Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: 
Nederlandse Antillen (help·info), Papiamento: Antia Hulandes[3]), previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, consists of two groups of islands that form part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. The islands are Curaçao and Bonaire, which are just off the Venezuelan coast and belong to the Leeward Antilles; and Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten, which are located southeast of the Virgin Islands and are part of the Leeward Islands. These Dutch islands form an autonomous part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The islands' economy depends mostly upon tourism, international financial services, shipping, and petroleum.
The Netherlands Antilles are scheduled to be dissolved as a unified political entity on 10 October 2010, so that the five constituent islands will each attain a new constitutional status within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[4]
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[edit] History
Spanish-sponsored explorers discovered both the leeward (Alonso de Ojeda, 1499) and windward (Christopher Columbus, 1493) island groups, but Spain founded settlements only in the leeward islands. In the 17th century, the islands were conquered by the Dutch West India Company and were used as military outposts and trade bases. In the late 18th century St. Eustatius became the most prosperous island of the Northeastern Caribbean, earning the nickname "The Golden Rock." Both Curaçao and Sint Eustatius became prominent in the slave trade. Slavery was abolished in 1863.
In 1954, the status of the islands was up-graded from a colonial territory to a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as a separate country within the kingdom. The island of Aruba was part of the Netherlands Antilles until 1986, when it was granted status aparte, becoming yet another part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as a separate country within the kingdom.
Between June 2000 and April 2005, each island of the Netherlands Antilles had a referendum on its future status. The four options that could be voted on were the following:
- closer ties with the Netherlands
- remaining within the Netherlands Antilles
- autonomy as a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands (status aparte)
- independence
Of the five islands, Sint Maarten and Curaçao voted for status aparte, Saba and Bonaire voted for closer ties to the Netherlands, and Sint Eustatius voted to stay within the Netherlands Antilles.
On 26 November 2005, a Round Table Conference (RTC) was held between the governments of the Netherlands, Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, and each island in the Netherlands Antilles. The final statement to emerge from the RTC stated that autonomy for Curaçao and Sint Maarten, plus a new status for Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius would come into effect by 1 July 2007.[5] On 12 October 2006, the Netherlands reached an agreement with Saba, Bonaire, and Sint Eustatius; this agreement would make these islands special municipalities.[6]
On 3 November 2006, Curaçao and Sint Maarten were granted autonomy in an agreement,[7] but this agreement was rejected by the then island council of Curaçao on November 28.[8] The Curaçao government was not sufficiently convinced that the agreement would provide enough autonomy for Curaçao.[9] On 9 July 2007 the new island council of Curaçao approved the agreement previously rejected in November 2006.[10]
[edit] Constitution
The head of state is the ruling monarch of the Netherlands, who is represented in the Netherlands Antilles by a governor. A council of ministers, chaired by a prime minister, forms the local government. Together with the governor, who holds responsibility for external affairs and defense, it forms the executive branch of the government.
The legislative branch is two-layered. Delegates of the islands are represented in the government of the Netherlands Antilles, but each island has its own government that takes care of the daily affairs on the island.
The Netherlands Antilles are not part of the European Union. Since 2006 the Islands have given rise to diplomatic disputes between Venezuela and the Netherlands. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez claims that the Netherlands might allow the United States to install military bases that would be necessary for what he views as a planned U.S. invasion of Venezuela.[11] Curaçao is under consideration as a Cooperative Security Location, not a full Main Operating Base.
[edit] Future status
The Netherlands Antilles is to be disbanded on 10 October 2010.[4] The idea of the Netherlands Antilles as a state never enjoyed the full support of all of the islands, and political relations between islands were often strained. Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, and formed its own state within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The desire for secession has also been strong in Sint Maarten.
In 2004, a commission of the governments of the Netherlands Antilles and the Netherlands reported on a future status for the Netherlands Antilles. The commission advised a revision of the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in order to dissolve the Netherlands Antilles.
Two new constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands would be formed: Curaçao and Sint Maarten.[12][13] Meanwhile, the BES islands Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius would become direct parts of the Netherlands as special municipalities (bijzondere gemeente), a form of "public body" (openbaar lichaam) as outlined in article 134 of the Dutch Constitution. These municipalities will resemble ordinary Dutch municipalities in most ways (they will have a mayor, aldermen and a municipal council, for example) and will have to introduce most Dutch law. Residents of these three islands will also be able to vote in Dutch national and European elections.
There are, however, some derogations for these islands. Social security, for example, will not be on the same level as it is in the Netherlands. Furthermore, it was decided in November 2008 that the official currency will be the U.S. dollar and not the Euro.[14] All five of the island territories may also continue to access the Common Court of Justice of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles (with the Joint Court probably receiving a new name).[15]
Originally the term used[by whom?] for Bonaire, Saba, and St. Eustatius to describe their expected association with the Netherlands was "Kingdom Islands" (Koninkrijkseilanden). The Dutch province of North Holland has offered the three new municipalities the opportunity to become part of the province.
Additionally, the Kingdom Council of Ministers would consist of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands and one mandated minister per Caribbean country. The special municipalities would be represented in the Kingdom Council of Ministers by the Netherlands, as they can vote for the Dutch parliament.
The Netherlands has proposed that the Treaty of Lisbon allow the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba to opt for the status of Outermost Region (OMR) also called Ultra Peripheral Region (UPR), if they wish.[16]
[edit] Islands
The Netherlands Antilles have no major administrative divisions, although each island has its own local government.
The two island groups of which the Netherlands Antilles consists are:
- the "Leeward Islands" (Benedenwindse Eilanden), part of the Leeward Antilles island chain off the Venezuelan coast (along with Aruba) (ABC islands).
- Bonaire, including an islet called Klein Bonaire ("Little Bonaire")
- Curaçao, including an islet called Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao")
- the "Windward Islands" (Bovenwindse Eilanden) east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (SSS islands). These are part of what are in English called the Leeward Islands, but French, Spanish, Dutch and the English spoken locally these are considered part of the Windward Islands.
- Saba
- Sint Eustatius
- Sint Maarten, the southern half of the island Saint Martin (the northern half, Saint-Martin, is an overseas collectivity of France).
| Flag | Name | Capital | Area km² |
Population (2007) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Curaçao | Willemstad | 444 | 180.592 | ||||||
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Bonaire | Kralendijk | 288 | 14.479 | ||||||
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Sint Maarten | Philipsburg | 34 | 33.119 | ||||||
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Sint Eustatius | Oranjestad | 21 | 2.498 | ||||||
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Saba | The Bottom | 13 | 1.424 | ||||||
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Aruba | Separate since 1 January 1986 | ||||||||
 |
Netherlands Antilles | Willemstad | 800 | 231.834 | ||||||
[edit] Geography
The windward islands are all of volcanic origin and hilly, leaving little ground suitable for agriculture. The leeward islands have a mixed volcanic and coral origin. The highest point is Mount Scenery, 877 metres (2,877 ft), on Saba (also the highest point in all the Kingdom of the Netherlands).
[edit] Climate
The Netherlands Antilles have a tropical climate, with warm weather all year round. The windward Islands are subject to hurricanes in the summer months. Leeward Islands are warmer and drier.
[edit] Economy
Tourism, petroleum transshipment and oil refinement (on Curaçao), as well as offshore finance are the mainstays of this small economy, which is closely tied to the outside world. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region.
Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with Venezuela, the United States, and Mexico being the major suppliers, as well as the Dutch government which supports the islands with substantial development aid. Poor soils and inadequate water supplies hamper the development of agriculture. The Antillean guilder has a fixed exchange rate with the United States dollar of 1.79:1.
[edit] Demographics
A large percentage of the Netherlands Antilleans are descended from European colonists and African slaves who were brought and traded here from the 17th to 19th centuries. The rest of the population originates from other Caribbean islands as well as Latin America, East Asia and elsewhere in the world. In Curaçao there is a strong Jewish element going back to the 17th century.
The language Papiamentu is predominant on Curaçao and Bonaire (as well as the neighboring island of Aruba). This creole descends from Portuguese and West African languages with a strong admixture of Dutch, plus subsequent lexical contributions from Spanish and English. An English-based creole dialect, formally known as Netherlands Antilles Creole, is the native dialect of the inhabitants of Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten.
After a decades-long debate, English and Papiamentu have been made official languages alongside Dutch in early March 2007.[1] Legislation is produced in Dutch but parliamentary debate is in Papiamentu or English, depending on the island. Due to a massive influx of immigrants from Spanish speaking territories such as the Dominican Republic in the Windward Islands, and increased tourism from Venezuela in the Leeward Islands, Spanish is also becoming increasingly used.
The majority of the population are followers of the Christian faith, with a Protestant majority in Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten, and a Roman Catholic majority in Bonaire, Curaçao and Saba. Curaçao also hosts a sizeable group of followers of the Jewish faith, descendants of a Portuguese group of Sephardic Jews that arrived from Amsterdam and Brazil from 1654.
Most Netherlands Antilleans are Dutch citizens and this status permits and encourages the young and university-educated to emigrate to the Netherlands. This exodus is considered to be to the islands' detriment, as it creates a brain drain. On the other hand, immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Haiti, the Anglophone Caribbean and Colombia have increased their presence on these islands in recent years.
[edit] Culture
The origins of the population and location of the islands give the Netherlands Antilles a mixed culture.
Tourism and overwhelming media presence from the United States have increased the regional United States influence. On all the islands, the holiday of Carnival has become an important event after its importation from other Caribbean and Latin American countries in the 1960s. Festivities include "jump-up" parades with beautifully colored costumes, floats, and live bands as well as beauty contests and other competitions. Carnival on the islands also includes a middle-of-the-night j'ouvert (juvé) parade that ends at sunrise with the burning of a straw King Momo, cleansing the island of sins and bad luck.
[edit] Miscellaneous topics
Unlike the metropolitan Netherlands, same-sex marriages cannot be performed here, but those performed in other jurisdictions are recognized.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Antilles allow Papiamentu as official language", The Times Hague/Amsterdam/Rotterdam, 9 March 2007, page 2.
- ^ World Gazetteer
- ^ Papiamentu/Ingles Dikshonario, Ratzlaff, Betty; pg. 11
- ^ a b "Antillen opgeheven op 10-10-2010" (in Dutch). NOS. 1 October 2009. http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/10/1/011009_antillen.html. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (26 November 2005). "Closing statement of the first Round Table Conference". http://www.minbzk.nl/bzk2006uk/subjects/aruba-and-the/publications?ActItmIdt=70051. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ Radio Netherlands (12 October 2006). "Caribbean islands become Dutch municipalities". http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/ant061012mc. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
- ^ "Curaçao and St Maarten to have country status". Government.nl. 3 November 2006. http://www.government.nl/News/Press_releases_and_news_items/2006/November/Cura_ao_and_St_Maarten_to_have_country_status. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (29 November 2006). "Curacao rejects final agreement". http://www.minbzk.nl/bzk2006uk/subjects?ActItmIdt=103621. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
- ^ nu.nl/algemeen Curaçao verwerpt slotakkoord
- ^ The Daily Herald St. Maarten (9 July 2007). "Curaçao IC ratifies November 2 accord". http://www.thedailyherald.com/news/daily/k045/ratify045.html. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ Chavez Says Holland Plans to Help US Invade Venezuela
- ^ http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/an-sa.html#stat
- ^ http://www.kralendijk.net/en/New+constitution.2951
- ^ "Monetary, Safety Law BES islands approved islands". The Daily Herald. http://www.thedailyherald.com/islands/1-news/3703-monetary-safety-law-bes-islands-approved.html. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ "New status for The Netherlands Antilles - FAQs about the BES islands". Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. http://www.minbzk.nl/english/subjects/aruba-and-the/new-status-for-the/faqs-about-the-bes. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ The provision reads:
Article 311 shall be repealed. A new Article 311a shall be inserted, with the wording of Article 299(2), first subparagraph, and Article 299(3) to (6); the text shall be amended as follows:
[...]
(e) the following new paragraph shall be added at the end of the Article:
"6. The European Council may, on the initiative of the Member State concerned, adopt a decision amending the status, with regard to the Union, of a Danish, French or Netherlands country or territory referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2. The European Council shall act unanimously after consulting the Commission."—Treaty of Lisbon Article 2, point 293
[edit] External links
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- Government
- GOV.an – Main governmental site
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- Antillenhuis – Cabinet of the Netherlands Antilles' Plenipotentiary Minister in the Netherlands
- Central Bank of the Netherlands Antilles
- General information
- Netherlands Antilles entry at The World Factbook
- Netherlands Antilles from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Netherlands Antilles at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Netherlands Antilles
- Netherlands Antilles travel guide from Wikitravel
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