Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية
Al-Jumhūrīyya al-`Arabīyya aṣ-Ṣaḥrāwīyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyya República Árabe Saharaui Democrática |
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| Motto: حرية ديمقراطية وحدة (Arabic) "Liberty, Democracy, Unity" |
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| Anthem: Yābaniy Es-Saharā listen |
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 Territory claimed by the SADR, viz. Western Sahara. The majority (marked green) is currently administered by Morocco; the remainder (yellow) is named the Free Zone & administered by the SADR.
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| Capital | El Aaiún[1] (under Moroccan administration) Bir Lehlou (temporary capital) Tindouf Camps (de facto) Tifariti (proposed new provisional capital)[2][3] |
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| Official language(s) | Arabic, Spanish | |||
| Demonym | Sahrawi | |||
| Government | Nominal republic1 | |||
| - | President | Mohamed Abdelaziz | ||
| - | Prime Minister | Abdelkader Taleb Oumar | ||
| Disputed | with Morocco | |||
| - | Western Sahara relinquished by Spain |
November 14, 1975 |
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| - | SADR proclaimed | February 27, 1976 | ||
| Area | ||||
| - | Total | 266,0002 km2 (83rd) 102,7032 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | negligible | ||
| Population | ||||
| - | July 2004 estimate | 267 405 (182nd) | ||
| - | Density | 1.3/km2 (228th) 3.4/sq mi |
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| Time zone | UTC (UTC+0) | |||
| Internet TLD | none3 | |||
| 1 The SADR government is situated in Tindouf, Algeria. They control the area east of the Moroccan Wall in Western Sahara which they label the Free Zone. Bir Lehlou is within this area. 2 Area of the whole territory of (Western Sahara) claimed by SADR. 3 .eh reserved. |
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| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |
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The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية, Spanish: República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (RASD)) is a partially recognised state that claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony. SADR was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on February 27, 1976 in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. The SADR government currently controls about 20-25% of the territory it claims[4]. It calls the territories under its control the Liberated Territories or the Free Zone. Morocco controls and administers the rest of the disputed territory and calls these lands its Southern Provinces. The SADR government considers the Moroccan-held territory occupied territory, while Morocco considers the much smaller SADR held territory to be a buffer zone.[citation needed]
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[edit] History
Following the Spanish evacuation of Spanish Sahara, Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania signed the Madrid Accords, leading to both Morocco and Mauritania moving in to annex the territory of Western Sahara. Neither state gained international recognition and war ensued with the independence-seeking Polisario Front, claiming to represent the Sahrawi people. The creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was announced in Bir Lehlou in Western Sahara on February 27, 1976, as the Polisario declared the need for a new entity to fill what they considered a political void left by the departing Spanish colonisers. Bir Lehlou remained in Polisario-held territory under the 1991 cease-fire (see Settlement Plan) and has remained the government in exile's symbolic capital[citation needed] of the exiled republic, while Polisario continues to claim the Moroccan held city of El Aaiún, as the capital of a would-be independent Western Sahara. Day-to-day business is, however, conducted in the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, which house most of the Sahrawi exile community.
[edit] Government structure
The highest office of the republic is the President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, now Mohammed Abdelaziz, who appoints the Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, now Abdelkader Taleb Oumar. The SADR's government structure consists of a Council of Ministers (a cabinet led by the Prime Minister), a judicial branch (with judges appointed by the President) and the parliamentary Sahrawi National Council (SNC, present speaker is Kathri Aduh). Since its inception in 1976, the various constitutional revisions has transformed the republic from an ad hoc managerial structure into something approaching an actual governing apparatus. From the late 1980s the parliament began to take steps to institute a division of powers and disentangle the republic's structures from those of the Polisario party, although without clear effect to date.
Its various ministries are responsible for a variety of services and functions. The judiciary, complete with trial courts, appeals courts and a supreme court, operates in the same areas. As a government-in-exile, many branches of government do not fully function, and has affected the constitutional roles of the institutions. Institutions parallel to government structures also have arisen within the Polisario Front, which is fused with the SADR's governing apparatus, and with operational competences overlapping between these party and governmental institutions and offices.
The SNC is presently weak in its legislative role, having been instituted as a mainly consultative and consensus-building institution, but it has strengthened its theoretical legislative and controlling powers during later constitutional revisions. Among other things, it has added a ban on the death penalty to the constitution, and brought down the government in 1999 through a vote of no-confidence.
[edit] Legislative branch
| Party | Seats |
|---|---|
| Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro | 101 |
| Total | 101 |
[edit] Area of authority
The SADR acts as a government administration in the Sahrawi refugee camps located in the Tindouf Province of western Algeria. It is headquartered in Camp Rabouni, south of Tindouf, although some official events have taken place on Western Saharan territory in the provisional capital of Bir Lehlou, Tifariti and other cities in Polisario controlled territories. Effective independence is unclear with Polisario and Algerian authorities claiming Algerian authorities respect the autonomy of the government in exile, and stay outside the Sahrawi refugee camps. This however is disputed by former members of Polisario and questioned by outside observers[citation needed]. Several foreign aid agencies, including the UNHCR, are continually active in the camps.
[edit] Constitution and characteristics
A new 1999 Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic took a form similar to parliamentary constitutions of many European states, but with some paragraphs suspended until the achievement of "full independence". Among key points, the head of state is constitutionally the Secretary General of the Polisario Front during what is referred to as the "pre-independence phase," with provision in the constitution that on independence, Polisario is supposed to be dismantled or separated completely from the government structure. Provisions are detailed for a transitory phase beginning with independence, in which the present SADR is supposed to act as Western Sahara's government, ending with a constitutional reform and eventual establishment of a state along the lines specified in the constitution.
The broad guidelines laid down for an eventual Western Saharan state in the constitution include eventual multi-party democracy with a market economy. The constitution also defines Sahrawis as a Muslim, African and Arab people,[5] The Arabic language is prescribed as the sole official language of the SADR.[6] The Constitution also declares a commitment to the principles of human rights and to the concept of a Greater Maghreb, as a regional variant of Pan-Arabism.
[edit] International recognition and membership
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is currently recognised as a sovereign representative of Western Sahara by eighty-one states, mostly African and other governments in the developing world. Twenty-two states have withdrawn their former recognition, and twelve have "frozen" their diplomatic relations with the republic pending the outcome of the UN referendum. Sahrawi embassies exist in fifteen states. On the other hand, Moroccan territorial integrity, apparently meaning including Western Sahara, is explicitly recognized by the Arab League[7][8] and by twenty-five states[citation needed].
Although it has no recognition from the United Nations, the republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU, formerly the Organisation of African Unity, OAU) since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remains the only African nation not within the AU since South Africa's admittance in 1994. The SADR is also a member of the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian-African Conference[9], over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[10]
In 2006, the SADR participated in a conference of the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean (COPPAL)[11].
In 2010, the SADR ambassador to Nicaragua participated in the opening conference of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN)[12]
The SADR is not a member of the Arab League, nor of the Arab Maghreb Union, both of which include Morocco as a full member.
[edit] A Western Sahara Authority?
In the most recent peace plan, the UN-endorsed Baker Plan, created by James Baker, former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan's personal envoy to Western Sahara, the SADR would have been replaced with a five-year transitional Western Sahara Authority (WSA), a non-sovereign autonomous region supervised by Morocco, to be followed by a referendum on independence. However, as Morocco has declined to participate, the plan appears dead.
In April 2007 the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the United Nations Security Council in mid-April 2007. A stalemate over the Moroccan proposal led the UN in an April 2007 "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.[13]
[edit] Foreign recognition
[edit] National holidays
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| Date | Name | Original event / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| February 27 | Independence Day | Proclamation of the SADR in Bir Lehlou, 1976 |
| May 10 | Foundation of the Polisario Front | Founded 1973 |
| May 20 | May 20 Revolution | Start of the armed struggle against Spain in 1973 |
| June 5 | Day of the Disappeared | Remembering missing Sahrawis |
| June 9 | Day of the Martyrs | Day on which El-Ouali died in 1976 |
| June 17 | Zemla Intifada | Harakat Tahrir riots in El-Aaiun, 1970 |
| October 12 | Day of National Unity | Celebrating the Ain Ben Tili Conference, 1975 |
[edit] Islamic dates
Dates kept according to the lunar Islamic calendar.
| Date | Name | Observance |
|---|---|---|
| Dhul Hijja 10 | Eid al-Adha | Sacrifice feast |
| Shawwal 1 | Eid al-Fitr | End of Ramadan |
| Rabi`-ul-Awwal 12 | Mawlid | Birthday of Muhammad |
[edit] See also
- Moroccan Wall
- List of cities in Western Sahara
- Elections in Western Sahara
- Politics of Western Sahara
- Polisario Front
- Legal status of Western Sahara
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[edit] References
- ^ Article 4 of the Sahrawi constitution.
- ^ "Western Sahara: Polisario Front Continues Destruction of Its Aantipersonnel Landmine Stockpile and Clearance of Cluster Submunitions". Common Dreams. 2008-06-26. http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0616-10.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ Torquemada, Jesus (2008-06-23). "The Referee Rules in Favor of Morocco". http://www.eitb24.com/new/en/B24_102875/world-news/NEWS-ANALYSIS-The-referee-rules-in-favor-of-Morocco/. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ Cuadro de zonas de división del Sáhara Occidental (Spanish)
- ^ Article 6 of the Sahrawi constitution. Article 2 prescribes that “Islam is the state religion and source of law”.
- ^ Article 4:La langue arabe est la langue nationale officielle.
- ^ "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabic News. 1999-01-08. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990108/1999010849.html. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps". Arabic News. 1998-12-17. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation (2006-09-01). "Asia-Afro partnership meeting kicked off today" (in English). South African Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,134138,00.html. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
- ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation (2006-09-02). "Moroccan objections taint Asian-Africa meeting" (in English). South African Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0,2172,134161,00.html. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
- ^ Prensa Latina (2006-09-11). "LatAm, Caribbean Parties in Nicaragua" (in English). Prensa Latina. http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B943864EE-C2AE-4E93-9B70-56F6B144C30A%7D&language=EN. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
- ^ "Saharawi Ambassador to Nicaragua participates in meetings of PARLACEN". SPS. 01-07-2010. http://www.spsrasd.info/en/detail.php?id=12254. Retrieved 02-07-2010.
- ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara". UN Security Council. 13 April 2007. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/299/28/PDF/N0729928.pdf?OpenElement. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
[edit] External links
- Official SADR pages
- (Arabic) "Official Website of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". http://www.rasdstate.info.
- (Arabic)(English)(French)(Spanish) Sahara Press Service (SPS) (official SADR press agency)
- (Spanish) RASD TV (official TV channel)
- (Arabic) SADR National Radio (official radio channel)
- (English) SADR Oil & Gas 2005 (SADR oil and gas licensing offer)
- (Spanish) Sahara salud (dependency of the Health ministry of the SADR)
- Other
