Camden, New Jersey

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City of Camden, New Jersey
—  City  —
Motto: In a Dream, I Saw a City Invincible[1]
Map of Camden in Camden County. Inset: Location of Camden County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Census Bureau map of Camden, New Jersey
Coordinates: 39°56′14″N 75°06′22″W / 39.93722°N 75.10611°W / 39.93722; -75.10611
Country United States
State New Jersey
County Camden
Settled 1626
Incorporated February 13, 1828
Government
 - Type Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council)
 - Mayor Dana Redd
Area
 - Total 10.4 sq mi (26.9 km2)
 - Land 8.8 sq mi (22.8 km2)
 - Water 1.6 sq mi (4.0 km2)  15.03%
Elevation[2] 20 ft (6 m)
Population (2009)[3]
 - Total 78,790
 - Density 9,057.0/sq mi (3,497.9/km2)
Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) Eastern (EDT) (UTC-4)
ZIP codes 08102-08110
Area code(s) 856
FIPS code 34-10000[4][5]
GNIS feature ID 0875105[6]
Website http://www.ci.camden.nj.us

The City of Camden is the county seat of Camden County, New Jersey, in the United States. It is located across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As of the U.S. 2000 Census, the city had a total population of 79,904.

Camden was originally incorporated as a city on February 13, 1828, from portions of the now-defunct Newton Township, while the area was still part of Gloucester County. On March 13, 1844, Camden became part of the newly formed Camden County.[7]

Although once a thriving center for manufacturing and industry, Camden is perhaps best known for its struggles with urban dysfunction. Three Camden mayors have been jailed for corruption, the most recent being Milton Milan in 2000.[8] Since 2005 the school system and police department have been operated by the State of New Jersey; the takeover will expire in 2012. In 2009, Camden had the highest crime rate in the U.S. with 2,333 violent crimes per 100,000 people while the national average was 455 per 100,000 [9] Camden public schools spend $17,000 per student per year yet only two thirds of the students graduate. Two out of every five residents are below the national poverty line.[10]

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

Fort Nassau (located within the present boundaries of nearby Gloucester City, New Jersey), was built by the Dutch West India Company in 1626, and was the first European attempt to settle the area now occupied by Camden. Initial European activity in the vicinity of present-day Camden occurred along the banks of the Delaware River where the Dutch and the Swedish vied for control of the local fur trade. Europeans continued to settle in and improve the area during the seventeenth century. Much of the growth directly resulted from the success of another Quaker colony across the Delaware River known as Philadelphia, which was founded in 1682 and soon had enough population to attract a brisk trade from West Jersey and Camden. To accommodate the trade across the river, a string of ferries began operation.[11]

[edit] 1800s onward

For over 150 years, Camden served as a secondary economic and transportation hub for the Philadelphia area. But that status began to change in the early 1800s. One of the U.S.'s first railroads, the Camden and Amboy Railroad, was chartered in Camden in 1830. The Camden and Amboy Railroad allowed travelers to travel between New York City and Philadelphia via ferry terminals in South Amboy, New Jersey and Camden. The railroad terminated on the Camden waterfront, and passengers were ferried across the Delaware River to their final Philadelphia destination. The Camden and Amboy Railroad opened in 1834 and helped to spur an increase in population and commerce in Camden.[12]

Originally a suburban town with ferry service to Philadelphia, Camden evolved into its own city, as industry and neighborhoods grew. Camden prospered during strong periods of manufacturing demand and faced distress during periods of economic dislocation.[13]

Like most American cities, Camden suffered from decline in the 20th century as the manufacturing base and many residents moved out to other locations. Currently, government, education, and health care are the three biggest employers in Camden; however, most employees commute to Camden and live in nearby suburbs such as Cherry Hill. Revitalization has occurred along the Camden Waterfront and in the neighborhoods of Cooper Grant, Cramer Hill, and Fairview, with direct access to Philadelphia.

[edit] Industrial history

From 1901 through 1929, Camden was headquarters [14] of the Victor Talking Machine Company, and thereafter to its successor RCA Victor, the world's largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records for the first two-thirds of the 20th century. RCA Victor contained one of the first commercial recording studios in the United States, where Enrico Caruso, among others, recorded. The General Electric Company reacquired RCA in 1986.

In 1992, the State of New Jersey under the Florio Administration made an agreement with GE to ensure that GE would not close the Camden site. The state of New Jersey would build a new high tech facility on the site of the old Campbell Soup Company factory and trade these new buildings to GE for the existing old RCA Victor Buildings. Later, the new high tech buildings would be sold to Martin Marietta. In 1994, Martin Marietta merged with Lockheed to become Lockheed Martin. In 1997, Lockheed Martin divested the Camden Plant as part of the birth of L-3 Communications.

The Nipper Building

The famous "Nipper Building" depicting RCA's famous "His Master's Voice" trademark in its tower windows has since been renovated into a luxury apartment building called "The Victor." Building 8 is set to be rehabilitated into luxury condominiums called "Radio Lofts." Both projects are the work of Dranoff Properties, a well known Philadelphia development corporation that has specialized in these types of constructions. Another older building, Victor Building No. 2, is used to this day to house the Camden City Board of Education. Most of the other old RCA Victor buildings have long since been demolished.

From 1899 to 1967, Camden was the home of New York Shipbuilding Corporation, which at its World War II peak was the largest and most productive shipyard in the world [15] Notable naval vessels built at New York Ship include the ill-fated cruiser USS Indianapolis and the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk. In 1962, the first commercial nuclear-powered ship, the NS "Savannah", was launched in Camden.[16] The Fairview Village section of Camden (initially Yorkship Village) was a planned European-style garden village built by the Federal government during World War I to house New York Shipbuilding Corporation workers.

At Camden's peak, 10,000 workers were employed at RCA, while another 40,000 worked at New York Shipbuilding. RCA had 23 out of 25 of its factories inside Camden. Campbell Soup was also a major employer.[17] By 1969, Camden had been losing jobs and residents for a quarter century due in large part to urban decay, highway construction, and racial tensions[citation needed].

In his book Capital Moves: RCA's Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor, Jefferson Cowie mentions that Camden in the 1920s was known as "the Citadel of Republicanism".[18] The decline of the Republican Party in Camden overlapped the decline of manufacturing.[clarification needed]

[edit] Port

Situated on the Delaware River, with access to the Atlantic Ocean, the Port of Camden handles breakbulk and bulk cargo. The port consists of two terminals: the Beckett Street Terminal and the Broadway Terminal. The port receives hundreds of ships moving international and domestic cargo annually. [3]

In 2005, the Port of Camden (South Jersey Port Corporation) was subject to an unresolved criminal investigation[19] and a state audit.[20] Some activities in the port are under the jurisdiction of the Delaware River Port Authority.

In December 2006, Governor Jon Corzine speculated on moving port operations further south to allow the community greater access to the waterfront.[21]

[edit] Government

Federal Courthouse in Camden

Camden has historically been a stronghold of the Democratic Party. Voter turnout is very low; approximately 19% of Camden's voting age population participated in the 2005 gubernatorial election.[22]

[edit] Local government

Camden's City Hall opened in 1931.

Since July 1, 1961, the City has operated under a Mayor-Council form of government.[23] Under this form of government, the City Council consisted of seven Council members originally all elected at-large. In 1994, the City opted to modify the form of government to better address the changing needs of the citizenry. To that end, the City of Camden was divided into four council districts, instead of electing the entire Council at-large. One Council member is elected from each of the four districts. In 1995, the election was changed from a partisan election to a non-partisan Municipal Election.

Mayor Milton Milan was jailed for his connections to organized crime. On June 15, 2001, he was sentenced to serve seven years in prison on 14 counts of corruption, including accepting mob payoffs and concealing a $65,000 loan from a drug kingpin.[8]

Dana Redd is the Mayor of Camden. She is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[24] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

Members of the City Council include:

[edit] Federal, state and county representation

Camden is in the 1st Congressional district. New Jersey's First Congressional District is represented by Rob Andrews (D, Haddon Heights). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Frank Lautenberg (D, Cliffside Park) and Bob Menendez (D, Hoboken).

Camden is in the 5th district of the New Jersey Legislature,which is represented in the New Jersey Senate by Donald Norcross (D, Camden) and in the New Jersey General Assembly by Angel Fuentes (D, Camden) and Gilbert "Whip" Wilson (D, Camden).[25]

Camden County is governed by a seven-member Board of Chosen Freeholders, elected at-large for staggered three-year terms by the residents of the county.[26] As of 2008, Camden County's Freeholders are Freeholder Director Louis Cappelli, Jr. (Collingswood, term ends December 31, 2008), Freeholder Deputy Director Edward McDonnell (Pennsauken Township, 2010), Riletta L. Cream (Camden, 2008), Rodney A. Greco (Gloucester Township, 2009), Jeffrey L. Nash (Cherry Hill Township, 2009), Joseph Ripa (Voorhees Township, 2009) and Carmen Rodriguez (Merchantville, 2010).[27]

[edit] Geography

Map of Camden County Highlighting Camden

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.4 square miles (27 km2); 8.8 square miles (23 km2) of it is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2) of it is water. The total area is 15.03% water.

Camden borders Collingswood, Gloucester City, Haddon Township, Pennsauken, and Woodlynne. Just offshore of Camden is Pettys Island, which is officially part of Pennsauken Township.

Camden contains the U.S.'s first federally funded planned community, Yorkship Village (now called Fairview).[citation needed] The village was designed by Electus Darwin Litchfield, who was influenced by the "garden city" developments popular in England at the time.[28]

[edit] Neighborhoods

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Camden has approximately 32 neighborhoods:

[edit] Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1840 3,371
—
1850 9,479 181.2%
1860 14,358 51.5%
1870 20,045 39.6%
1880 41,659 107.8%
1890 58,313 40.0%
1900 75,935 30.2%
1910 94,538 24.5%
1920 116,309 23.0%
1930 118,700 2.1%
1940 117,536 −1.0%
1950 124,555 6.0%
1960 117,159 −5.9%
1970 102,551 −12.5%
1980 84,910 −17.2%
1990 87,492 3.0%
2000 79,318 −9.3%
Est. 2009 78,790 [3] −0.7%
historical data sources:[29][30][31]

As of the census[4] of 2000,[32] there were 79,904 people, 24,177 households, and 17,431 families residing in the city. The population density was 9,057.0 people per square mile (3,497.9/km²). There were 29,769 housing units at an average density of 3,374.3 units per square mile (1,303.2/km²).

In 2007, the racial makeup of the city was 50.35% Non-Hispanic Black, 6.84% Non-Hispanic White, 2.45% Asian, 0.54% Native American, 0.07% Pacific Islander, and 22.83% from other races. 3.92% of residents were from two or more races. 42.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, majority of which are Puerto Ricans. 5.9% of the population is foreign-born.

There were 24,177 households out of which 42.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.1% were married couples living together, 37.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.52 and the average family size was 4.00.

In the city the population is quite young with 34.6% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.

The per capita income for the city was $9,815. 35.5% of the population and 32.8% of families were below the poverty line. 45.5% of those under the age of 18 and 23.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Based on 2006 data from the United States Census Bureau, 52% of the city's residents live in poverty, the highest rate in the nation. The city had a median household income of $18,007, the lowest of all U.S. communities with populations of more than 65,000 residents, making it America's poorest city.[33] A group of poor Camden residents were the subject of a 20/20 special on poverty in America broadcast on January 26, 2007. In the special, Diane Sawyer profiled the lives of three young children growing up in Camden.[34] A follow up was shown on November 9, 2007.[35] In early 2009, the unemployment rate was 17.0%, more than twice the average of New Jersey.[36][verification needed]

In 2007, 33.85% of Camden residents identified themselves as being of Puerto Rican heritage. This was the third highest proportion of Puerto Ricans in a municipality on the United States mainland, behind only Holyoke, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut, for all communities in which 1,000 or more people listed an ancestry group.[37]

[edit] Transportation

New Jersey Transit's Walter Rand Transportation Center is located at Martin Luther King Boulevard and Broadway. In addition to being a hub for New Jersey Transit (NJT) buses in the Southern Division, Greyhound Lines, the PATCO Speedline and River Line make stops at the station.

The PATCO Speedline offers frequent train service to Philadelphia and the suburbs to the east in Camden County, with stations at City Hall, Broadway (Walter Rand Transportation Center) and Ferry Avenue.

Since its opening in 2004, NJT's River Line has offered frequent light rail service to towns along the Delaware north of Camden, and terminates in Trenton. Camden stations are 36th Street, Walter Rand Transportation Center, Cooper Street-Rutgers University, Aquarium and Entertainment Center.

NJT bus service is available to Philadelphia on the 313, 315, 317, and 318 and various 400 series lines, to Atlantic City is served by the 551 bus. Local service is offered on the 450, 451, 452, 453, and 457 lines.[38]

Interstate 676 and Route 30 runs through Camden to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge on the north side of the city.

[edit] Fire department

The City of Camden is protected 24/7 by the professional firefighters of the City of Camden Fire Department. Officially organized in 1869, the Camden Fire Department is the oldest paid fire department in the state of New Jersey and is among the oldest in the United States. In 1916, the Department was the first in the United States that had an all-motorized fire apparatus fleet. The Camden Fire Department currently operates out of 6 Fire Stations, located throughout the city, and operate a front line fire apparatus fleet of 6 Engines, 3 Ladders, 1 Squad, 1 Rescue, 1 Haz-Mat. Unit, 1 Special Operations Unit, 1 Fire Boat, and numerous special, support, and reserve units, under the command of a Deputy Chief and 2 Battalion Chiefs. In the past two years, the Camden Fire Department has suffered severe economic cutbacks, including company closures and staffing cuts.[39][40]

[edit] Fire station locations and apparatus

[edit] Waterfront

One of the most popular attractions of Camden is the city's waterfront, along the Delaware River. The waterfront is highlighted by its four main attractions, the USS New Jersey; the Susquehanna Bank Center; Campbell's Field; and the Adventure Aquarium.

The Adventure Aquarium was originally opened in 1992 as the New Jersey State Aquarium at Camden. In 2005 after extensive renovation the aquarium was reopened under the name Adventure Aquarium.[41] The aquarium was one of the original centerpieces in Camden's plans for revitalizing their city.

The recently renamed Susquehanna Bank Center (formerly known as the Tweeter Center) is a 25,000-seat open-air concert amphitheater that was opened in 1995.

Campbell's Field, opened in 2001, is home the Camden Riversharks[42] Minor League Baseball team, of the Atlantic League; and the Rutgers-Camden baseball team.

The USS New Jersey (BB-62) was a U.S. Navy battleship that was intermittently active between the years 1943 and 1991. After its retirement the ship was turned into a museum along the waterfront that opened in 2001. The New Jersey [43] saw action during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and provided support off Lebanon in early 1983.

Other attractions at the Waterfront are the Wiggins Park Riverstage and Marina, One Port Center, The Victor Lofts, the Walt Whitman House[44], the Walt Whitman Cultural Arts Center, the Rutgers-Camden Center For The Arts and the Camden Children's Garden.

The Waterfront is also served by two modes of public transportation. New Jersey Transit serves the Waterfront on its River Line, while people from Philadelphia can commute using the RiverLink Ferry, which connects the Waterfront with Old City Philadelphia.

[edit] Riverfront State Prison

Riverfront State Prison[45], which opened in August 1985,[46] was a state penitentiary located near downtown Camden, north of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. It held 1,009 inmates in 2006. The last prisoners were transferred in June 2009 to other locations, and the prison was closed and subsequently demolished. The site is expected to be redeveloped by the State of New Jersey, the City of Camden, and private investors.[47]

[edit] Economy

Entrance to Campbell Soup Company headquarters in Camden.

[edit] Largest employers

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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)

[edit] Urban enterprise zone

Portions of Camden are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3½% sales tax rate (versus the 7% rate charged statewide).[48]

[edit] Redevelopment

Camden suffers from unemployment, urban decay, poverty, and many other social issues.

Camden had been passed over for redevelopment for many decades. The dawn of the twenty-first century has brought new redevelopment plans. Campbell Soup Company has decided to go forward with a scaled down redevelopment of the area around its corporate headquarters in Camden, including an expanded corporate headquarters.[49] The nearby Sears building was bought by a local developer, with plans for loft-style housing and commercial businesses. Cherokee Investment Partners had a grand plan to redevelop north Camden with 5,000 new homes and a shopping center on 450 acres. Cherokee dropped their plans in the face of local opposition and the slumping real estate market.

[edit] Recent projects

[edit] Education

[edit] Public schools

Camden's public schools are operated by Camden City Public Schools district. The district is one of thirty-one Abbott Districts,[50] a group of New Jersey school districts identified as being in "poorer urban districts" or "special needs districts", that receive special state funding including free preschools for three- and four-year olds.

High schools

[edit] Private education

Holy Name School, Sacred Heart Grade School, San Miguel School, St. Anthony of Padua School, St. Joseph Pro-Cathedral School are elementary schools that operate under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden.[51]

[edit] Higher education

The University District, adjacent to the downtown, is home to the following institutions:

[edit] Sports

Club Sport League Venue Logo
Camden Riversharks Baseball Atlantic League of Professional Baseball Campbell's Field Riversharks.JPG

[edit] Crime

Ambox outdated serious.svg
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Camden
Crime rates (2008)
Crime type Rate*
Homicide: 70.9
Forcible rape: 91.9
Robbery: 1,069.8
Aggravated assault: 1,099.9
Violent crime: 2,332.6
Burglary: 1,602.7
Larceny-theft: 3,535.0
Motor vehicle theft: 1,310.0
Arson: 157.5
Property crime: 6,447.7
Notes
* Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.
2008 population: 76,182
Source: 2008 FBI UCR Data

Based on statistics reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Camden was the third-most dangerous city in the U.S. during 2002, and has been ranked the nation's most dangerous city in 2004, 2005 and 2009.[53] "Most dangerous city" is based on crime statistics in six categories: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, and auto theft.

City Councilman Ali Sloan-El, responding to 2004 news about the 2003 statistics, cites Camden's poverty as an important contributing factor to its high crime rate. The demographic data from the Census indicates about a third of the city's residents live below the poverty line.

However, in 2005, homicides in Camden dropped sharply, to 34 — fifteen fewer murders than were reported in 2004.[54] Though Camden's murder rate is still much higher than the national average, the reduction in 2005 was a drop of over thirty percent. Then in 2006, the numbers of murders climbed to 40. Murder rates are generally not static and change from year to year especially in smaller cities.

Morgan Quitno Corporation has ranked Camden in the top ten most dangerous cities in the U.S. since 1998, when they first included cities with populations below 100,000. It was ranked the most dangerous overall in 2004 and 2005.[55][56] It dropped down to the fifth spot for the 2006 and 2007 rankings but rose to number two in 2008 [57][58][59] and to the top spot in 2009 [60].

[edit] Additional facts

 Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (July 2008)
  • 1933, hosted the first drive-in movie.[61]
  • On September 6, 1949, mass murderer Howard Unruh went on a killing spree in his Camden neighborhood in which he killed thirteen people. Unruh, who was convicted and subsequently confined to a state psychiatric facility, died on October 19, 2009.
  • Racial riots occurred when a Puerto Rican motorist was beaten by city police and died in August 1971. Sections of downtown were looted and torched.
  • The Camden 28 were a group of "Catholic left" anti-Vietnam War activists who in 1971 planned and executed a raid on a Camden draft board. The raid resulted in a high-profile trial against the activists that was seen by many as a referendum on the Vietnam War.
  • In the 1990s television situation comedy A Different World, the character Jaleesa Vinson (played by Dawnn Lewis) is from Camden, New Jersey.
  • In 1996, Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman frisked Sherron Rolax in Camden, which many alleged violated Rolax's civil rights.[62]
  • The initial shoot-out in the fourth "Die Hard" film, Live Free or Die Hard, takes place in Camden.
  • The Courier-Post was formerly based in Camden.
  • Gary Williams, Head Coach of the University of Maryland basketball team coached basketball at Woodrow Wilson High School.

[edit] Points of interest

[edit] Noted residents

Some noted current and former residents include:

[edit] References

  1. ^ Anthony DePalma, "The Talk of Camden; A City in Pain Hopes for Relief Under Florio", New York Times, February 7, 1990.
  2. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Camden, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed April 16, 2007.
  3. ^ a b "Population Finder: Camden City, New Jersey". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US3410000&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US34%7C16000US3403580&_street=&_county=Camden%2C+New+Jersey&_cityTown=Camden%2C+New+Jersey&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=. Retrieved August 10, 2010. "The 2009 population estimate for Camden City, New Jersey is 78,790." 
  4. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  5. ^ "A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey", Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed July 14, 2008.
  6. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  7. ^ Snyder, John P. (1969). The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968. Bureau of Geology and Topography (Trenton, New Jersey). p. 104.
  8. ^ a b Staff writer (July 16, 2001). "Milan Begins Sentence". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/16/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-jersey-camden-milan-begins-sentence.html. Retrieved December 25, 2009. "Former Mayor Milton Milan, 38, convicted of corruption charges in December, is now serving his seven-year sentence at a low-security federal prison in Loretto, Pa., where he was transferred Friday. ... On June 15, Mr. Milan was sentenced on 14 counts of corruption, including taking payoffs from the mob, as well as concealing the source of a $65,000 loan from a drug kingpin." 
  9. ^ http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:gLhkxEUT_HYJ:www.courierpostonline.com/article/20091124/NEWS01/911240338/Report-ranks-Camden-most-dangerous-U.S.-city+crime+camden+2,333&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
  10. ^ Staff writer (November 26, 2009). "Camden's Crisis — Ungovernable? — The State May Have Failed the City It Took Over". Reuters (via The Economist). http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14974307. Retrieved December 23, 2009. "Camden had the highest crime rate in the country in 2008, according to CQ Press, with 2,333 violent crimes for every 100,000 people. The national average is 455. Camden spends $17,000 per child on education, yet only two thirds complete school. Two out of five people live below the poverty line." 
  11. ^ Camden: Early Settlement. Accessed February 7, 2007.
  12. ^ "A Brief History of Camden County". Accessed February 7, 2007.
  13. ^ "Rutgers University Computing Services - Camden"
  14. ^ "Made in S.J.: RCA Victor". Portal to gallery of photographs (22) related to the Victor Talking Machine Company. Courier-Post. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  15. ^ "Made in S.J.: Shipbuilding". Portal to gallery of photographs (16) related to shipbuilding in Camden. Courier-Post. Undated. Accessed December 25, 2009.]
  16. ^ Encarta Encyclopedia: Ship. Accessed June 23, 2006. Archived October 31, 2009.
  17. ^ "Made in S.J.: Campbell Soup Co.". Portal to gallery of photographs (20) related to The Campbell Soup Company. Courier-Post. Undated. Accessed December 25, 2009.
  18. ^ Cowie, Jefferson R. Cowie (1999). Capital Moves: RCA's Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor (Cornell University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8014-3525-6. (excerpt available at Google Books).
  19. ^ Port Audit Decried As Political Attack, Red Orbit, September 8, 2005.
  20. ^ "South Jersey Port Corporation: Office of the State Auditor". Accessed December 30, 2006.
  21. ^[dead link]"Corzine Outlines His Vision for Rebirth of Camden, Courier-Post, December 24, 2006.
  22. ^ Voter Participation in Camden City: Gubernatorial Election. Accessed June 23, 2006.
  23. ^ 2005 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, April 2005, p. 28.
  24. ^ "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml. 
  25. ^ "Legislative Roster: 2010-2011 Session". New Jersey Legislature. http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/roster.asp. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  26. ^ What is a Freeholder?, Camden County, New Jersey. Accessed March 25, 2008.
  27. ^ Board of Freeholders, Camden County, New Jersey. Accessed April 14, 2008.
  28. ^ "A Place Called Yorkship — Electus Litchfield's Plan". Accessed June 23, 2006.
  29. ^ "New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 — 1990". http://www.wnjpin.net/OneStopCareerCenter/LaborMarketInformation/lmi01/poptrd6.htm. Retrieved March 3, 2007. 
  30. ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in The United States: 1790 TO 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html. Retrieved March 6, 2007. 
  31. ^ Wm. C. Hunt, Chief Statistician for Population. "Fourteenth Census of The United States: 1920; Population: New Jersey; Number of inhabitants, by counties and minor civil divisions" (ZIP). U.S. Census Bureau. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/41084506no553.zip. Retrieved March 21, 2007. 
  32. ^ Camden (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau
  33. ^[dead link]Camden Poorest City in U.S., The Courier-Post, August 30, 2006.
  34. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2819991&page=1 ABC News
  35. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=3837382&page=1 ABC News
  36. ^[verification needed]Staff writer (undated). "Camden, New Jersey" city-data.com. Accessed December 26, 2009.
  37. ^ Puerto-Rican Communities. Accessed August 28, 2006.
  38. ^ Camden County Bus/Rail Connections, New Jersey Transit. Accessed June 21, 2007.
  39. ^ [1]. Accessed July 1, 2010.
  40. ^ [2]. Accessed July 1, 2010.
  41. ^ "Aquarium Accredited". . Portal to gallery of photographs (6) related to the Adventure Aquarium. Courier-Post. March 31, 1999. Accessed December 25, 2009.
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Coordinates: 39°55′33″N 75°07′11″W / 39.92583°N 75.11972°W / 39.92583; -75.11972

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