Henry A. Wallace
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Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was the 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941–1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933–1940), and the Secretary of Commerce (1945–1946). In the 1948 presidential election, Wallace was the nominee of the Progressive Party.
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[edit] Early life
Wallace was born on October 7, 1888 at a farm near Orient, Adair County, Iowa.[1] He graduated from Iowa State College at Ames in 1910, where he was a brother in the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. His father was Henry Cantwell Wallace. He worked on the editorial staff of Wallace's Farmer in Des Moines, Iowa, from 1910 to 1924 and edited the publication from 1924 to 1929. He experimented with breeding high-yielding strains of corn (maize), and authored many publications on agriculture. In 1915 he devised the first corn-hog ratio charts indicating the probable course of markets. With an inheritance of a few thousand dollars that had been left to his wife, the former Ilo Browne, whom he married in 1914, Wallace founded Hi-Bred Corn, which later became Pioneer Hi-Bred, a major agriculture corporation, acquired in 1999 by the Dupont Corporation for approximately $10 billion.
Wallace was raised as a Presbyterian, but left that denomination early in life. He spent most of his early life exploring other religious faiths and traditions. For many years, he had been closely associated with famous Russian artist and writer Nicholas Roerich. According to Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "Wallace's search for inner light took him to strange prophets.... It was in this search that he encountered Nicholas Roerich, a Russian emigre, painter, theosophist. Wallace did Roerich a number of favors, including sending him on an expedition to Central Asia presumably to collect drought-resistant grasses. In due course, H.A. [Wallace] became disillusioned with Roerich and turned almost viciously against him." [2] Wallace eventually settled on Episcopalianism.
[edit] Political career
[edit] Secretary of Agriculture
In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Wallace United States Secretary of Agriculture in his Cabinet, a post his father, Henry Cantwell Wallace, had occupied from 1921 to 1924. Wallace had been a liberal Republican, but he supported Roosevelt's New Deal and soon switched to the Democratic Party. Wallace served as Secretary of Agriculture until September 1940, when he resigned, having been nominated for Vice President as Roosevelt's running mate in the 1940 presidential election. During his tenure as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture he had to order a very unpopular strategy of slaughtering pigs and plowing up cotton fields in rural America to drive the price of these commodities back up in order to improve American farmers' financial situation. He also advocated the ever-normal granary concept.
[edit] Vice President
Wallace was elected in November 1940 as Vice President on the Democratic Party ticket with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. His inauguration took place on January 20, 1941, for the term ending January 20, 1945.
Roosevelt named Wallace chairman of the Board of Economic Warfare (BEW) and of the Supply Priorities and Allocations Board (SPAB) in 1941. Both positions became important with the U.S. entry into World War II. As he began to flex his newfound political muscle in his position with SPAB, Wallace came up against the conservative wing of the Democratic party in the form of Jesse H. Jones, Secretary of Commerce, as the two differed on how to handle wartime supplies.
On May 8, 1942, Wallace delivered his most famous speech, which became known by the phrase "Century of the Common Man" to the Free World Association in New York City. This speech, grounded in Christian references, laid out a positive vision for the war beyond the simple defeat of the Nazis. The speech, and the book of the same name which appeared the following year, proved quite popular, but it earned him enemies among the Democratic leadership, among important allied leaders like Winston Churchill, and among business leaders and conservatives.
Wallace spoke out during race riots in Detroit in 1943, declaring that the nation could not "fight to crush Nazi brutality abroad and condone race riots at home."
In 1943, Wallace made a goodwill tour of Latin America, shoring up support among important allies. His trip proved a success, and helped persuade twelve countries to declare war on Germany. Regarding trade relationships with Latin America, he convinced the BEW to add "labor clauses" to contracts with Latin American producers. These clauses required producers to pay fair wages and provide safe working conditions for their employees and committed the United States to paying for up to half of the required improvements. This met opposition from the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Wallace believed that both the American and the Russian revolution were part of "the march to freedom of the past 150 years." After having met Molotov, he arranged a trip to the "Wild East" of Russia. On May 23, 1944, he started a 25-day journey accompanied by Owen Lattimore. Coming from Alaska, they landed at Magadan where they were received by Sergei Goglidze and Dalstroi director Ivan Nikishov, both NKVD generals. The NKVD presented a fully sanitized version of the slave labor camps in Magadan and Kolyma to their American guests, convinced them that all the work was done by volunteers, charmed them with entertainment, and left their guests impressed with the "development" of Siberia and the spirit of the "volunteers". Lattimore's film of the visit tells that " a village .. in Siberia is a forum for open discussion like a town meeting in New England."[3] The trip then continued to China.
After Wallace feuded publicly with Jesse Jones and other high officials, Roosevelt stripped him of his war agency responsibilities and entertained the idea of replacing him on the presidential ticket. The Democratic Party, with concern being expressed privately about Roosevelt being able to make it through another term, chose Harry S. Truman as Roosevelt's running mate at the 1944 Democratic convention, after New Deal partisans failed to promote William O. Douglas. Wallace was succeeded as Vice President on January 20, 1945, by Truman. On April 12, 1945, Vice President Truman succeeded to the Presidency when President Franklin D. Roosevelt died. Henry A. Wallace had missed being the 33rd President of the United States by just 82 days.
[edit] Roerich controversy
During the 1940 presidential election, a series of letters that Wallace had written in the 1930s to Nicholas Roerich was uncovered by the Republicans. Wallace addressed Roerich as "Dear Guru" and signed all of the letters as "G" for Galahad, the name Roerich had assigned him. Wallace assured Roerich that he awaited "the breaking of the New Day" when the people of "Northern Shambhalla" - a Buddhist term roughly equivalent to the kingdom of heaven — would create an era of peace and plenty. When asked about the letters, Wallace claimed they were forgeries. Wallace had been a devoted supporter of N. Roerich and his work from the middle 1920s.[4] With the nod from F.D. Roosevelt, Wallace had lobbied Congress to support Roerich's Banner and Pact of Peace which was signed in Washington, D.C. by delegates from 22 Latin American countries in 1935. However, when Roerich and his son George were in Central Asia (sent on expedition by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to search for drought resistant grasses to prevent another Dust Bowl situation), Roerich so severely embarrassed the U.S. government politically that Wallace dismissed him and even in Wallace's memoirs, attempted to conceal the fact that the two men had ever been associated. When the Republicans threatened to reveal his "eccentric" religious beliefs to the public, the Democrats countered by threatening to release information about Republican candidate Wendell Willkie's rumored extramarital affair with the writer Irita Van Doren.[2][5] The Republicans subsequently agreed not to publicize the "Guru" letters. In the winter of 1947, however, independent columnist Westbrook Pegler published extracts fron the letters and promoted them thereafter as evidence that Wallace was not fit to be President.
[edit] Secretary of Commerce
Roosevelt placated Wallace by appointing him Secretary of Commerce. Wallace served in this post from March 1945 to September 1946, when he was fired by President Harry S. Truman because of disagreements about the policy towards the Soviet Union. He is, as of 2010, the last former Vice President to serve in the President's cabinet.
[edit] The New Republic
Following his term as Secretary of Commerce, Wallace became the editor of The New Republic magazine, using his position to vociferously criticize Truman's foreign policy. On the declaration of the Truman Doctrine in 1947, he predicted it would mark the beginning of "a century of fear."
[edit] The 1948 Presidential election
Wallace left his editorship position in 1948 to make an unsuccessful run as a Progressive Party candidate in the 1948 U.S. presidential election. With Idaho Democratic U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor as his running mate, his platform advocated friendly relations with the Soviet Union, an end to the nascent Cold War, an end to segregation, full voting rights for blacks, and universal government health insurance. His campaign was unusual for his time in that it included African American candidates campaigning alongside white candidates in the American South, and that during the campaign he refused to appear before segregated audiences or eat or stay in segregated establishments.
As a further sign of the times, he was noted by Time as ostentatiously riding through various cities and towns in the South "with his Negro secretary beside him."[6] Many eggs and tomatoes were hurled at and struck him and his campaign members during the tour, while at the same time President Truman referred to such behavior towards Wallace as very un-American. Wallace commented that "there is a long chain that links unknown young hoodlums in North Carolina or Alabama with men in finely tailored business suits in the great financial centers of New York or Boston, men who make a dollars-&-cents profit by setting race against race in the far away South."[6] State authorities in Virginia sidestepped enforcing its own segregation laws by declaring Wallace's gatherings as private parties.[7]
The "Dear Guru" letters reappeared now and were published, seriously hampering his campaign.[2] Even more damage was done to Wallace's campaign when several prominent journalists, including H.L. Mencken and Dorothy Thompson, publicly charged that Wallace and the Progressives were under the covert control of Communists. Wallace was endorsed by the Communist Party (USA), and his subsequent refusal to publicly disavow any Communist support cost him the backing of many anti-Communist liberals and socialists, such as Norman Thomas. Christopher Andrew, a University of Cambridge historian working with evidence in the famed Mitrokhin Archive, has stated publicly[8][9] that he believed Wallace was a confirmed KGB agent, though evidence for this was never produced.[citation needed] Students in Eastern Europe demonstrated in support of Wallace, chanting "long live Wallace, death to Truman."[citation needed]
Wallace suffered a decisive defeat in the election, to the Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman. He finished in third place with 2.4% of the popular vote, but Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond, who had nearly tied with Wallace in popular vote, managed to carry several states in the Deep South, gaining 39 electoral votes, to Wallace's electoral total of zero.
[edit] Later career
Wallace resumed his farming interests, and resided in South Salem, New York. During his later years he made a number of advances in the field of agricultural science. His many accomplishments included a breed of chicken that at one point accounted for the overwhelming majority of all egg-laying chickens sold across the globe. The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, the largest agricultural research complex in the world, is named for him.
In 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea, Wallace broke with the Progressives and backed the U.S.-led war effort in the Korean War.[2] In 1952, Wallace published Where I Was Wrong, in which he explained that his seemingly-trusting stance toward the Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin stemmed from inadequate information about Stalin's excesses and that he, too, now considered himself an anti-Communist. He wrote various letters to "people who he thought had traduced (maligned) him" and advocated the re-election of President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956.[2]
In 1961, President-elect John F. Kennedy invited him to his inauguration ceremony, though he had supported Kennedy's opponent Richard Nixon. A touched Wallace wrote to Kennedy: "At no time in our history have so many tens of millions of people been so completely enthusiastic about an Inaugural Address as about yours.".[2]
He died in Danbury, Connecticut, in 1965, of Lou Gehrig's disease.[2][10] His remains were cremated at Grace Cemetery in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and the ashes interred in Glendale Cemetery, Des Moines, Iowa.
[edit] See also
- Honeydew (melon), apparently first introduced to China by H.A. Wallace and still locally known there as the "Wallace melon"[citation needed]
- Bailan melon, one of the most famous Chinese melon cultivars, bred from the "Wallace melon"
[edit] References
- ^ "Papers of Henry A. Wallace". University of Iowa. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/MSC/ToMsC200/MsC177/Wallace%20new%20template%20FA.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g Arthur Schlesinger Jr. / Who Was Henry A. Wallace?
- ^ Tim Tzouliadis. The Forsaken. The Penguin Press (2008). pp. 217–226. ISBN 978-1-59420-168-4.
- ^ Drayer, Ruth Abram, Nicholas & Helena Roerich, The Spiritual Journey of Two Great Artists & Peacemakers.
- ^ The religion of Henry A. Wallace, U.S. Vice-President
- ^ a b "National Affairs - Eggs in the Dust". Time. 1948-09-13. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,888452,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ ""Am I in America?"". Time. 1948-09-06. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779946,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ The Mitrokhin Archive. Vol. I: The KGB in Europe and the West (1999) (with Vasili Mitrokhin)
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kruMIlVl9U Interview with Charlie Rose, August 24th, 2007, see timestamp 22:30
- ^ "Henry A. Wallace". New York Times. November 19, 1965. "Although his career was marred by one major failure of judgment, Henry A. Wallace contributed significantly to the progress and prosperity of his country. ..."
[edit] Secondary sources
- "The Prince of Wallace's: Chickens, Communists and Henry Wallace," Times Literary Supplement, November 24, 2000.
- Culver, John C. and John Hyde. American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (2002)
- Markowitz, Norman D. The Rise and Fall of the People's Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism, 1941-1948 (1973)
- John Maze and Graham White, Henry A. Wallace: His Search for a New World Order. University of North Carolina Press. 1995
- Schapsmeier, Frederick H. Henry A. Wallace of Iowa: the Agrarian Years, 1910-1940 (1968)
- Schapsmeier, Edward L. and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. Prophet in Politics: Henry A. Wallace and the War Years, 1940-1965 (1970)
- Schmidt, Karl M. Henry A. Wallace, Quixotic Crusade 1948 (1960)
- White, Graham, and John Maze. Henry A. Wallace: His Search for a New World Order (1995)
- Walker, J. Samuel Walker. Henry A. Wallace and American Foreign Policy (1976)
[edit] Writings
- Agricultural Prices (1920)
- New Frontiers (1934)
- America Must Choose (1934)
- Statesmanship and Religion (1934)
- Technology, Corporations, and the General Welfare (1937)
- The Century of the Common Man (1943)
- Democracy Reborn (1944)
- Sixty Million Jobs (1945)
- Toward World Peace (1948)
- The Price of Vision - The Diary of Henry A. Wallace 1942-1946 (1973), edited by John Morton Blum
[edit] External links
- Selected Works of Henry A. Wallace
- Quotes by Henry A. Wallace
- "The Century of the Common Man" - the text of Wallace's 1942 speech.
- Henry A. Wallace Center for Agricultural & Environmental Policy
- An Argument for a New Liberalism by Peter Beinart, The New Republic, December 2, 2004 - argues that Harry S. Truman's defeat of Wallace in 1948 helped make the Democrats an anti-totalitarian party and sees present-day Democrats as "Wallacite", a term it coins to mean soft on totalitarianism and external threats.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jesse Holman Jones |
United States Secretary of Commerce Served under: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman March 2, 1945 – September 20, 1946 |
Succeeded by W. Averell Harriman |
| Preceded by John Nance Garner |
Vice President of the United States Served under: Franklin D. Roosevelt January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945 |
Succeeded by Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by Arthur M. Hyde |
United States Secretary of Agriculture Served under: Franklin D. Roosevelt March 4, 1933 – September 4, 1940 |
Succeeded by Claude R. Wickard |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Franklin D. Roosevelt |
American Labor Party Presidential nominee 1948 |
Succeeded by Vincent Hallinan |
| New political party | Progressive Party Presidential nominee 1948 |
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| Preceded by John Nance Garner |
Democratic Party Vice Presidential nominee 1940 |
Succeeded by Harry S. Truman |
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