Phnom Penh
| Phnom Penh ភ្នំពេញ |
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| Nickname(s): Pearl of Asia (pre-1960s) | |||
  Phnom Penh
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| Coordinates: 11°33′N 104°55′E / 11.55°N 104.917°ECoordinates: 11°33′N 104°55′E / 11.55°N 104.917°E | |||
| Country | Cambodia | ||
| Province | Phnom Penh | ||
| Settled | 1372 | ||
| Became Capital | 1865 | ||
| Subdivisions | 8 districts (khans) | ||
| Government | |||
| - Type | Municipality | ||
| - Mayor & Governor | H.E. Keb Chutema កែប ជុគិមា | ||
| - Vice Governors | H.E. Than Sina, H.E. Map Sarin, H.E. Seng Tong | ||
| Area | |||
| - Total | 375 km2 (144.8 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 11.89 m (39 ft) | ||
| Population (May 2009)[1] | |||
| - Total | 2,000,064 | ||
| - Density | 5,333.5/km2 (13,813.7/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Phnom Penher | ||
| Time zone | Cambodia (UTC+7) | ||
| Area code(s) | +855 (023) | ||
| Website | Phnom Penh Website | ||
Phnom Penh (Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, another Romanization: Phnum Pénh. literally: "Hill of Penh" or more loosely "Penh's Hill") is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic activities. Phnom Penh has grown to become the industrial, commercial, cultural, tourist and historical center of Cambodia.[2]
Once known as the "Pearl of Asia", it was considered one of the loveliest of French-built cities in Indochina[3] in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, are significant global and domestic tourist destinations for Cambodia. Founded in 1434, the city is noted for its beautiful and historical architecture and attractions. There are a number of surviving French colonial buildings, such as the Royal Palace, Phsar Thmei, and other French style buildings along the grand boulevards.
Situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, Phnom Penh is home to more than 2 million of Cambodia's population of over 14 million. It is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia and is home to the country's political hub.
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[edit] Etymology
Phnom Penh takes its name from the present Wat Phnom or Hill Temple. Legend has it that in 1372, an old nun named Penh went to fetch water in the Mekong and found a dead Koki tree floating down the stream. Inside a hole of the Koki tree were four bronze and one stone Buddha statues.
Daun (Grandma) Penh brought the statues ashore and ordered people to pile up earth northeast of her house; she then used the Koki trunks to build a temple on the hill to house the five Buddha statues, and then named the temple after herself as Wat Phnom Daun Penh, which is now known as Wat Phnom, a small hill of 27 metres (89 ft) in height.
Phnom Penh was also previously known as Krong Chaktomuk (Khmer: ក្រុងចតុម្មុខ) meaning "City of Four Faces". This name refers to the junction where the Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap rivers cross to form an "X" where the capital is situated. Krong Chaktomuk is an abbreviation of its ceremonial name which was given by King Ponhea Yat, which in full is "Krong Chaktomuk Mongkol Sakal Kampuchea Thipadei Sereythor Inthabot Borei Roth Reach Seima Maha Nokor".
This ceremonial name is composed from Pali, and loosely translates as "The place of four rivers that gives the happiness and success of Kampuja Kingdom, the highest leader as well as impregnable city of the God Indra of the enormous Kingdom".[4]
[edit] History
Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after Ponhea Yat, king of the Khmer Empire, moved the capital from Angkor Thom after it was captured by Siam a few years earlier. There is a stupa behind Wat Phnom that house the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remaining Buddhist statues from the Angkorean era. There are also legends that tell how Phnom Penh was created like in the 1600s, Japanese immigrants settled on the outskirts of Phnom Penh.[5]
Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years-from 1432 to 1505. It was abandoned for 360 years-from 1505 to 1865-by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royal pretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations in Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor), Pursat, Longvek, Lavear Em and Oudong.
It was not until 1866, under the reign of King Norodom I, that Phnom Penh became the permanent seat of government and capital of Cambodia, and also where the current Royal Palace was built. Beginning in 1870, the French Colonialists turned a riverside village into a city where they built hotels, schools, prisons, barracks, banks, public works offices, telegraph offices, law courts, and health services buildings. In 1872, the first glimpse of a modern city took shape when the colonial administration contracted a French contractor, Le Faucheur, to construct the first 300 concrete houses for sales and rentals to the Chinese traders. A commonly known building built by the French is Phsah Thmei.
By the 1920s, Phnom Penh was known as the Pearl of Asia, and over the next four decades Phnom Penh continued to experience rapid growth with the building of railways to Sihanoukville and the Pochentong International Airport (now Phnom Penh International Airport). Phnom Penh under the period of Sihanouk’s rule seen the expansion and construction of many modern infrastructures.[6]
During the Vietnam War, Cambodia was used as a base by the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, and thousands of refugees from across the country flooded the city to escape the fighting between their own government troops, the NVA/NLF, the South Vietnamese and its allies, and the Khmer Rouge. By 1975, the population was 2 million, the bulk of whom were refugees from the fighting. The city fell to the Khmer Rouge on April 17, 1975. Many of its residents, including those who were wealthy and educated, were forced to do labour on rural farms as "new people". Tuol Svay Prey High School was taken over by Pol Pot's forces and was turned into the S-21 prison camp, where Cambodians were detained and tortured. Pol Pot sought a return to an agrarian economy and therefore killed many people perceived as educated, "lazy", or political enemies. Many others starved to death as a result of failure of the agrarian society and the sale of Cambodia's rice to China in exchange for bullets and weaponry. The former high school is now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where Khmer Rouge torture devices and photos of their victims are displayed. Choeung Ek (The Killing Fields), 15 kilometres (9 mi) away, where the Khmer Rouge marched prisoners from Tuol Sleng to be murdered and buried in shallow pits, is also now a memorial to those who were killed by the regime.
The Khmer Rouge were driven out of Phnom Penh by the Vietnamese in 1979,[7] and people began to return to the city. Vietnam is historically a state with which Cambodia has had many conflicts, therefore this liberation was and is viewed with mixed emotions by the Cambodians. A period of reconstruction began, spurred by the continuing stability of government, attracting new foreign investment and aid by countries including France, Australia, and Japan. Loans were made from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank to reinstate a clean water supply, roads and other infrastructure. The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[8] and the 2008 census was 1.3 million.[1]
[edit] Geography
Phnom Penh is located in the south-central region of Cambodia, and is fully surrounded by the Kandal Province. The municipality is situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong, and Bassac rivers. These rivers provide potential freshwater and other natural resources to the city. Phnom Penh and the surrounding areas consists of the typical wet plain area for Cambodia. Phnom Penh rises 11.89m or (39 ft) which causes problems for the city of potential flooding by the monsoon season which sometimes over flow the banks of the river.
The city, located at 11°33′00″N 104°55′00″E / 11.55°N 104.91667°E (11°33' North, 104°55' East,[9]), covers an area of 375 square kilometres (145 sq mi), with some 11,401 hectares (28,172 acres) in the municipality and 26,106 hectares (64,509 acres) of roads. The agricultural land in the municipality amounts to 34.685 square kilometres (13 sq mi) with some 1.476 square kilometres (365 acres) under irrigation.
[edit] Climate
Phnom Penh has a tropical wet and dry climate. The climate is hot year-round with only minor variations. City temperatures range from 18° to 38 °C (64° to 100 °F) and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to March. The city experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.
The city has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, which temperatures can rise up to 40 °C (104 °F) around April and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can drop to 22 °C (72 °F). The best months to visit the city are November to January when temperatures and humidity are lower.
| Climate data for Phnom Penh | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 31.1 (88) |
32.8 (91) |
33.9 (93) |
35 (95) |
33.9 (93) |
32.8 (91) |
32.2 (90) |
32.2 (90) |
31.1 (88) |
30.6 (87) |
30 (86) |
30 (86) |
32.11 (89.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 21.7 (71) |
22.2 (72) |
23.3 (74) |
24.4 (76) |
24.4 (76) |
24.4 (76) |
24.4 (76) |
24.4 (76) |
24.4 (76) |
24.4 (76) |
23.3 (74) |
21.7 (71) |
23.61 (74.5) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 7.6 (0.30) |
10.2 (0.40) |
35.6 (1.40) |
78.7 (3.10) |
144.8 (5.70) |
147.3 (5.80) |
152.4 (6.00) |
154.9 (6.10) |
226.1 (8.90) |
251.5 (9.90) |
139.7 (5.50) |
43.2 (1.70) |
1,391.9 (54.80) |
| Source: weather.com [10] | |||||||||||||
[edit] Administration
Administratively, Phnom Penh is a municipality standing at 375 square kilometres (145 sq mi) and is governed with a status that is equal to provinces of Cambodia. As such, it has a similar political structure to its provinces. The municipality is subdivided into 7 administrative divisions called Khans (districts) and of the 7 Khans, Dangkor, Meanchey and Russei Kaev are considered the outskirts of the city. All Khans are under the governance of the Phnom Penh Municipality. The Khans are further subdivided into 76 Sangkats (communes), and 637 Kroms.
The municipality is governed by the Governor who acts as the top executive of the city and manages the general affairs as well as overlooking the Municipal Military Police, Municipal Police and Bureau of Urban Affairs. Below the Governor is the First Vice Governor and 5 Vice Governors. The Chief of Cabinet who holds the same status as the Vice Governors, heads the Cabinet that consists of 8 Deputy Chiefs of Cabinet which in turn are in charge of the 27 Administrative Departments. Every khan (district) also has a head Chief. [4]
| List of Phnom Penh Administrative Units | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name of district khan (since January 2003) | Number of communes sangkat (since September 2006) | Number of villages phum (since December 2006) | |
| Chamkarmon | 12 sangkats | 95 kroms | |
| Daun Penh | 11 sangkats | 134 kroms | |
| Prampir Makara | 8 sangkats | 33 kroms | |
| Tuol Kork | 10 sangkats | 143 kroms | |
| Dangkor | 15 sangkats | 143 kroms | |
| Meanchey | 8 sangkats | 30 kroms | |
| Russei Kaew | 12 sangkats | 59 kroms | |
[edit] Demographics
As of 2008, Phnom Penh had a population of 2,009,264 people, with a total population density of 5,358 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,877/sq mi) in a 375 km2 (145 sq mi) city area. The population growth in the city is 3.92%.
Phnom Penh is mostly inhabited by Cambodians (or Khmers) - they represent 90% of the population of the city. There are large minorities of Chinese, Vietnamese, and other small ethnic groups who are Thai, Budong, Mnong Preh, Kuy, Chong, and Chams. The state religion is Theravada Buddhism, more than 90% of the people in Phnom Penh are Buddhists with the Chams practicing Islam over the years since 1993, there has also been an increase in the practice of Christianity which was practically wiped out after 1975 when the Khmer Rouge took over. English and French are widely used in the city, but the official language is Khmer.
[edit] Economy
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Double-digit economic growth rates in recent years have triggered an economic boom, with new hotels, restaurants, bars, and residential buildings springing up around the city. Phnom Penh's wealth of historical and cultural sites also makes it a very popular tourist destination.
The main economy is based on commercial interests such as garments, trading, and small and medium enterprises. In the past few years the property business has been booming. Real estate is now getting very expensive in the city.
The US$2.6 billion new urban development, Camko City, is meant to bolster the city landscape. The Bureau of Urban Affairs of Phnom Penh Municipality has plans to expand and construct new infrastructure to accommodate the growing population and economy. High rise buildings will be constructed at the entrance of the city and near the lakes and riverbanks. Furthermore, new roads, canals, and a railway system will be used to connect Camko City and Phnom Penh.[11]
Opponents have charged that the construction of Camko City would cause more flooding, traffic problems and environmental hazards.[12] Such modernization could lead to higher deforestation rates due to construction. Cambodia already has one of the worst deforestation rates in the world.[13]
Other projects include:
- Grand Phnom Penh International City
- De Castle Royal Condominium[14]
- International Finance Complex (Phnom Penh, Cambodia)
- Gold Tower 42
- OCIC Tower
- River Palace[15]
With the economic growth seen since the 1990s, new shops have opened as well as western-style malls such as Sorya Shopping Center and the new Sovanna Shopping Center. Two international franchises have also opened up in Phnom Penh. Dairy Queen has already opened up inside Phnom Penh International Airport and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) has opened up a restaurant on Monivong Boulevard and plans to open more soon.[16] The same company that opened up KFC in Cambodia has now obtained franchise rights to open Pizza Hut in the country.[17] In addition, Swensen's ice cream restaurants was also opened in Sorya Shopping Center.
Nowadays, the Central market is a tourist hot spot. The four wings of the yellow coloured Phsar Thom Thmei are teeming with numerous stalls selling gold and silver jewellery, antique coins, clothing, clocks, flowers, food, fabrics and shoes.
Cambodia Angkor Air has its head office in Phnom Penh.[18]
[edit] Culture
Phnom Penh is notable for Ka tieu Phnom Penh, its variation on rice-noodle soup. Phnom Penh also has its own dialect of Khmer. Speakers of the Phnom Penh dialect often elide syllables, which has earned it the reputation for being lazy speech. Phnom Penh is also known for its influence on New Khmer Architecture. The city is the most modern of Cambodian cities. It is both the economic and cultural center of Cambodia.
[edit] Cityscape and Architecture
The oldest structure is the Wat Phnom from the founding days of the city, constructed in 1373. The main tourist attractions are the Royal Palace with the Silver Pagoda, which dates to the mid 1800s; the National Museum, constructed during the French colonial era in the late 1800s in the classical Khmer style hosts a vast collection of Khmer antiquities; the Independence Monument (Khmer: Vimean Akareach), although modern from the 1950s, is also constructed in the ancient Khmer style.
The French, who were the colonial masters from the 1800s to the 1940s, also left their mark, with various colonial villas, French churches, boulevards, and the Art deco market Phsar Thom Thmei. A notable landmark of the colonial era is the Hotel Le Royal.
Starting with independence from the French in the 1950s and lasting until the era of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, Phnom Penh underwent tremendous growth as the capital city of a newly independent country. King Sihanouk was eager to present a new style of architecture and thus invigorate the process of nation building. A new golden era of architecture took off, with various projects and young Khmer architects, often educated in France, given opportunities to design and construct. This new movement was called "New Khmer Architecture" and was often characterised by a fusion of Bauhaus, European post-modern architecture, and traditional elements from Angkor. The most prominent architect was Vann Molyvann, who was nominated chief national architect by the king himself in 1956. Molyvann created landmark buildings such as the Preah Suramarit National Theatre and the Council of Ministers building, other architects helped construct the newly founded Royal Khmer University, the Institute of Foreign Languages and the National Sports Centre. With the growth of the upper and entrepreneurial middle class, new suburbs were built in the 1950s and 60's.
Although these buildings survived the Khmer Rouge era and the civil war, today they are under threat due to economic development and financial speculation. Villas and gardens from that era are being destroyed and redeveloped to make place for bigger structures. The landmark National Theatre by Molyvann was ripped down in 2008.[19] A movement is rising in Cambodia to preserve this modernist heritage. Old villas are sometimes being converted into boutique hotels, such as the Knai Bang Chatt.
Monuments and memorials to the genocide during the Khmer Rouge era in the 1970s are the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (a former high school used as a concentration camp) and on the outskirt of the city the Choeung Ek Genocide Center. The Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument was commissioned by the Vietnamese communists as symbol of Khmer-Vietnamese "friendship" during the late 1970s following the liberation of Cambodia from the Khmer Rouge.
[edit] Newspapers and magazines
[edit] Dailies
[edit] Khmer
- Sralagn' Khmer
- Chakraval Daily
- Kampuchea Thmei Daily
- Kampuchea Thnai Nes (Cambodia Today)
- Kanychok Sangkhum
- Koh Santepheap (Island of Peace)
- Moneaksekar Khmer (Khmer Conscience) - Published by the Sam Rainsy Party.
- Rasmei Kampuchea (Light of Kampuchea) - Cambodia's largest daily, it circulates about 18,000 copies.
- Samleng Yuvachun (Voice of Khmer Youth)
- Udomkate Khmer (Khmer Ideal)
- Wat Phnom Daily
[edit] English
- Phnom Penh Post, a daily English-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh.
- The Cambodia Daily, an English-language daily newspaper.
[edit] Chinese
- 《柬華日報》(Jianhua Daily), a daily Chinese-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh.
- 《星洲日報》(Sinchew Daily), a Chinese-language daily newspaper.
- 《華商日報》(Huashang Daily), a Chinese-language daily newspaper.
- 《新柬埔寨》(New Cambodia), a Chinese-language daily newspaper.
[edit] Magazines
- AsiaLIFE Guide Phnom Penh, a monthly English-language lifestyle magazine published in Phnom Penh.
- Pocket Guide Cambodia publishes four separate guides aimed at English-speaking residents and visitors. Titles include Drinking & Dining, Out & About, After Dark, Door 2 Door as well as one Khmer-language guide called Sabay Sabay targeting the emerging young professional marketplace
[edit] French newspapers
- Cambodge Soir a weekly French-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh.
[edit] Transport
Phnom Penh International Airport is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Cambodia after Angkor International Airport in Siem Reap. It is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of central Phnom Penh. Taxis, pick-ups, and minibuses leave the city for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has a rail service.
Cambodia's national flag carrier, Cambodia Angkor Air, launched in 2009, is headquartered in Phnom Penh and has its main hub there, with an additional hub at the Angkor International Airport.[18] Budget flights from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Phnom Penh is operated by AirAsia, the region's leading low-cost carrier. [5]
There are two bus companies, Phnom Penh Public Transport and GST Express, running services to Sihanoukville, Kampong Chhnang, Udong and Takéo.
Phnom Penh Sorya Transport Co. offers bus travel to several provincial destinations along the National Routes and to Ho Chi Minh City. Motorcycles are a popular form of quick travel in the city streets.
Although the city is 290 kilometres (180 mi) from the sea, it is a major port on the Mekong River valley, and it is linked to the South China Sea via a channel of the Mekong delta in Vietnam.
Local means of public transportation within the city most often include the cycle rickshaw, known in Khmer as "cyclo", and motorcycle taxis. Private forms of transportation include bicycles and automobiles.
[edit] Highways
As the capital of Cambodia, a number of National Highways connect the city with various parts of the country:
| National Highway | Code | Length | Origin | Terminal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Highway 1 | 10001 | 167.10 km | 103.83 mi | Phnom Penh | Vietnamese Border |
| National Highway 2 | 10002 | 120.60 km | 74.94 mi | Phnom Penh | Vietnamese Border |
| National Highway 3 | 10003 | 202.00 km | 125.52 mi | Phnom Penh | Sihanoukville |
| National Highway 4 | 10004 | 226.00 km | 140.43 mi | Phnom Penh | Sihanoukville |
| National Highway 5 | 10005 | 407.45 km | 253.18 mi | Phnom Penh | Thai Border |
| National Highway 6 | 10006 | 416.00 km | 258.49 mi | Phnom Penh | Banteay Meanchey |
[edit] Education
The Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) is the oldest and largest institution of higher education in Cambodia. As of 2008, the university has over 10,000 students across three campuses, and offers a wide range of high-quality courses within the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL). There are about fifty higher institutions in Cambodia, most of which have no small campuses. Several international charities, like A New Day Cambodia, operate independent educational facilities in addition to public schools for students.
[edit] Sport
The martial arts of Bokator, Pradal Serey (Khmer kick boxing) and Khmer traditional wrestling have venues in Phnom Penh watched by dedicated spectators. Cambodia has increasingly become involved in modern sports over the last 30 years. As with the rest of the country, football and the martial arts are particularly popular.
The most prominent of venues in the city is the Phnom Penh National Olympic Stadium with a capacity of 50,000. Built in 1964, it is home to the Cambodian national football team, although the country never hosted the Olympic Games. Noted clubs include Phnom Penh Empire, Khemara and Military Police.
Olympic Stadium is the largest sports center in the Phnom Penh District. Volleyball, basketball, and tai-kwon-do games are often hosted at the stadium. The National Sports Centre of Cambodia is famous for hosting swimming, boxing, and volleyball competitions
[edit] Notable people
- François Chau (born 1959), actor
- Yim Guechse (born 1946), poet and author
- Patricia Hy-Boulais (born 1965), former professional tennis player
- Vann Molyvann (born 1926), architect
- Vann Nath (born 1946), painter
- Rithy Panh (born 1964), film director
- Sam Rainsy (born 1949), politician
- Norodom Ranariddh (born 1944), politician
- Norodom Sihamoni (born 1953), king of Cambodia since 2004
- Norodom Sihanouk (born 1922), king of Cambodia until 2004
- Loung Ung (born 1970), author
[edit] Sister cities
Long Beach, California, USA- Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
- Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Savannakhet, Laos
Mandalay, Myanmar
Busan, South Korea
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Cambodian 2008 census preliminary results, Statistics Japan 2-6, Tables 2.2-2.6
- ^ ref name="NIS2008"/
- ^ Peace of Angkor Phnom Penh. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ Sopheak wordpress, [1]. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
- ^ Japan Times Online Researcher locates 17th-century Japanese village in Cambodia. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ K-media, [2]. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
- ^ Vietnamese take Phnom Penh, History Today
- ^ General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- ^ "GNS: Country Files". Earth-info.nga.mil. http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ link "Weather for Phnom Penh". weather.com. http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/CBXX0001 link. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ People's Daily Online Cambodia unveils Phnom Penh development plan. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
- ^ People's Daily Online Camko city in First Phase. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
- ^ Cambodia: Environmental Profile. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
- ^ "De Castle". De Castle. http://www.decastle.net/index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "River Palace 31". Riverpalace.net. http://www.riverpalace.net/riverpalace.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "Qsr Brands On Kfc Expansion Plans In Cambodia". My Sinchew. http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11537. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ a b "Welcome". Cambodia Angkor Air. 2009. http://www.cambodiaangkorair.com/default.aspx?tabid=98. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
- ^ "Khmer Architecture Tours". Ka-tours.org. 2010-05-30. http://www.ka-tours.org/. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
[edit] References
- Igout, Michel; Dubuisson, Serge (1993). Phnom Penh Then and Now. Bangkok: White Lotus. ISBN 9789748495842. OCLC 29795478.
- LeBoutillier, Kris; Ariff, Shahida (2004). Journey Through Phnom Penh: A Pictorial Guide to the Jewel of Cambodia. Singapore: Times Editions. ISBN 9789812325969. OCLC 55501046.
- Leroy, Joakim; Hoskin, John (2005). AZU's Dreams of Cambodia. Phnom Penh. Hong Kong: AZU Editions Ltd. ISBN 9789889814021. OCLC 62328690.
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