Goiânia

Goiânia
—  Municipality  —
The Municipality of Goiânia
Skyline of Goiânia
Flag Seal
Location of Goiânia
Goiânia Location in Brazil
Coordinates: 16°40′00″S 49°15′00″W / 16.6666667°S 49.25°W / -16.6666667; -49.25Coordinates: 16°40′00″S 49°15′00″W / 16.6666667°S 49.25°W / -16.6666667; -49.25
Country	Brazil
Region	Central-West
State	Goiás
Founded	October 24, 1933
Government
- Mayor	Paulo de Siqueira Garcia (PT)
Area
- Municipality	789 km2 (304.6 sq mi)
- Metro	739 km2 (285.3 sq mi)
Elevation	749 m (2,457 ft)
Population (2009)
- Municipality	1,281,975 (13th)
- Density	1,604/km2 (4,154.3/sq mi)
- Metro	2,102,097
Time zone	UTC-3 (UTC-3)
- Summer (DST)	UTC-2 (UTC-2)
Postal Code	74000-000
Area code(s)	+55 62
HDI (2000)	0.832 – high
Website	Goiânia, Goiás

Goiânia (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɡɔɪˈɑːniə])^[1] is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Goiás. With a population of 1,281,975,^[2] it is the second-largest city in the Central-Western Region and the 13th-largest in the country. Its metropolitan area has a total population of 2,063,744, making it the 11th-largest in Brazil.

Goiânia is a planned city founded on October 24, 1933 by then Governor Pedro Ludovico to serve as the new state capital and administrative center. Prior to this date, the state capital was the town of Goiás. Goiânia has the largest green area per inhabitant in Brazil, and is second only to Edmonton in the world.^[3][4]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Art deco 1.2 Radiation incident 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Vegetation 3 Economy 3.1 Economic inequality 4 Education 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transportation 5.1.1 Road 5.1.2 Rail 5.1.3 Public Transportation 5.1.3.1 The new contract 5.2 National Airport 5.3 Security 6 Green areas 6.1 Parque Zoológico 6.2 Burití's Park 6.3 Vaca Brava Park 6.4 Areião Park 6.5 Cobra Veiga—center for snake research 7 Leisure 7.1 Sports 7.2 Museums 7.3 Rock Scene 8 Health 8.1 Health data 9 Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index 10 References 11 External links

[edit] History

The idea of creating a new state capital had been bounced around from early on in the history of the state of Goiás. The first plan came from D. Marcos de Noronha who in 1753 wanted to establish the state capital in the municipality of Pirenópolis, then again in 1863 José Vieira Couto de Magalhães put forward a plan to move the capital to the edge of the river Araguaia.

The impetus behind the efforts to move the state capital was the need to locate it in accordance with the economic interests of the state. The first state capital, Vila Boa (today City of Goiás), had been chosen when the economy was based on gold extraction. Later, when cattle-raising and agriculture came to dominate the state's development, the old state capital was considered remote.

Legislators kept the idea of a change alive for a long time. In 1891, the constitutional delegates made the idea of the transfer of the capital official, including it in the constitution, ratifying it in 1898 and again in 1918.

Vaguely remembered until 1930, the idea of change became a reality during the government of Pedro Ludovico, who was the new governor appointed for the state of Goiás after the military revolt of 1930. In 1932, a commission was created to choose the place where the new capital would be built. In 1933 the commission decided on the present location and the foundation stone was laid.

The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas.

In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to Goiânia. The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.

The name, Goiânia, came about in 1933 after a contest was held by a local newspaper. Readers from all over the state contributed, with some of the most popular names being Petrônia, Americana, Petrolândia, Goianópolis, Goiânia, Bartolomeu Bueno, Campanha, Eldorado, Anhanguera, Liberdade, Goianésia, and Pátria Nova, among others. In 1935 Pedro Ludovico used the name Goiânia for the first time, signing a decree creating the municipio of Goiânia.

[edit] Art deco

The first buildings in this planned city, designed by Atílio Correia Lima, were inspired by Art Deco. The collection of buildings in the city is considered the largest in the world. Mostly built in the 1940s and 1950s they have been recognized by the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage. Included are 22 buildings and monuments, the original center of Goiânia, and the pioneering nucleus of Campinas, the town that gave birth to Goiânia.

[edit] Radiation incident

On September 13, 1987, an old medical radiation source was scavenged from an abandoned hospital in Goiânia, causing several deaths and many non-fatal cases of radiation poisoning.^[5] Several city blocks had to be demolished due to the contamination.^[5]

[edit] Geography

Goiania
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     270   29 20     213   29 20     209   30 20     120   30 19     36   29 16     9   29 14     6   29 13     13   31 15     47   32 18     171   31 20     220   30 20     258   29 20 average max. and min. temperatures in °C precipitation totals in mm source: [11]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     11   85 67     8.4   85 67     8.2   86 67     4.7   86 65     1.4   84 61     0.4   84 57     0.2   84 56     0.5   88 59     1.9   89 65     6.7   88 67     8.7   86 67     10   84 67 average max. and min. temperatures in °F precipitation totals in inches

[edit] Climate

The city has a tropical wet and dry climate with an average temperature of 21.9 °C (71.4 °F). There's a wet season, from October to April, and a dry one, from May to September. Annual rainfall is around 1,520 mm.

The lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5 °C (32.9 °F)^[6] on July 18, 2000, in the suburbs. 1.2 °C (34.2 °F)^[7] was the lowest recorded downtown, in July 9, 1938. However, such lows are very rare. Temperatures may fall below 8 °C (46 °F) every winter, mainly in the suburbs. The highest temperature ever recorded was 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) on October 17, 2007.

[edit] Vegetation

The "cerrado" landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where the water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils. More than 1600 species of mammals, birds and reptiles have been identified in the cerrado ("Cerrado's Fauna", Costa et al., 1981), including 180 reptile species, 113 amphibians, 837 birds and 195 mammals (WWF). Among the invertebrates, the most notable are the termites and the leaf-cutter ants ("saúvas"). They are the main herbivores of the cerrado, important to consuming and decomposing of organic matter, as well as constituting an important food source to many other animal species.

[edit] Economy

While Goiânia's economy today is based on a variety of industries, the local economy's roots are found in the agricultural industry thriving in and around the city. The supply of agricultural equipment, tools, fertilizer and various other products make up a large portion of the city's economic activity.

Second to agriculture is the vehicle sales and service industry. Repairs, sales and reconditioning of vehicles are widespread and visible in all areas of the city.

The third largest contributor to the economy is the governmental sector. As Goiânia is the state capital of Goiás, it is home to many federal and state governmental agencies that provide a large number of jobs to the population.

In recent years, modern telecommunications, along with its supporting industry, has begun to expand into Goiânia, and many large Brazilian companies have established offices in the city.

In addition, due to Goiânia being the state capital, it is home to countless private medical centers/clinics of all kinds.

In 2005, the GDP of the city was R$ 13,354,065,000.^[8]

In the same year, the per capita income for the city was R$ 11,119.^[9]

[edit] Economic inequality

According to the 2008-2009 State of the World's Cities report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Goiânia has the largest economic inequality index among the nineteen Latin American cities analyzed.^[10] Its Gini index is 65, while the goal for UN-Habitat is 40.^[10] Goiânia follows a state trend, since Goiás reached its highest economic inequality index for the past decade in 2005.^[10] Both the state and its capital, however, do not follow the national trend, once Brazil has reached an all time low inequality index in the past five years.^[10] According to Cecília Martinez, director of UN-HABITAT's regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean, this happens because "public policies prioritize the richest areas in the city".^[10] According to her, there is a lack of "orderly planning" and "clear policies" to foster the development of poorer areas.^[10]

For the 2010-2011 report, Goiânia remained as the most economically unequal city of Latin America, with a Gini index above 60.^[11][12] Among all cities in the world analyzed by the UN-Habitat, Goiânia loses only to Buffalo City, Johannesburg, and Ekurhuleni, all of them in South Africa.^[11][12]

[edit] Education

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools, with English and Spanish part of the official high school curriculum.

• Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG);
• Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-GO);
• Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG);
• Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - official site (IFG);
• and many others.

[edit] Infrastructure

[edit] Transportation

[edit] Road

Goiânia is connected to the federal capital, Brasília, via a four-lane highway (BR-060), and to São Paulo via a two-lane highway (BR-153, which is being expanded to four lanes). The state of Goiás maintains the main artery roads (marked GO-xx) in and out of the capital, which are typically two-lane roads.

As Goiânia was a planned city when first created, one will find that the downtown cores (Setores Central/Oeste/Sul) are relatively easy to navigate. Due to poor urban planning, newer areas of the city are extremely difficult to navigate, and access to main routes is limited, adding to traffic congestion in the suburbs. Most roads in the city are in a serious state of disrepair due to poor construction and neglect.

Due to poor public transportation within the city, most people use automobiles and motorcycles to travel. Goiania has one of the highest number of cars per capita in the country; at present, there are 800,000 registered motor vehicles in the city. The many vehicles on the roads cause major congestion during peak times throughout the city. The combination of poor infrastructure and dangerous drivers results in a high fatality rate, with the average number of traffic deaths in Goiania being 1.85 persons per day.

[edit] Rail

Railway connections were never developed and all transportation of goods is carried out via the connecting highways.

[edit] Public Transportation

All public transportation is via bus. Bus service in Goiânia is provided by several different transportation companies all working under the municipality. There is no bus system map as found in most cities. Buses run on an unpredictable time schedule. Bus stops are spaced out at random intervals, and stops do not display any route information. Unlike most Brazilian cities, there are no ticket collectors on the buses in Goiânia; all the fares are collected using magnetic paper cards and old fashion turnstiles. Passes are provided by SitPASS and can be purchased on the street from street vendors or in small shops throughout the city (during working hours).

Anhanguera Avenue, is one of the largest/longest avenues in the city. It underwent major work in the late 1990s that created a dedicated bus lane for the entire length of the avenue, with stations every 1/2 Kilometer. The bus lanes, however, are located in the center of the avenue, giving it a distinct look but adding extra danger to passengers who need to cross bus and normal traffic lanes to reach the sidewalk, usually without any traffic signals to assist. The fare to travel on the Anhanguera bus route is R$1.15 Real and all buses on this route are articulated buses.

[edit] The new contract

Under the new contract, firmed in 2009, many aspects of the public transportation are being changed:

• The terminal stations are now placed under administration of the companies that are refurbishing them;

• The buses are being equipped with GPS modules to solve the schedule problem and many other benefits, Adapted to give accessibility to disabled people, radios to give fast response on reroutes and other events, and other minor changes;
• The introduction of the CityBus, a service of microbus foccused on give a choise to people of higher wealth to use the public transit system instead of their cars and to tourists who are visiting the city.
• Changes on "Eixo Anhanguera" (Anhanguera axis) and it's terminals. It is unclear what changes that will be made, but one of the main issues under discussion is the much criticized change in fares; in future, a person that gets on a terminal from the axis to integrate with an inter-municipal metropolitan line will have to pay a complete fare.
• A North-South axis is part of the project, but as of August/09 it has not been implemented yet
• An Operational Control Center that will monitor the bus traffic through GPS.
• A free number for users to call to know how much time is left before the next bus arrives is another part of project that has not yet been implemented.

[edit] National Airport

Santa Genoveva National Airport is an located on the northeast side Goiânia, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Currently six airlines fly out of Santa Genoveva Airport to several destinations in Brazil. With a nominal yearly capacity of 600 thousand passengers, in 2004 it handled 950 thousand. With its new terminal, it will be able to handle up to 2 million users a year.

Currently construction is underway for a new airport terminal, but has been stalled and a new concurrence is being set to then restart the construction. The predicted date for inauguration now is 2012.^[13] Modernization work will soon get underway at Goiânia Airport current terminal to help to minimize the current overload problems.

[edit] Security

Goiania is considered a safer city compared to most other state capitals within Brazil. The average yearly murder rate within the metro area stands at just under 450 persons per year according to the Goias State Police.

The city of Goiania is patrolled and under the watch of the Goias Military Police, which is responsible for responding to crime and maintaining check points within the city and state. The Military Police are normally dressed in Military uniforms (Light Tan uniforms) while patrolling the city. The prosecution and investigations of crime and all administration issues are handled by the Civil police within the city (Policia Civil).

Within the City of Goiania traffic rules are enforced by the "AMT", whose members are traffic wardens with some minor police powers. This unit fall under the ownership of the city. Their responsibilities are to ensure road rules are enforced and attend to all accidents on the city streets.

[edit] Green areas

Goiânia is home to a large number of skyscrapers dominating the center and one-floor family homes spreading out across the verdant tree-covered plain. Many of the streets are lined with tropical fruit trees and there are many parks with remnants of the original tropical vegetation. Thirty percent of the city area is planted in trees — 3.75 of the 11 square km.

The most important of these parks are the Parque Zoológico, Parque Vaca Brava, Parque Ecológico, Bosque dos Buritís and Parque Areião. One of the biggest parks is the Bosque dos Buritís with an area of 140,000 square meters and containing many burití palm trees, which have a yellow fruit. Parque Areião is home to monkeys native to the area. Almost all of the parks are surrounded by walking paths.

Goiânia is famous for being the ‘spring capital’ and was planned as a modern city, growing outside from the center. In the starting years this building plan worked well, but through the quick growth the plan was not followed to the letter, with the exception of the green areas, causing severe infrastructure problems in some areas, in particular with the public transport and healthcare systems.

In the Bosque dos Buritís is the Monument for World Peace, designed by Siron Franco. This monument contains a 7 meter high ampole with walls of glass and the soil of more than 50 countries from all over the world. Every year on World Environment Day there will be scattered soil of a new country added.

Another attraction is the Chico Mendes Botanic Garden), housing trees and flowers like bromelias, orchids, fruit trees and a lake.

[edit] Parque Zoológico

Created in 1946, it contains over one thousand animals, including mammals, birds, and reptiles. Five streams have their source in the park, which, besides the Zoo itself, also contains the Horto Florestal and the Lago das Rosas (Lake of Roses). The park is located in the Setor Oeste, one of the richest and most beautiful residencial areas of Goiânia.

[edit] Burití's Park

Situated in the center of the city this is Goiânia’s oldest green area. It has an area of 120,000 square meters. There is a running track and exercise area, that has pull up bars and situp benches with various inclines. There are three artificial lakes created by Buriti Stream. We can also find the Goiânia Art Museum and the Free Center of Arts. It houses a group of Marmosets and many turtles.

[edit] Vaca Brava Park

Every day at dawn hundreds of people begin their daily activities by walking or jogging along the sidewalk that encloses Parque Vaca Brava. It has an area of 18,000 square meters and contains a lake, a forest with native species and places for exercise. Vaca Brava (which could be roughly translated as Angry Cow) has become a symbol of the new thriving area of the Setor Bueno, which has flourished in the past decades and is now one of the most important zones of Goiânia.

[edit] Areião Park

The Areião is one of the biggest green areas of Goiânia. Located in a wealthy area, it is famous for its dense vegetation, full of monkeys. Besides the many trails, there is also a lake, a jogging route and many wooden buildings, including a small theater, consisting of a stage and many seats in the middle of a bamboo forest.

[edit] Cobra Veiga—center for snake research

Located in an area of 44,000.5 m² (10.8728 acres), it has an infrastructure for 750 serpents of different species, in addition to a laboratory and a rodent house. Its main activities are the extraction of poison for medicinal purposes, research on behavior of serpents in captivity and the recuperation of degraded areas and the preservation of springs and their forest.

[edit] Leisure

The leisure options are diversified. There are five shopping malls. In sports there are numerous gyms, public and private. The city has a 45,000 capacity stadium: the Serra Dourada Stadium. Goiânia also has a racetrack (Ayrton Senna International Racetrack), a kart track and a horse racing track.

[edit] Sports

Goiânia has four football (soccer) clubs: Atlético Clube Goianiense, Goiânia Esporte Clube, Goiás Esporte Clube and Vila Nova Futebol Clube. The biggest and most important, Goiás competes in the Série A along with Atlético Goianiense. Vila Nova competes in the Série B.

[edit] Museums

The most important museums are the Museu Antropológico da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto Goiano de Pré-História e Antropologia, Fundação Museu de Ornitologia, Museu de Arte Contemporânea and Museu Zoroastro Artiaga. One interesting place is the so-called Memorial do Cerrado.

[edit] Rock Scene

Goiânia is home to one of the most important rock scenes from Brazil. It has started in the early 1990s, with the creation of the first independent rock festivals in the city. Independent labels like Monstro Discos, Two Beers or Not Two Beers and Insetus flourished and have been crucial to support and broadcast the scene, which, due to the fact of being completely independent from the mainstream media, sometimes is not known even to native Goianienses.

The main styles are Alternative or Indie rock represented by bands like MQN, Violins, Hang The Superstars, Valentina, NEM, Fantasma de Agnes and Flores Indecentes; punk and hardcore by bands like Desastre, Vacilo, Resistentes, Descarga Negativa, Señores, Umbral and HC-137 and metal with bands like Ressonância Mórfica (unlike most Metal bands they sing in archaic Portuguese) Spiritual Carnage, Eternal Devastation and Euphonia. There are currently two major independent festivals held in the city, Bananada (usually held in May) and Goiânia Noise (usually in December). It is interesting to notice that Goiânia, as the capital of a rural state, has been traditionally influenced by the sertanejo style, strongly connected with the country lifestyle. Though the sertanejo is still an icon of Goiás' culture, the rock scene is seen by some as a response to it, and Goiânia is now a leading center in the underground rock movement in Brazil.

[edit] Health

Goiânia is a national reference in several areas of medicine, especially ophthalmology, neurology, burn treatment, and leprosy.

[edit] Health data

• Infant mortality rate: 21.30 in 1,000 live births (2000)
• Hospitals: 60
• Hospital beds: 6.037
• Walk-in public health clinics: 667
• Doctors in the public health system: 6,315 (2002)
• Nurses in the public health system: 808
• Dentists in the public health system: 659

[edit] Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index

• HDI-M: 0.832 (2nd in the state and 115th nationally)
• HDI-M - Income: 0.813
• HDI-M - Education: 0.933
• HDI-M - Life expectancy: 0.751

(Data are from 2000)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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• Official site of Goiânia
• Goiânia Yellow Pages

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