous Community in accordance with the Constitution and with the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which is its basic institutional law,always under the law in Spain"[9]

The Preamble of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia states that the Parliament of Catalonia has defined Catalonia as a nation, but that "the Spanish Constitution recognizes Catalonia's national reality as a nationality".[10] While the Statute was approved by and sanctioned by both the Catalan and Spanish parliaments, and later by referendum in Catalonia, it has been subject to a legal challenge by the surrounding autonomous regions of Aragon, Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community,[11] as well as by the conservative People's Party. The objections are based on various issues such as disputed cultural heritage but, especially, on the Statute's alleged breaches of the principle of "solidarity between regions" in fiscal and educational matters enshrined by the Constitution. After considerable legal debate,[12] Spain's Constitutional Court assessed the disputed articles and on 28 June 2010, issued its judgment on the principal allegation of unconstitutionality presented by the People's Party in 2006. The judgment granted clear passage to 182 articles of the 223 that make up the fundamental text. The court approved 73 of the 114 articles that the People's Party had contested, while declaring 14 articles unconstitutional in whole or in part and imposing a restrictive interpretation on 27 others.[13] The court accepted the specific provision that described Catalonia as a "nation", however ruled that it was a historical and cultural term with no legal weight, and that Spain remained the only nation recognised by the constitution.[14][15][16][17]

Roman aqueduct in Tarragona

[edit] History

Main article: History of Catalonia
Roman amphitheatre in Tarragona
Counties of the Marca Hispanica
Catalan Court
Carrer del Bisbe (Bishop Street) in Barcelona's Barri Gòtic
Barcelona Cathedral
Monastery of Our Lady of Montserrat Santa Maria de Montserrat.
Palau de la Música Catalana, built between 1905–1908.

Like some other parts in the rest of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia was colonised by Ancient Greeks, who settled around the Roses area. Both Greeks and Carthaginians (who, in the course of the Second Punic War, briefly ruled the territory) interacted with the main Iberian substratum. After the Carthaginian defeat by Rome, it became, along with the rest of Hispania, a part of the Roman Empire, Tarraco being one of the main Roman posts in the Iberian Peninsula

Catalonia then came under Visigothic rule for four centuries after Rome's collapse. In the eighth century, it came under Moorish al-Andalus control. Still, after the defeat of Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi's troops at Tours in 732, the Franks conquered former Visigoth states which had been captured by the Muslims or had become allied with them in what today is the northernmost part of Catalonia. Charlemagne created in 795 what came to be known as the Marca Hispanica, a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania made up of locally administered separate petty kingdoms which served as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Kingdom.

The Catalan culture started to develop during the Middle Ages in a number of these petty kingdoms organised as small counties throughout the northernmost part of Catalonia. The counts of Barcelona were Frankish vassals nominated by the emperor and then the king of France, to whom they were feudatories (801–987).

In 987 the count of Barcelona did not recognize the French king Hugh Capet and his new dynasty, which put Catalonia effectively beyond Frankish rule. In 1137, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona married Queen Petronila of Aragon, establishing the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon that was to create the Crown of Aragon.

It was not until 1258, by means of the Treaty of Corbeil, that the king of France formally relinquished his feudal lordship over the counties of the Principality of Catalonia to the king of Aragon James I, descendant of Ramon Berenguer IV. This Treaty transformed the region's de facto autonomy into a de jure direct Aragonese rule. As part of the Crown of Aragon, Catalonia became a maritime power, helping expand the Crown by trade and conquest into the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and ultimately even Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, Naples, Athens.

Aragon had been very severely hit by the Black Death and by continuing outbreaks of plague. Between 1347 and 1497 the Principality had lost 37% of its inhabitants, and was reduced to a population of something like 300,000.[18]

In 1410, King Martin I died without surviving descendants. As a result, by the Pact of Caspe, Ferdinand of Antequera from the Castilian dynasty of Trastamara, received the Crown of Aragon as Ferdinand I of Aragon.

His grandson, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, and Queen Isabella I of Castile married in 1469, becoming los Reyes Catolicos; subsequently, this event was seen as the dawn of the Kingdom of Spain. At that point, though personally and informally unified, both Crowns of Castile and Aragon maintained distinct territories, each keeping its own traditional institutions, Parliaments and laws. Castile commissioned the expeditions to the Americas, and benefited from the colonial riches. Political power had shifted away from Aragon toward Castile and, subsequently, from Castile to the Spanish Empire. King Charles V was the first sole monarch holding the crowns of both Aragon and Castile.

For an extended period, Catalonia, as part of the former Kingdom of Aragon, continued to retain its own usages and laws, but these gradually eroded in the course of the transition from feudalism to a modern state, fueled by the kings' struggle to have more centralized territories. Over the next few centuries, Catalonia was generally on the losing side of a series of local conflicts that led steadily to more centralization of power in Spain, like the Reapers' War (1640–1652). In 1652 the Spanish Crown offered the Roussillon territory to the Kingdom of France. Now this territory is the Department of Pyrénées-Orientales, and also is named Northern Catalonia (Catalunya Nord).

The most significant conflict was the War of the Spanish Succession, which began when Charles II of Spain (the last Spanish Habsburg) died without a direct heir in 1700. Catalonia, like the other territories that had formed the Crown of Aragon in the Middle Ages, mostly rose up in support of the Habsburg pretender Charles VI of Valencia Holy Roman Emperor, while the rest of Spain mostly adhered to the French Bourbon claimant, Philip V. Following the fall of Barcelona on 11 September 1714, the "special status" of the territories belonging to the former Crown of Aragon and its institutions was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees, under which all its lands were incorporated to the Crown of Castile as provinces, within a united Spanish administration, as Spain moved towards a centralised government under the new Bourbon dynasty.

In the latter half of the 19th century, Catalonia became an industrial center; to this day it remains one of the most industrialised parts of Spain. In the first third of the 20th century, Catalonia gained and lost varying degrees of autonomy several times, receiving its first statute of autonomy during the Second Spanish Republic (1931). This period was marked by political unrest and the preeminence of the Anarchists during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The Anarchists had been active throughout the early 20th century, achieving the first eight-hour workday in the world in 1919. After the defeat of the Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), which brought General Francisco Franco to power, his regime suppressed any kind of public activities associated with Catalan nationalism, Anarchism, Socialism, Democracy or Communism, including the publication of books on those subjects or simply discussion of them in open meetings. As part of this suppression, the use of Catalan in government-run institutions and during public events was banned. During later stages of the Francoist régime, certain folkloric and religious celebrations in Catalan resumed and were tolerated. Use of Catalan in the mass media had been forbidden, but was permitted from the early 1950s[19] in the theatre. Publishing in Catalan continued throughout the dictatorship.[20]

After Franco's death (1975) and with the adoption of a democratic Spanish constitution (1978), Catalonia recovered political and cultural autonomy. Today, Catalonia is one of the most economically dynamic regions of Spain. The Catalan capital and largest city, Barcelona, is a major international cultural centre and a major tourist destination.

[edit] Languages

Main article: Languages of Catalonia
See also: Catalan language, Spanish language, and Occitan

Originating in the historic territory of Catalonia, Catalan is one of the three official languages and has enjoyed special status since the approval of the Statute of Autonomy of 1979 which declares it to be the "native language of Catalonia".[21] The other languages with official status are Spanish, which has official status throughout Spain, and Aranese, a dialect of Gascon Occitan spoken in the Aran Valley where it enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish.

Under the Franco dictatorship, Catalan was excluded from the state education system and all other official and public use, so that for example families were not allowed to officially register children with Catalan names.[22] During the 1940s the use of Catalan was restricted to private conversations, and the publication of books in Catalan was forbidden. Rural-urban migration originating in other parts of Spain also reduced the social use of the language in urban areas, while increasing the use of Spanish. Lately, a similar sociolinguistic phenomenon has occurred with foreign immigration. From the 1950s onwards, restrictions were relaxed, and some publishing houses were allowed to publish books in Catalan. Subsequently, Catalan cultural activity increased in the 1960s and Catalan classes began thanks to the initiative of associations such as Òmnium Cultural.

After the end of Franco's dictatorship, the newly established self-governing democratic institutions in Catalonia embarked on a long-term language policy to increase the use of Catalan[23] and has, since 1983, enforced laws which attempt to protect, and extend, the use of Catalan. Some groups consider these efforts a way to discourage the use of Spanish,[24][25][26][27] while some others, including the Catalan government[28] and the European Union[29] consider the policies respectful,[30] or even as an example which "should be disseminated throughout the Union".[31] Recently, some of these policies have been criticized for trying to promote Catalan by imposing fines on businesses; such as the law on Catalan Cinemas which was enforced in March 2010 which establishes that half of the movies shown in Catalan Cinemas has to be in Catalan Language, a general strike of 75% of the Cinemas followed the enforcement of the law.[32] The United Nations Human Rights Committee ruled in 1993 against similar policies in Quebec stating that "A State may choose one or more official languages but it may not exclude outside the spheres of public life, the freedom to express oneself in a certain language".[33]

Today, Catalan is the main language of the Catalan autonomous government and the other public institutions that fall under its jurisdiction. Basic public education is given in Catalan except for two hours per week of Spanish medium instruction. Businesses are required to display all information (e.g. menus, posters) at least in Catalan under penalty of fines; there is no obligation to display this information in either Occitan or Spanish, although there is no restriction on doing so in these or other languages and this is often done, in particular in Spanish. The use of fines was introduced in a 1997 linguistic law[34] that aims to increase the use of Catalan. The law ensures that both Catalan and Spanish – being official languages – can be used by the citizens without prejudice in all public and private activities,[35] but primary education can only be taken in Catalan language. The Generalitat uses Catalan in its communications and notifications addressed to the general population, but citizens can also receive information from the Generalitat in Spanish if they so desire.[36]

According to the most recent linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia as of 2009, a plurality claims Spanish as "their own language" (37.26% Catalan compared to 46.53% Spanish). In everyday use, 11,95% of the population claim to use both languages equally, while 35,54% use mainly Catalan and 45,92% use mainly Spanish.[37]

Also, starting with the Statute of Autonomy of 1979, Aranese (a dialect of Gascon Occitan) has been official and subject to special protection in the Aran Valley. This small area of 7,000 inhabitants was the only place where a dialect of Occitan has received full official status. Then, on 9 August 2006, when the new Statute came into force, Occitan became official throughout Catalonia.

Due to the intense immigration which Spain in general and Catalonia in particular experienced in the first decade of the twentyfirst century, many foreign languages are spoken in various cultural communities in Catalonia, of which Riff Berber,[38] Moroccan Arabic, Romanian[citation needed] and Urdu are the more common.[39]

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of Spain

[40] The distribution of sectors is as follows:

In 2008 the regional GDP of Catalonia was €216.9 billion ($314.4 billion) and per capita GDP was €30,700 – similar to that of countries such as the United Kingdom or Austria. However, it had the fourth per capita GDP in Spain, considerably behind the Basque Country (€34,100), Madrid (autonomous community) (€34,100) and Navarra (€32,900).[41][42] In that year, the GDP growth was 3.7%[43]. In the context of the 2008 financial crisis, Catalonia is expected to suffer a recession amounting to almost a 2% contraction of its regional GDP in 2009[44]

The main tourist destinations in Catalonia are the city of Barcelona, the beaches of the Costa Brava in Girona and the Costa Daurada in Tarragona. In the Pyrenees there are several ski resorts.

Many savings banks are based in Catalonia: 10 of the 46 Spanish savings banks are Catalan and "La Caixa" is Europe's premier savings bank [45] The first private bank in Catalonia is Banc Sabadell, now fourth of the Spanish private banks.[46]

The stock market of Barcelona, which in 2004 traded almost €205,000 million[citation needed], is the second largest of Spain after Madrid, and Fira de Barcelona organizes international exhibitions and congresses to do with different sectors of the economy.

The main economic cost for the Catalan families is the purchase of a home. According to data from the Society of Appraisal on the 31 December 2005 Catalonia is, after Madrid, the second most expensive region in Spain for housing: 3,397 €/m² on average(See Spanish property bubble).

[edit] Politics

Main articles: Politics of Catalonia and Politics of Spain

After Franco's death in 1975 and the adoption of a democratic constitution in Spain in 1978, Catalonia recovered, and extended, the powers that it had gained in the statute of autonomy of 1932[47] but lost with the fall of the Second Spanish Republic[48] at the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939.

The region has gradually achieved more autonomy since 1979. The Generalitat holds exclusive jurisdiction in culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local government, and shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government in education, health and justice.[49]

There is some nationalist sentiment among the population of Catalonia,[50] which ranges from the desire for independence from Spain expressed by Catalan separatists,[50] to a more general demand for further autonomy.[50] The first survey following the Constitutional Court ruling that cut back elements of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy, published by La Vanguardia on July 18, 2010, found that a majority would support independence in a referendum.[51] In dozens of non-binding local referenda on independence, organised across the country from 13 September 2009, a large majority voted for independence, although critics argued that the polls were mostly held in pro-independence areas. As of December 2009, 94% of those voting backed independence from Spain, on a turn out of 25%.[52] The final local referendum is planned for Barcelona, in April 2011.

[edit] Government and Law

Main article: Generalitat de Catalunya
Girona

The Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia is the fundamental organic law, second only to the Spanish Constitution from which the Statute originates. The Catalan Statute of Autonomy establishes that Catalonia is organized politically through the Generalitat de Catalunya, conformed by the Parliament, the Presidency of the Generalitat, the Government or Executive Council and the other institutions created by the Parliament.

The seat of the Executive Council is the city of Barcelona. Since the restoration of the Generalitat on the return of democracy in Spain, the presidents of Catalonia have been Jordi Pujol (1980–2003), Pasqual Maragall (2003–2006) and José Montilla Aguilera, incumbent as of 2009.

Catalonia is divided into four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona, which are subdivided into comarques (roughly equivalent to counties), and further into local municipalities.

[edit] Security forces

Catalonia has its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra, whose origins date back to the eighteenth century. Since 1980 they have been under the command of the Generalitat, and since 1994 they have expanded in number in order to replace the national Guardia Civil and Policía Nacional, which report directly to the Homeland Department of Spain. The national bodies retain personnel within Catalonia to exercise functions of national scope such as overseeing ports, airports, coasts, international borders, custom offices, the identification of documents and arms control amongst others.

Most of the justice system is administered by national judicial institutions. The criminal justice system is uniform throughout Spain, while "civil law" is administered separately within Catalonia.[53]

After Navarre and the Basque Country, Catalonia is the Spanish region with the highest degree of autonomy in terms of law enforcement.

[edit] Administrative and territorial division

Catalonia is organized territorially into provinces. The 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia establishes the administrative organization of three local authorities: municipalities, comarques and vegueries.

[edit] Provinces

Catalonia is divided administratively into four provinces, the governing body of which is the Diputació. The four provinces and its population are:[54]

[edit] Municipalities

There are at present 946 municipalities in Catalonia.

Ranking Municipality Comarca Population[55]
1 Escut de Barcelona.svg Barcelona Barcelonès 1,621,537
2 Spain.Hospitalet.de.Llobregat.Escudo.svg L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelonès 257,038
3 Escut de Badalona.svg Badalona Barcelonès 219,547
4 Escut de Terrassa.svg Terrassa Vallès Occidental 210,941
5 Escut de Sabadell.svg Sabadell Vallès Occidental 206,493
6 Escut de Tarragona.svg Tarragona Tarragonès 140,323
7 Escudo de Lérida.svg Lleida Segrià 135,919
8 Escut de Mataró.svg Mataró Maresme 121,722
9 Escudo Santa Coloma de Gramanet.jpg Santa Coloma de Gramenet Barcelonès 119,717
10 Ct reus-emblem.gif Reus Baix Camp 107,118

[edit] Comarques

Comarques are entities composed by the municipalities to manage their responsibilities and services. The current regional division has its roots in a decree of the Generalitat de Catalunya of 1936 in effect until 1939 when it suppressed by Franco. In 1987 the Government adopted the territorial division again in 1988 and three new comarques were added (Alta Ribagorça, Pla d'Urgell i Pla de l'Estany). At present there are 41.

The comarca of Val d'Aran has a special status and its autonomous government is named Conselh Generau d'Aran.[56]

[edit] Vegueries

Vegueria is a new division defined as a specific territorial area for the exercise of government and inter-local cooperation with legal personality.

[edit] Other divisions

The territorial plan of Catalonia (Pla territorial general de Catalunya) provided six general functional areas,[57] but was amended by Law 24/2001, of December 31, recognizing the Alt Pirineu i Aran as a new functional area differentiated of Ponent.[58] On 14 July 2010 the Catalan Parliament approved the creation of the functional area of the Penedès.[59]

[edit] Demographics

Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² with an official population of 7,354,411 (2008) from which non Spanish immigrants represent an estimated 12.3%.[60][61]

The Urban Region of Barcelona includes 5,217,864 people and covers an area of 2.268 km² and about 1.7 million people live in a radius of 15 km from Barcelona. The metropolitan area of the Urban Region includes cities like l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Cornellà de Llobregat.

In 1900 the population of Catalonia was 1,984,115 people and in 1970 it was 5,107,606.[62] That increase was produced due to the demographic boom produced in Spain during the 60s and early 70s and also due to the large-scale internal migration produced from the rural interior of Spain to its industrial cities. In Catalonia that wave of internal migration arrived from several regions of Spain, especially Andalusia, Murcia and Extremadura.

Immigration from other countries settled down in Catalonia in the 1990s and 2000s, a large percentage came from Africa and Latin America, and smaller numbers from Asia and Eastern Europe, often settle in urban centers such as Barcelona and industrial areas.[citation needed]

[edit] Transport

[edit] Airports

Airports in Catalonia are owned and operated either by Aena (a Spanish Government entity) or by Aeroports de Catalunya (an entity belonging to the Government of Catalonia).

[edit] Commercial and passenger ports

[edit] Roads

See also: List of autopistes and autovies in Catalonia

There are 12,000 km of roads throughout Catalonia.

The principal highway is AP-7 known also as Autopista del Mediterrani. It follows the coast from the French Border to Valencia, located south of Tarragona. The main roads generally radiate from Barcelona. The A-2 and AP-2 connect inland and onward to Madrid.

Other major roads are:

[edit] Railways

Catalonia saw the first railway construction in Iberian Peninsula in 1848, linking Barcelona with Mataró. Given the topography most lines radiate from Barcelona. The city has both suburban and inter-city services. The main east coast line runs through the province connecting with the SNCF (French Railways) at Portbou on the coast.

There are two publicly owned railway companies operating in Catalonia: the Catalan FGC and the Spanish national RENFE that operates Rodalies de Catalunya, MD, LD and High Speed services (AVE and Avant).

High speed AVE (Alta Velocidad Española) services from Madrid currently reach Lleida, Tarragona and Barcelona. The official opening between Barcelona and Madrid took place 20 February 2008. The journey between Barcelona and Madrid now takes about 2 and a half hours. Construction has commenced to extend the high speed line northwards to connect with the French high speed TGV network. This new line passes through Girona and there is a tunnel through the Pyrenees.

[edit] Symbols of Catalonia

Main article: Catalan symbols

Catalonia has its own representative and distinctive symbols such as:[63]

The flag of Catalonia

[edit] UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Catalonia

There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Catalonia:

Dalí Museum, Figueres

[edit] Popular culture

Main article: Traditions of Catalonia
Gegants and Capgrossos in la Seu d'Urgell festival

Castellers are one of the main manifestations of Catalan popular culture. The activity consists in constructing human towers by competing colles castelleres (teams). This practice originated in the southern part of Catalonia during the 18th century.

The sardana is the most characteristic Catalan popular dance, other groups also practice Ball de bastons, moixiganga or jota in the southern part. Musically the Havaneres are also characteristic in the marine localities of the Costa Brava specially during the summer months when these songs are sung outdoors accompanied by a cremat of burned rum. The rumba is a more prevalent dance style.

In the greater celebrations other elements of the Catalan popular culture are usually present: the parades of gegants (giants) and correfocs of devils and firecrackers. Another traditional celebration in Catalonia is La Patum de Berga declared oral and immaterial patrimony of the Humanity by UNESCO in the 25 November 2005.[67]

In addition to traditional local Catalan culture, traditions from other parts of Spain can be found as a result of migration from other regions. On July 28, 2010, Catalonia became the second Spanish region, after the Canary Islands, to forbid bullfighting. The ban, which will be effective as of January 1, 2012, had originated in a popular petition supported by over 180,000 signatures.[68]

Torre Agbar in Barcelona

[edit] See also

Main article: Outline of Catalonia

[edit] References

  1. ^ [1] (catalan)
  2. ^ Enciclopèdia Catalana online: Catalunya ("Geral de Cataluign, Raimundi Catalan and Arnal Catalan appear in 1107/1112") in Catalan
  3. ^ "La formació de Catalunya". Gencat.cat. http://www.gencat.cat/catalunya/eng/historia/historia2.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  4. ^ "Curiositats sobre Catalunya i el català". Neni.galeon.com. http://neni.galeon.com/aficiones1345631.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  5. ^ La Catalogne : son nom et ses limites historiques. Histoire de Roussillon.
  6. ^ Historia del nacionalismo catalán - Google Libros. Books.google.com. 2006-07-07. http://books.google.com/books?id=nUABAAAAMAAJ&q=gotholandia&dq=gotholandia&hl=es&pgis=1. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  7. ^ Bulke, Ulrich. (1900). A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic. Longman, Greens and Co. London, UK
  8. ^ El Misteri de la Paraula Cathalunya[dead link]
  9. ^ "First article of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalunya". Gencat.net. http://www.gencat.net/generalitat/eng/estatut/titol_preliminar.htm#a1. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  10. ^ Constitución Española, Título Preliminar[dead link]
  11. ^ Europa Press/Madrid (1997-12-01). "Admitidos los recursos de Aragón, Valencia y Baleares contra el Estatuto catalán.". Hoy.es. http://www.hoy.es/prensa/20061115/nacional/admitidos-recursos-aragon-valencia_20061115.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  12. ^ El País (2010-06-29). "Cuatro años de encarnizada batalla política.". El País. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/anos/encarnizada/batalla/politica/elpepuesp/20100416elpepunac_26/Tes. Retrieved 2010-06-29. 
  13. ^ "Ni un retoque en 74 artículos recurridos". El País. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/retoque/74/articulos/recurridos/elpepunac/20100629elpepinac_4/Tes. Retrieved 2010-06-29. 
  14. ^ Catalonia 'is not a nation' 10 July 2010
  15. ^ Is Catalonia a nation or a nationality, or is Spain the only nation in Spain?
  16. ^ Catalonia can call itself a 'nation', rules Spain's top court 29 Jun 2010
  17. ^ A nationality, not a nation Jul 1st 2010
  18. ^ John Huxtable Elliott (1984). The revolt of the Catalans: a study in the decline of Spain (1598-1640). Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0521278902. http://books.google.cz/books?id=X2Hf-crzPjUC&pg=PA26&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
  19. ^ Marc Howard Ross, "Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict", page 139. Cambridge University Press, 2007
  20. ^ The Resurgence of Catalan Earl W. Thomas Hispania, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 43-48 doi:10.2307/337523
  21. ^ "Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (Article 6)". Gencat.cat. http://www.gencat.cat/generalitat/eng/estatut/titol_preliminar.htm#a6. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  22. ^ Joan Miralles i Monserrat, Josep Massot i Muntaner (2001), "Entorn de la història de la llengua" (Environment of History of Language), Ed. by Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, ISBN 84-8415-309-6, p. 72.
  23. ^ Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=li0Fmtfxd6kC&pg=PA64&ots=wZKdr8Yxeq&dq=linguistic+policy+Catalonia&sig=_XXKHeB8_QEDLJDSTjLGsPrlLYE. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  24. ^ Belen Parra (2008-06-05). "Diario El Mundo, Spanish Only". Medios.mugak.eu. http://medios.mugak.eu/noticias/noticia/150764. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  25. ^ "Diario El Imparcial, Spanish Only". Elimparcial.es. 2008-07-26. http://www.elimparcial.es/contenido/19605.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  26. ^ "Diario Periodista Digital, Spanish Only". Blogs.periodistadigital.com. http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/ultimahora.php/2006/06/17/llaman_lputo_inmigrante_espanolr_al_padr. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  27. ^ "Diario Periodista Digital, Spanish Only". Blogs.periodistadigital.com. http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/ultimahora.php/2006/02/02/la_justicia_obliga_a_una_escuela_de_bada. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  28. ^ Page 13: Catalan Deputy of Education Ernest Maragall declares respect from the Catalan Government to Spanish language and to everyone's rights. Catalan only
  29. ^ EU takes Basque Country, Galicia, Catalonia and Valencia as examples of bilingualism.[dead link]
  30. ^ The President Montilla promises to look after the use and respect both for Spanish and Catalan languages.
  31. ^ "High Level Group on Multilingualism - Final Report: from the Commission of the European Communities in which Catalan immersion is taken as an example which "should be disseminated throughout the Union" (page 18)." (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/publ/pdf/language/highreport_en.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  32. ^ by Louis @ (2010-03-25). "Cinema law: rude case to not dub and subtitle all films in Catalan". Cafebabel.co.uk. http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/32923/catalan-cinema-dubbing-protest-law.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  33. ^ Quebec Language Laws Bill 101, CBC News Online, March 30, 2005
  34. ^ "Catalonia's linguistic law". 0.gencat.cat. http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.df5fba67cac781e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d287f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d287f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=en_GB. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  35. ^ "Second article of Catalonia's linguistic law". 0.gencat.cat. http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.21576464db9e81e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d287f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d287f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=detall&contentid=bc1f657030672110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  36. ^ "Ninth article of Catalonia's Linguistic Law". 0.gencat.cat. http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.21576464db9e81e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d287f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d287f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=detall&contentid=7368c3eea7672110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  37. ^ "Idescat. Dades demogràfiques i de qualitat de vida". Idescat.cat. http://www.idescat.cat/dequavi/?TC=444&V0=15&V1=2. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  38. ^ "Ràdio Catalunya - EL 80% DELS MARROQUINS QUE VIUEN A CATALUNYA SÓN BERBERS I PARLEN AMAZIC". Radiocatalunya.ca. 2001-03-19. http://www.radiocatalunya.ca/noticia/1612/. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  39. ^ "Árabe y urdu aparecen entre las lenguas habituales de Catalunya, creando peligro de guetos.". Europapress.es. 2009-06-29. http://www.europapress.es/cultura/noticia-catalunya-arabe-urdu-aparecen-lenguas-habituales-catalunya-creando-peligro-guetos-20090629150020.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  40. ^ "Structural Funds programmes in region Cataluña - (2000-2006)" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/atlas/spain/factsheets/pdf/fact_es51_en.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  41. ^ [2] CIDEM
  42. ^ Madrid, con una renta de 28.850 euros por habitante, se sitúa más de un 30 por ciento por encima de la media nacional Madrid tiene el PIB per cápita más alto de España
  43. ^ [3] CIDEM
  44. ^ "BBVA no descarta que la economía catalana caiga un 2% · ELPAÍS.com". Elpais.com. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/BBVA/descarta/economia/catalana/caiga/elpepuespcat/20090114elpepueco_7/Tes. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  45. ^ "Ranking of Savings Banks" (PDF). http://www.pdf.lacaixa.comunicacions.com/im/esp/199507rkg_esp.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  46. ^ Profile of "Banc Sabadell" in Euroinvestor
  47. ^ "Beginnings of the autonomous regime, 1918-1932". Gencat.net. http://www.gencat.net/generalitat/eng/guia/antecedents/antecedents15.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  48. ^ "The republican Government of Catalonia, 1931-1939". Gencat.net. http://www.gencat.net/generalitat/eng/guia/antecedents/antecedents16.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  49. ^ "Title IV. Powers (articles 110-173)of the 2006 Statute". Gencat.cat. http://www.gencat.cat/generalitat/eng/estatut/titol_4.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  50. ^ a b c "CIS Poll covering, among others, nationalist opinions". Cis.es. http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Marginales/2400_2419/2410/e241000.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  51. ^ "La Vanguardia poll". http://www.lavanguardia.es/politica/noticias/20100718/53967434806/el-fallo-del-tc-catapulta-el-respaldo-a-la-independencia-que-roza-el-50.html. 
  52. ^ "Spain's Catalonia region in symbolic independence vote". BBC News. 2009-12-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8410730.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  53. ^ "Legislació civil catalana". Civil.udg.es. 2006-07-20. http://civil.udg.es/normacivil/catalunya.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  54. ^ "Padró municipal d'habitants. Xifres Oficials. Recomptes. Any 2010". idescat. http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=5&V1=08&V3=863&V4=435&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=1&GERMANS=TRUE&CTX=B. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
  55. ^ Actualització INE 2009
  56. ^ "Ley 16/1990, de 13 de julio, sobre el régimen especial del Valle de Arán.". Noticias Jurídicas. http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/ca-l16-1990.html#. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
  57. ^ "Pla territorial general de Catalunya". Generalitat de Catalunya. http://www10.gencat.net/ptop/AppJava/cat/plans/general/ptgeneral.jsp. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
  58. ^ Aprovació del Pla territorial parcial de l'Alt Pirineu i Aran
  59. ^ "El Parlament reconeix l'àmbit funcional del Penedès". Avui. 15 de juliol del 2010. http://avui.elpunt.cat/noticia/article/3-politica/17-politica/195270.html. 
  60. ^ "Catalunya arriba a set milions d'habitants", Diari El Punt.
  61. ^ "Catalans grapple with migrant influx", BBC News. 3 January 2007
  62. ^ http://www15.gencat.net/pres_catalunya_dades/AppPHP/cat/poblacio.htm (Catalan)
  63. ^ "Statute of Catalonia (Article 8)". Gencat.net. http://www.gencat.net/generalitat/eng/estatut/titol_preliminar.htm#a8. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  64. ^ "Law 1/1980 where the Parlamient of Catalonia declares that 11th of September is the National Day of Catalonia". Noticias.juridicas.com. http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/ca-l1-1980.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  65. ^ "Law 1/1993 National Anthem of Catalonia". Noticias.juridicas.com. http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/CCAA/ca-l1-1993.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  66. ^ Law 1/1993 in the BOE
  67. ^ Patum de Berga[dead link]
  68. ^ The Press Association: Catalonia votes to ban bullfighting, 28 July 2010

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Catalonia
v • d • e
Catalan-speaking regions
Catalan as the only official language Catalan in Europe.png
Catalan as co-official language
Balearic Islands · Catalonia · Alghero · Valencia (as Valencian)
Catalan as co-official language only
recognized by the departmental government
Spoken without official status
v • d • e
Autonomies of Spain
Flag of Spain
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages