Private Eye

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Private Eye

Type	Fortnightly satirical news magazine
Format	Magazine
Owner	Pressdram Ltd
Editor	Ian Hislop
Founded	1961
Headquarters	6 Carlisle Street London W1D 3BN
Circulation	210,218[1]
ISSN	0032-888X
Official website	private-eye.co.uk

Private Eye is a fortnightly British satirical and current affairs magazine, currently edited by Ian Hislop. Since its first publication in 1961, Private Eye has been a prominent critic of public figures deemed incompetent, inefficient or corrupt, and has become a self-styled "thorn in the side" of the British establishment, though it also receives much criticism and ire, both for its style and for its willingness to print defamatory and controversial stories. This was reflected in its once prominent libel lawsuits, for which it became notorious. As the UK's best-selling current affairs magazine,^[2] such is its long-term popularity and significance that many recurring in-jokes in Private Eye have entered popular culture from its pages.

Contents 1 History 2 Nature of the magazine 2.1 Unearthing scandals and breaking news 2.2 Recurring in-jokes 2.3 Layout and style 2.4 Special editions 3 Regular sections 3.1 Regular columns 3.2 Satirical columns 3.3 Newspaper parodies 3.4 Mini-sections 3.5 Prime Minister parodies 3.6 Miscellanea 3.7 Defunct sections 4 Cartoons 5 Frequent targets for parody and satire 6 Other media and merchandise 7 Criticism and controversy 7.1 "Public-school racism" 7.2 Public offence 7.3 Blasphemy 7.4 MMR 8 Litigation 9 The Paul Foot Award 10 Ownership 11 Trivia 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links

[edit] History

The forerunner of Private Eye was a school magazine edited by Richard Ingrams, Willie Rushton, Christopher Booker and Paul Foot at Shrewsbury School in the mid-1950s (The Salopian). After National Service Ingrams and Foot went to the University of Oxford, where they met their future collaborators Peter Usborne, Andrew Osmond, John Wells and Danae Brook, among others.

The magazine proper began when Peter Usborne learned of a new printing process, photo-litho offset, which meant that anybody with a typewriter and Letraset could design a magazine. The magazine was initially funded by Osmond and was launched in 1961. It was named when Andrew Osmond looked for ideas in the famous recruiting poster of Lord Kitchener (an image of Kitchener pointing with the caption "Wants You") and, in particular, the pointing finger. After the name "Finger" was rejected, Osmond suggested "Private Eye", in the sense of someone who "fingers" a suspect. The magazine was initially edited by Christopher Booker and designed by Willie Rushton, who also drew cartoons for it. Its later editor Richard Ingrams was then pursuing a career as an actor, sharing the editorship with Booker on his return around issue 10 and taking over fully only on issue 40. At first the Eye was merely a vehicle for silly jokes, an extension of the original school magazine, and an alternative to Punch. However, according to Booker, it simply got "caught up in the rage for satire".

After the magazine's initial success, more funding was provided by Nicholas Luard and Peter Cook, who ran The Establishment – a satirical nightclub, and Private Eye became a fully professional publication.

Other people essential to the development of the magazine were Auberon Waugh, Claud Cockburn (who had run a pre-war scandal sheet, The Week), Barry Fantoni, Gerald Scarfe, Tony Rushton, Patrick Marnham and Candida Betjeman. Christopher Logue was another long-time contributor, providing a column of "True Stories" featuring cuttings from the national press. The gossip columnist Nigel Dempster wrote extensively for the magazine before he fell out with the editor and other writers, and Paul Foot wrote on politics, local government and corruption.

Ingrams continued as the magazine's editor until 1986, and was succeeded by Ian Hislop. Ingrams is still Chairman of the holding company.^[3]

[edit] Nature of the magazine

Private Eye is often accused of specialising in scurrilous gossip and scandal about the misdeeds of the powerful and famous, and has been the recipient of numerous libel writs. These have included three issued by Sir James Goldsmith and several by Robert Maxwell, one of which resulted in costs and reported damages of £225,000 and attacks on the magazine through the publication of a book, Malice in Wonderland, and a magazine, Not Private Eye published by Maxwell.^[4] But its defenders point out that it frequently carries news that the mainstream press is frightened to use for fear of legal reprisals, or that is of minority interest.

[edit] Unearthing scandals and breaking news

Some of the contributors to Private Eye are media figures or specialists in their field who write anonymously, often under humorous pseudonyms. Stories sometimes originate from writers for more mainstream publications who cannot get their stories published by their employers.

The magazine frequently breaks news stories before any other outlet. It was the first outlet to name the Kray twins as the gang leaders terrorising the London underworld in the 1960s. This only occurred as the then editor Richard Ingrams was on holiday and proprietor Peter Cook standing in for him thought it too good an opportunity to miss.^{[citation needed]}

Equally, the magazine has sometimes put an end to damaging but false rumours which were being spread about public figures, by reporting the rumours while detailing why they were untrue, and suggesting reasons why the subject might come under false attack (for example, false accusations in 1985 that an important cabinet minister was conducting an illicit affair).

A financial column at the back of the magazine ("In the City", written by Michael Gillard) has contributed to a wide city and business readership as a large number of financial scandals and unethical business practices and personalities were first exposed there.

[edit] Recurring in-jokes

The magazine has a number of recurring in-jokes and convoluted references, often comprehensible only to those who have read the magazine for many years. These in-jokes may consist of referring to controversies or legal ambiguities in a subtle euphemistic code, such as replacing "drunk" with "tired and emotional", or using the phrase "Ugandan discussions" to denote illicit sexual exploits, or they may consist of more obvious parodies utilising easily-recognisable stereotypes, such as the lampooning of any Conservative MP viewed to be particularly old-fashioned and bigoted as "Sir Bufton Tufton", or a variation thereof. Such terms have sometimes fallen into disuse as their hidden meanings have become better known (see Euphemism Treadmill). The first half of the issue, containing reporting and investigative journalism, tends to include these in-jokes in a more subtle manner, so as to maintain journalistic integrity, while the second half, more geared around unrestrained parody and cutting humour, tends to present itself in a more confrontational way.

[edit] Layout and style

Private Eye has lagged behind other magazines in adopting various typesetting and printing technologies. At the start it was laid out with scissors and paste, lending an amateurish look to the pages, and for some years after layout tools became available the magazine retained this technique to maintain its look. Today the magazine is still predominantly in black and white (though the cover and some cartoons inside appear in colour) and there is more text and less white space than is typical for a modern magazine. The former "Colour Section" was ironically named, because it was printed in black and white like the rest of the magazine: only the content was colourful.

[edit] Special editions

The magazine has published a series of independent special editions dedicated solely to news reporting of particular current events, such as government inadequacy over the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak, the conviction in January 2001 of Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing (Lockerbie: the flight from justice, May/June 2001), or the MMR vaccine (The MMR: A Special Report, subtitled: "The story so far: a comprehensive review of the MMR vaccination/autism controversy" 2002).

Another special issue was published in September 2004 to mark the death of long-time staff member Paul Foot.

[edit] Regular sections

[edit] Regular columns

• "Ad Nauseam" – the excesses, plagiarism and creative failings of the advertising industry.
• "Brussels Sprouts" – the foibles of the European Union and parliament
• "Called to Ordure" – reporting from recent committee appearances by regulators or otherwise senior civil servants, written by the pseudonymous "Gavel Basher".
• "Colemanballs" – verbal gaffes from broadcasting. Named after the former BBC broadcaster David Coleman, who was adjudged particularly prone to such solecisms during his many sporting commentaries. Variants also appear in which publications and press releases are mocked for inappropriately latching on to a current fad to draw unwarranted attention to something else, such as "Dianaballs" (following Princess Diana's death in 1997), "Millenniumballs" (1999), "Warballs" (following the September 11, 2001 attacks), "Tsunamiballs" (following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake), "Obamaballs" (after the election of President Barack Obama in 2008), and "Electionballs".
• "Curse of Gnome" An irregular column in which targets of the Eye who have responded in return are mocked when they suffer a severe misfortune.
• "Doing The Rounds" – medical news and coverage of the National Health Service, written by the general practitioner (and sometime comedian) Dr Phil Hammond.
• "Down On The Farm" – agricultural issues.
• "Down On The Fishfarm" – issues relating to fish-farming. Subsequently renamed "Eco-Gnomics" after several alternative titles were tried out.
• "Eye TV" – analysis of television programmes and news/criticism of the UK television industry, written by the pseudonymous "Remote Controller". (ITV is a British TV channel.
• "Funny Old World" – supposedly genuine quirky news stories from around the world, and one of the few columns with a by-line (Victor Lewis-Smith). Continued an earlier column, Christopher Logue's True Stories.
• "Hackwatch" – a column whose main theme highlights inconsistency and inaccuracy by prominent journalists.
• "High Principals" – examining further and higher education issues and spotlighting individuals who might have acted in their own best interest or those of family, friends and associates, rather than in the interest of the wider academic community.
• "HP Sauce" – covering politics and politicians. ("HP" refers to the Houses of Parliament, as well as being an actual brand of sauce.)
• "In The Back" – in-depth investigative journalism, often taking the side of the downtrodden. This section was until 2004 overseen by the late Paul Foot under whose tenure it was known as Footnotes. It often features stories on potential miscarriages of justice and stories on other embarrassing establishment misdeeds. In the Back was first used in 1999, when Paul Foot suffered an aortic aneurysm and had to spend six months in hospital. The Footnotes name was dropped after his death in 2004.
• "In The City" – analysis of financial and city affairs and people.
• "Just Fancy That" – contradictory snippets reprinted from press publications, often from the same day's edition
• "Letter From..." – column purporting to be written by a resident of a particular country highlighting the political or social situation there, the name coming from Alistair Cooke's Letter from America.
• "Levelling the Playing Fields" – chronicling what it sees as the public sector's bid to sell off as much of its remaining recreational green space as possible to supermarkets or housing development.
• "Literary Review" – book reviews and news from the world of publishing and bookselling, written by the pseudonymous "Bookworm". The masthead from the magazine of the same name, formerly edited by Auberon Waugh (aka, Abraham Wargs, "The Voice of Himself"), is lifted for this section. Regular sections include a critical review; "What You Didn't Miss", a pastiche summary of a recent book; "Books & Bookmen", articles about the absurdities of the publishing business (its title taken from a now-defunct British magazine); "Library News" (news about libraries). The column produces an annual summary of "logrolling" where literary colleagues have published favourable reviews of each other's books, or where rivals have disparaged their competitor's publications. Bookworm's anonymity makes it impossible to identify where this applies to Private Eye, but readers lampooned the column for an uncharacteristically positive review of Paul O'Grady's 2009 autobiography.
• "Man/Woman in the Eye" – usually detailing the past exploits of someone recently appointed into a government advisory role and why these exploits make their appointment unsuitable or contradictory.
• "Music and Musicians" – gossip on the artistic and political intrigues behind the scenes in the world of classical music. Written by "Lunchtime O'Boulez" (Lunchtime O'Booze has been the resident Private Eye journalist since the earliest days; Pierre Boulez, French avant garde composer and conductor, was a controversial choice as Principal Conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra in the early 1970s. In an earlier incarnation, the column published scurrilous and unfounded gossip about the London Symphony Orchestra, which resulted in a significant libel pay-out.^{[citation needed]} The title of the column is taken from a now-defunct British magazine which was a sister publication of Books and Bookmen.
• "News" (previously called "The Colour Section") – effectively the stories the magazine is most proud of that week or thinks most important, placed at its front.
• "Nooks & Corners" – architectural criticism. This is one of the magazine's most famous sections. It was originally titled "Nooks & Corners of the New Barbarism", a reference to the architectural movement known as New Brutalism. The column was founded by John Betjeman, and is currently written by architectural historian Gavin Stamp using the name 'Piloti'.
• "Rotten Boroughs" – a column reporting on dubious practices, absurdity and occasionally corruption in local government. The name is a play on the term 'rotten borough'. This section, edited by Tim Minogue, is sourced via scores of tips and leads from councillors, whistleblowing council officials, freelance journalists and members of the public.
• "Signal Failures" – covering railway issues. The author name "Dr B. Ching" refers to Dr Richard Beeching who wielded the Beeching Axe, a report that led to widespread cuts to the British railway network in the 1960s.
• "Street of Shame" – covering journalism, newspapers and other press stories. The term 'Street of Shame' refers to Fleet Street. Usually largely written by Francis Wheen and Adam Macqueen.
• "Squarebasher" – looking at military issues relating to all the armed forces, including deployments, equipment and training.
• "Under The Microscope" – looking at issues related to the scientific field.
• "Wikipedia Whispers" – reporting cases of personalities apparently editing their own Wikipedia entries to make them more favourable. The name recalls "Wicked Whispers", a section in the "3am" feature of tabloid red-top the Daily Mirror.^[5]

The magazine also features periodic 'news' columns such as "Library News", "Libel News", "Charity News" and others, detailing recent happenings in those circles. These follow predictable formats: library news usually chronicles local councils' bids to close libraries; libel news usually highlights what it sees as unjust libel judgements; while charity news usually questions the financial propriety of particular charities. "Poetry Corner" is the periodic contribution of obituaries by junior poet "E. J. Thribb".

[edit] Satirical columns

• "Court Circular" – a parody of The Daily Telegraph and The Times Court Circular sections which detail the activities of the Royal Family: for example, "HRH Prince Harry attended the opening of a bottle of vodka at Slappers Niteclub in Kensington."
• "Diary" – a parody of the weekly 'diary' column which appears in The Spectator magazine, written by Craig Brown in the style of the chosen celebrity. One of the few regular columns with a byline, which was introduced after Alan Clark sued Peter Bradshaw, then of the London Evening Standard, for his unattributed parody of Clark's diaries.

[edit] Newspaper parodies

The latter half of the magazine is taken up with parodies of newspapers; the layout and style of writing mirrors newspapers, which serve as vehicles for parody and satire of current events, plus spoof adverts. Where further content is implied, but omitted, this is said to continue on page 94.

• A Doctor Writes – the fictional "A. Doctor" or "Dr Thomas Utterfraud" parodies newspaper articles on topical medical conditions, particularly those by Dr Thomas Stuttaford.
• A Taxi Driver Writes – a view from a purported taxi driver, usually a politician or media personality, who will be named as (e.g.) No. 13458 J Prescott, giving excessively one-sided views, usually of a right-wing nature, saying that a named group or individual should be strung-up (hanged), that being the only language he/she or they understand(s).
• Dave Spart – ultra-left wing activist, always representing a ridiculous-sounding union, (often the National Amalgamated Union of Sixth-Form Operatives and Allied Trades), collective or magazine, which is frequently based in Neasden who is given free rein to express his views. These always begin "Once again ...", before attempting to lambast the subject of his anger for alleged misconduct, prejudice or general wrongdoing. Rarely does this get further than a few words before it breaks down into a fragmented litany of "sickening... totally sickening... worse than Hitler..." and so on, before being abruptly curtailed by the inevitable "continued on page 94". Since he must take the alternative view on any subject, he often ends up contradicting himself and getting stuck in illogicality, frequently stopping with "Er..." but continuing anyway. The name 'Spart' is derived from the German Spartacus League which existed during the first world war, and other subsequent revolutionary groups.^{[citation needed]}
• Glenda Slagg – brash, libidinous and self-contradictory female reporter based on Jean Rook and Lynda Lee-Potter. Every sentence from Slagg ends with an onslaught of punctuation made up of repeated "?" and "!" signs, and often features intermittent commentary from the 'editor' such as "you've done this already, get on with it" or, ultimately, "you're fired". Successive paragraphs in the column will frequently express contradictory opinions of the same person, whilst puns or thinly veiled sexual innuendo will oftentimes be followed by a gleeful "Geddit?!?".
• From The Messageboards – introduced in 2008, this is a spoof of various public messageboards, in particular the Five Live news boards of the BBC.
• Gnomemart – the Christmas special edition of Private Eye includes a double page of spoof adverts for horrendously expensive but useless mail-order gadgets, usually endorsed by topical celebrities, as being capable of playing topical songs or TV theme tunes.
• In the hot metal era, The Guardian was first lampooned as The Grauniad for its typographical errors. The Eye continues to use the name, and the word has entered the language.
• Lunchtime O'Booze has been among the Eye's resident journalists since the early days. The name is a comment on journalists' traditional fondness for alcohol, their prandial habits, the suspicion that they get their stories by hanging around the pub and talking to people they meet there and, by implication, the amount of reliance which might be placed upon their reports.
• Mary Ann Bighead – a mockery of the former The Times columnist and assistant editor Mary Ann Sieghart. Bighead is lampooned as being pretentious, ignorant, and boastful of her two children Brainella (3) and Intelligencia (7), her high standard of living, her travels (mainly to developing countries where she patronises the locals) and the fact that she can speak so many languages (including Swahili, Tagalog and 13th Century Mongolian).
• Neasden United FC, playing in the wonderfully depressingly and surreally named North Circular Relegation League, is a football club from Neasden, North London often used to satirise the state of English football in general with the manager "ashen-faced supremo Ron Knee, 59" possibly from Ron Atkinson and their only two fans "Sid and Doris Bonkers" playing on the idea of tiny devoted mindless fanbases of unsuccessful football clubs. In this case, spectacularly unsuccessful, as they invariably lose by a double-figure margin and if they score it is "one boot", flying off the foot of their ageing striker Baldy Pevsner, who usually chips in with several own goals. The reports are written by "E. I. Addio", a punning reference to popular football chanting. Neasden results are reported under the headline "late score". Their opponents are usually far-fetched, such as Taleban United who have featured on more than one occasion.
• Obvious headline – the trite and banal stories about celebrities' antics that receive extensive reporting in the national press are often rewritten as an anonymous headline, such as "SHOCK NEWS: MAN HAS SEX WITH SECRETARY". This is usually "EXCLUSIVE TO ALL NEWSPAPERS". A headline underneath is often "Pope admits to being Catholic"
• Official Apology or Product Recall – spoofs the official apologies and product recall notices that newspapers are mandated to print. For example, the subject might be the English national football team. Always starts "In common with all other newspapers" (or retailers)... i.e. implying that none has apologised.
• Poetry Corner – trite obituaries of the recently deceased in the form of poems from the fictional teenage poet E. J. Thribb (17½). The poems (nearly) always have a heading "In Memoriam..." and usually begin "So. Farewell then".
• Polly Filler – a vapid and self-centred female "lifestyle" columnist, whose irrelevant personal escapades and gossip serve solely to fill column inches. She complains bitterly about the workload of the modern woman whilst passing all parental responsibility on to "the au pair", who always comes from a less-advanced country, is paid a pittance, and fails to understand the workings of some mundane aspect of "lifestyle" life. Her name is derived from Polyfilla, a DIY product used to fill holes and cracks in plaster. Polly's sister Penny Dreadful makes an occasional appearance. Like several Private Eye regulars, Polly is based upon more than one female columnist who can be difficult to identify, but Jane Moore of The Sun, whose remarks are often echoed by Polly or commented on elsewhere in the magazine, is a major source. Additionally, the column is a sly dig (as opposed to the more usual Eye bludgeoning with a blunt instrument) at the Murdoch empire in general and Sky Television in particular, as Polly's husband, "the useless Simon", is usually mentioned as being in front of the television (wasting time) watching exotic sports on obscure satellite television channels (a News Corporation speciality).
• Police log - Neasden Central Police Station – a fictional police station log, satirising current police policies that are met with general contempt and/or disdain. Ordinary police activities are ignored, with police attention limited to 'counter-terrorism' and obsessive political correctness and pointless bureaucracy. Examples may include an incident in which an elderly woman is attacked by a gang of youths, and is arrested (and unfortunately dies of "natural causes" in police custody) for infringing on their right to terrorise OAPs, or the officers who arrest themselves for ordering a Full English, in direct contravention of the Celtic Minority (Non-Discriminatory Breakfast Provision) Regulations 2006.
• Pop Scene by Maureen Cleavage – originally a micky-take of press coverage of the music business and Maureen Cleave, who had a 'pop' column in the Evening Standard. At the time (early to mid-1960s), popular culture was starting to be taken more seriously by the heavier newspapers; some claim that the Eye gang considered this approach to be pretentious, and ripe for ridicule, although others counter-argue that the Eye was in fact covering popular culture before some of the more serious newspapers. Cleave was allegedly a close friend of John Lennon, and the author of the original article in the London Evening Standard which contained Lennon's "more popular than Jesus" assertion. This section provided an outlet for satirical comment on the activities of popular musicians of the time. Their antics were usually attributed to "The Turds pop group" (fictional) and their charismatic leader "Spiggy Topes". "The Turds" and "Topes" were originally based on The Beatles and a thinly disguised John Lennon, but the names was eventually applied to any rock star or band whose excesses featured in the popular press (Johnny Rotten and the Sex Pistols, for example) although at the same time there was a real group called The Thyrds who appeared in the final of ITV's Ready, Steady, Win! competition. This feature first appeared in issue Number 69 in August 1964.
• Sally Jockstrap – a fictional sports columnist who is incapable of correctly reporting any sporting facts. Her articles are usually a mishmash of references with several sports, along the lines of "there was drama at Twickenham as Michael Schumacher double faulted to give Arsenal victory". Said to be inspired by Lynne Truss.^[6]
• The Has-Beano – a pastiche of Britain's long-running Beano children's comic, used to satirise The Spectator and Boris Johnson (who features as the lead character, Boris the Menace).
• Toy-town News or Nursery Times – a newspaper based on the mythology of children's stories. For example, Royal butler Paul Burrell was satirised as the "Knave of Hearts" who was "lent" tarts "for safe keeping", rather than stealing them as in the rhyme. Nigel Dempster is referred to as "Humpty Dumpster".
• Ye Daily Tudorgraph – a newspaper written in mock-Tudor language, set in that time-period, and clearly a parody of the Daily Telegraph. It usually suggests that former Daily Telegraph editor Bill Deedes was a young boy at the time.

[edit] Mini-sections

The magazine contains a variety of regular "spots", consisting of small amusing examples of different aspects of everyday life, generally taken from everyday life themselves and sent in by readers, such as "Colemanballs", gaffes by sports commentators with less than adequate command of the English language, "Dumb Britain", particularly shocking examples of lacking in knowledge taken from British quiz shows or "Let's Parlez Franglais" a section which mocks recent political events, mainly within Europe, by creating an imaginary transcript (mainly consisting of the persons central to the event) in Franglais, usually ending with a reference to 'Kilometres' Kington.

[edit] Prime Minister parodies

A traditional fixture in Private Eye is a full page parody of the Prime Minister of the day. The style is carefully chosen to mock the foibles and folly of each Prime Minister. So Harold Wilson, who cultivated an exaggerated working class image, was mocked in "Mrs. Wilson's Diary", supposedly written by his wife, Mary Wilson, which was based upon Mrs. Dale's Diary, a popular BBC radio series.

Edward Heath, whose government was beset by economic and political problems, presided over Heathco, permanently "going out of business". John Major, undermined and embarrassed by his party's right wing during the 1990s, vented his frustrations in "The Secret Diary of John Major", inspired by the Sue Townsend books.

The parody of Tony Blair was as the sanctimonious "Vicar of St. Albion's", a fictional parish church, in "St. Albion's Parish News". Editor Ian Hislop has said the idea came about after Blair walked into Downing Street carrying his guitar in 1997, like "the new vicar [about] to sing Kumbaya." Richard Ingrams wrote in the Observer that he was amused to see the parody become true, after Blair left office and formed the Faith Foundation to promote religious harmony.

During his government, Gordon Brown (2007-10) was mocked as the Supreme Leader of a collapsing Soviet-style state, railing against the "running dog ex-Comrade Blair" and secret plots to depose him. This has enabled Private Eye to comment on Brown's lack of election as Prime Minister, either by the public or the Labour Party, and his supposed Stalinist style of leadership. This has now been replaced by a section where Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg are portrayed respectively as Headmaster and Deputy Head of "Coalition Academy- formerly Brown's Comprehensive" as a parody of the coalition government's policy of academies.

Not all of Private Eye's parodies have been unsympathetic. During the 1980s, Ingrams and John Wells wrote fictional letters from Denis Thatcher to Bill Deedes in the Dear Bill column, mocking Mrs. Thatcher's husband as an amiable, golf-playing drunk. The column was collected in a series of books and became a play in which Wells played the fictional Denis, a character who is now inextricably "blurred [with] the real historical figure", according to Ingrams.[3]

[edit] Miscellanea

• Classified – adverts from readers. Years ago people with odd sexual tastes would make contact with others via Private Eye's personal ads, using code words (using the names of motor cycles to describe various sexual acts, for example). However, nowadays the classified adverts usually consist of people selling wine or websites, or conspiracy theorists promoting their ideas. Includes the "Eye Need" adverts in which people beg for money. Spike Milligan once placed an ad that ran: "Spike Milligan would like to meet a rich, well-insured widow – intention: murder" and reported receiving several dozen replies.^{[citation needed]}
• Crossword – a cryptic prize crossword, notable for its vulgarity. In the early 1970s the crossword was set by the Labour MP Tom Driberg, under the pseudonym of "Tiresias" (supposedly "a distinguished academic churchman"). It is currently set by one of The Guardian's cryptic crossword setters, Eddie James ("Brummie" in the paper) under the name "Cyclops". The crossword frequently contains offensive language and references (both in the clues and the solutions), and a knowledge of the magazine's in-jokes and slang is necessary to solve it. The prize for the first correct solution opened, £100, is unusually high for a crossword and attracts many entrants.
• Letters – readers' letters section which frequently includes letters from the famous and powerful, often so that the Eye can print an apology and thereby avoid litigation. Some people use the page as a voice to express disgust at a recent Eye article or cartoon and traditionally end by saying (sometimes in jest) that they will (or will not) cancel their subscription. This section also prints the lookalikes and regularly prints the embarrassing picture of Andrew Neil (see: recurring in-jokes).
• Old Testament parody (The Book of...) – a spoof of the Old Testament, applying Bibilical language and imagery particularly reminiscent of the King James Bible to current affairs in the Middle East, usually involving much 'smiting'.
• The Alternative Rocky Horror Prayer Book – a pastiche of attempts to update Anglican religious ceremonies into more modern versions.
• The cover, with its famous speech bubble, putting ironic or humorous comments into the mouths of the famous in response to topical events.

[edit] Defunct sections

Apart from the former Prime Minister parodies mentioned above, several sections are no longer printed. These include:

• Auberon Waugh's Diary; Waugh wrote a regular diary for the magazine, usually combining real events from his own life with fictional flights of fancy (i.e. pretending he had been to parties with the Queen), from the early 1970s until 1985. It was generally written in the persona of an ultra-right-wing country gentleman, a subtle exaggeration of his own personality. He described it as the world's first example of journalism specifically dedicated to telling lies.
• London Calling – a round-up of news, especially of the most barking "loony left" variety, during the days of the GLC. This column was retired when the GLC was abolished.
• Sally Deedes – genuine consumer journalism column, often exposing spectacularly corrupt or improper goods, services and/or dealings. Sally Deedes (author unknown) was the origin of the Eye's first-ever libel victory in the mid-1990s; column was quietly ditched a few years later.
• Illustrated London News – a digest of news and scandal from the metropolis, parodying (and using the masthead of) the defunct gazette of the same name. Usually written by the radical pioneer journalist Claud Cockburn. Later replaced (c.1984) with -
• Grovel – a 'society' column, featuring gossip, scandal and scuttlebutt about the rich and famous, and probably the most-sued section in the whole magazine. The character and style of Grovel (a clearly tired and emotional man with a monocle, top hat and cigarette holder) was based on former GLE (Greatest Living Englishman), Nigel Dempster, lampooned as 'Nigel Pratt-Dumpster'. Grovel last appeared in issue 832 (25 Nov 1993) and was replaced with –
• Hallo! – the 'heart-warming column' purportedly written by The Marquesa, practically identical in content but with a new prose style parodying the breathless and gushing format established by magazines such as Hello, in which celebrities showed reporters around their lovely houses, etc. First appeared in issue 834 (3 Dec 1993). A "picture" of The Marquesa drawn by Vicky Wheeler appeared in issue 845. Hallo! itself disappeared in about 2000.
• Thomas, The Privatised Tank Engine – a parody of Rev. W. Awdry's Railway Series, by Incledon Clark published at the time of the debate over railway privatisation in 1993–4. The criticisms of the privatised railway that was being created turned out to be prescient to an astonishing degree.
• Wimmin – a regular 1980s section featuring quotes from feminist writing deemed to be ridiculous (similar to Pseuds Corner).

[edit] Cartoons

Private Eye is also home to many of Britain's most highly regarded humorous cartoonists. As well as many one-off cartoons, the magazine features several comic strips:

• Great Bores of Today (defunct) – Michael Heath
• The Regulars (defunct) – Michael Heath. Based on the drinking scene at the Coach & Horses pub (a regular meeting place for the magazine's staff and guests), featuring the catchphrase "Jeff bin in?" (a reference to pub regular, the journalist Jeffrey Bernard)
• Yobs and Yobettes – Tony Husband satirising yob (Chav) culture (or lack thereof)
• Supermodels – Neil Kerber satirising their lifestyle – the characters are unfeasibly thin
• The Commuters (defunct) – Grizelda – follows the efforts of two commuters to get a train to work.
• It's Grim Up North London – Knife & Packer satire about Islington trendies
• Young British Artists – Birch: a spoof of artists such as "Tracey" (Emin) and "Damien" (Hirst).
• Off Your Trolley (defunct) – Reeve & Way: set in an NHS hospital
• Apparently – Mike Barfield - a four-panel cartoon, often satirising day-to-day life or pop trends.
• The Premiersh*ts – Paul Wood (cartoonist): about the state of professional football and footballers
• Celeb – Charles Peattie and Mark Warren - a strip about the celebrity rock star Gary Bloke.
• Snipcock & Tweed – Nick Newman – two book publishers
• The Directors – Dredge & Rigg – comments on the excesses of boardroom fat cats
• The Cloggies (defunct) – Bill Tidy: an everyday story of clog-dancing folk
• Hom Sap (defunct) – Austin
• Scenes you seldom see – Barry Fantoni - satirising the habits of British people by portraying the opposite of what is the generally accepted norm
• Battle for Britain (defunct) – a satire of British politics (1983–1987) in terms of World War II
• EUphemisms – features a European Union (EU) official making a statement, with the caption giving what it means in real terms, generally depicting the EU in a negative light. An example: a French Minister (indicated by the French Flag behind him) declaring "The Euro is not a failure" with the caption reading "I'm using the word "not" in its loosest possible sense".
• Barry McKenzie (defunct) – was a very popular strip in the mid-1960s detailing the adventures of an expatriate Aussie at large in Earl's Court and elsewhere, written by Barry Humphries (aka Dame Edna Everage) and drawn by Nicholas Garland, later a political cartoonist in the heavyweight dailies.
• Dave Snooty – a recent addition to the magazine. Drawn in the style of The Beano, it parodies David Cameron as "Dave Snooty" (a reference to the Beano character "Lord Snooty") who ends up involved in all kinds of public schoolboy-type antics (often involving members of his shadow cabinet).
• The Broon-ites (defunct) – a pastiche of Scottish cartoon strip The Broons, featuring Gordon Brown and his close associates. The speechbubbles are written in broad Scots dialect.
• Global Warming: The Plus Side – a satire of the effects of global warming, suggesting mock "positive" impacts of the phenomena, such as bus-sized marrows in village vegetable competitions, vastly decreased fossil prices due to melting permafrost, and the profligaration of British citrus orchards.
• Liz (defunct) – a cartoon about the Royal Family drawn by Cutter Perkins and RJG in the style of the comic magazine Viz. First appeared in Issue 801 and ran to issue 833. The "talk bubbles" were written in "Geordie".
• Meet the Clintstones – The Prehistoric First Family – drawn in the style of The Flintstones, this is a parody of Bill and Hillary Clinton during his Presidency and the United States presidential election, 2008.
• Dan Dire, Pilot of the Future? and Tony Blair, Pilot for the Foreseeable Future – (defunct) parodies of the Dan Dare comics of the 1950s, satirising (respectively) Neil Kinnock's time as Labour Party leader, and Tony Blair's Labour government..

Additionally, currently, and in the past, it has used the work of Ralph Steadman, Wally Fawkes, Timothy Birdsall, Martin Honeysett, Willie Rushton, Gerald Scarfe, Bill Tidy, Robert Thompson, Ken Pyne, Geoff Thompson, "Jerodo", Ed McLauchlan, "Pearsall", Kevin Woodcock, Brian Bagnall and Kathryn Lamb.

[edit] Frequent targets for parody and satire

While the magazine in general reports corruption, self-interest and incompetence from a broad range of industries and lines of work, and has therefore over the years made targets of thousands of public figures, in practice certain people and entities receive a particularly large amount of coverage in the magazine's pages. While Prime Ministers and senior politicians make the most natural targets, being the most visible public figures, Private Eye often also aims its wrath at journalists, newspapers and particularly prominent or interesting businessmen. It is the habit of the magazine to attach nicknames, usually offensive and often very crude, to these people, and often to create surreal and extensive alternate personifications of them, which usually take the form of parody newspaper articles in the second half of the magazine.

[edit] Other media and merchandise

Private Eye has from time to time produced various spin-offs from the magazine:

• Books, e.g. annuals, cartoon collections and investigative pamphlets
• Audio recordings
• Private Eye TV, a 1971 BBC TV version of the magazine
• Memorabilia and commemorative products

[edit] Criticism and controversy

Overall, criticism of the Eye should perhaps be viewed in the light of a remark made to the editors by the director and satirist Jonathan Miller: "When are you lot going to develop a point of view?" Miller once described the Eye's editorial conference as like watching naked, anti-Semitic public schoolboys in a changing room, flicking wet towels at defenceless victims.^{[citation needed]} However, (as per the remark by Jonathan Miller) the magazine is something of a moving target, which always maintains a fog of irony, making it hard to discern if it is being serious or joking in intent. This even applies to readers' letters, which might be published because they make a valid point, or because the editor believes that the writer is so misguided as to be ridiculous. Many such letters are from irate readers who claim they are so disgusted with a particular article or cartoon in a previous issue that they announce the cancellation of their subscription. However, some letters of complaint are spoofs themselves, intended to lampoon other readers who have written in to complain.^{[citation needed]} Occasionally these counter-letters state "I shall renew my subscription", as a counter to those who state "I shall cancel my subscription".

[edit] "Public-school racism"

The cover of issue 256 from 1971 showed Emperor Hirohito visiting Britain with the caption "A nasty nip in the air" (subhead: "Piss off, Bandy Knees").^[7] Idi Amin also was characterised speaking in Pidgin English. In the 1960s and 1970s the magazine mocked the gay rights movement as "Poove Power".

[edit] Public offence

The magazine's irreverence and occasionally distasteful humour offend some while delighting others. Upon the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, it printed a cover headed "MEDIA TO BLAME". Under this headline was a picture of many hundreds of people outside the gates of Buckingham Palace with one person commenting that the papers were "a disgrace", another agreeing, saying that it was impossible to get one anywhere, and another saying, "Borrow mine. It's got a picture of the car."^[8]

Following the abrupt change in reporting from newspapers immediately following her death, the issue also featured a mock retraction from "all newspapers" of everything negative that they had ever said about Diana. This was enough to cause a flood of complaints, many cancelled subscriptions, and the temporary removal of the magazine from the shelves of several newsagents. On the other hand, the Diana issue is now one of the most highly sought after back issues. The newsagents who removed the magazine included W H Smith, which had previously refused to stock Private Eye until well into the 1970s. (W H Smith was usually characterised in the paper as "WH Smugg", or "WH Smut" on account of its contemporary policy of stocking pornographic magazines.)

Similar complaints were received about the issues that followed the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, the September 11, 2001 attacks (the magazine even including a special "subscription cancellation coupon" for disgruntled readers to send in) and the Soham murders. Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings the magazine's cover featured Tony Blair saying to Ken Livingstone "We must track down the evil mastermind behind the bombers...", to which Mr. Livingstone replies "...and invite him around for tea", in reference to Ken Livingstone's controversial invitation of Yusuf al-Qaradawi to London.^[9]

[edit] Blasphemy

The 2004 Christmas (issue 1121) issue received an unexpected number of complaints and subscription cancellations after it featured Pieter Brueghel's painting of a nativity scene, in which one wise man was saying to another: "Apparently, it's David Blunkett's" (who at the time was involved in a scandal where he was thought to have impregnated a married woman). Many readers sent letters accusing the magazine of blasphemy and anti-Christian attitudes. One stated that the "witless, gutless buggers wouldn't dare mock Islam", an observation later apparently vindicated when the magazine declined to publish the Danish Mohammed cartoons for fear of firebombs, although it does publish Islam-related humour on a regular basis. Many letters in the first issue of 2005 disagreed with the former readers' complaints, and some were even parodies of those letters, 'complaining' about issue 1122's cover^[10] – a cartoon depicting Santa's sleigh shredded to pieces by a wind farm: "To use a picture of Our Lord Father Christmas and his Holy Reindeer being torn limb from limb while flying over a windfarm is inappropriate and blasphemous."

[edit] MMR

The 2002 Private Eye special MMR supplement was substantially supportive of the interpretation by Andrew Wakefield of published research in The Lancet by the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group from the Royal Free Hospital on a possible link between autism and bowel problems. Initially dismissive of Wakefield, the Eye's 32-page special edition gave greater credence to Wakefield's assertion that MMR vaccines "should be given individually at not less than one year intervals." The British Medical Journal issued a contemporary press release^[11] that concluded: "The Eye report is dangerous in that it is likely to be read by people who are concerned about the safety of the vaccine. A doubting parent who reads this might be convinced there is a genuine problem and the absence of any proper references will prevent them from checking the many misleading statements." Subsequently, editor Ian Hislop has told Bad Science author and Guardian columnist Ben Goldacre that Private Eye is "not anti-MMR".^[12] In a review article published in February 2010, regular columnist Phil Hammond asserted that "Private Eye got it wrong in its coverage of MMR", in maintaining its support for Wakefield's position long after conflicting factors had emerged.^[13]

[edit] Litigation

The magazine has long been famous for attracting libel lawsuits, which can lead to damages relatively easily in English law. To ensure a level of safety, the magazine maintains a large quantity of money as a "fighting fund" (although experience has taught those behind the magazine quick ways to defuse legal tensions, usually by printing a letter from those concerned). As editor, Ian Hislop has become the most sued man in Britain.^[14]

Those who have sued the magazine include many famous names, though (as the editors noted) while politicians are a prime target they "tend to take their medicine like men", and the largest number of lawsuits issue from journalists. For the tenth anniversary issue, the cover showed a cartoon headstone inscribed with a long list of well-known names, and the epitaph "They did not sue in vain".^[15]

An unlikely piece of British legal history occurred in the case Arkell v. Pressdram (1971). The plaintiff was the subject of an article relating to illicit payments, and the magazine had ample evidence to back up the article. Arkell's lawyers wrote a letter which concluded: "His attitude to damages will be governed by the nature of your reply". The magazine's response was, in full: "We acknowledge your letter of 29th April referring to Mr J. Arkell. We note that Mr Arkell's attitude to damages will be governed by the nature of our reply and would therefore be grateful if you would inform us what his attitude to damages would be, were he to learn that the nature of our reply is as follows: fuck off." In the years following, the magazine would use this case as a euphemism for a blunt and coarse dismissal: for example, "We refer you to the reply given in the case of Arkell v. Pressdram"; or, perhaps, "His reply was similar to that given to the plaintiff in Arkell v. Pressdram".^[16] As with "tired and emotional" this usage has spread far beyond the magazine.

Possibly the most famous litigation case against the magazine was initiated by James Goldsmith (known within Private Eye's pages as '(Sir) Jammy Fishpaste'^[17][18]), who managed to arrange for criminal libel charges to be brought (effectively meaning that, if found guilty, those behind the Eye could be imprisoned). He sued over allegations that members of the Clermont Set, including Goldsmith, had conspired to shelter Lord Lucan after Lucan had murdered his family nanny, Sandra Rivett. Goldsmith won a partial victory and eventually reached a settlement with the magazine. The case threatened to bankrupt the magazine, which turned to its readers for financial support in the form of the Goldenballs Fund. Goldsmith himself was referred to as Jaws. The solicitor involved in many litigation cases against Private Eye, including the Goldsmith case, was Peter Carter-Ruck (or "Carter-Fuck", as the Eye referred to him).^[19]

Robert Maxwell (Captain Bob) also sued, for the suggestion he looked like a criminal. He won a significant sum. The editor, Ian Hislop, summarised the case: "I've just given a fat cheque to a fat Czech" and later claimed this was the only known example of a joke being told on News At Ten. Sonia Sutcliffe also sued after allegations that she used her connection to her husband, the Yorkshire Ripper, Peter Sutcliffe, to make money. She won £600,000 which was later reduced to £60,000 on appeal. However, the initial award caused Hislop to quip outside the court: "If this is justice, I'm a banana.".^[20] Readers raised a considerable sum in the "bananaballs fund", and Private Eye scored a PR coup by donating the surplus to the families of Sutcliffe's victims.

A rare victory for the Eye came in late 2001, when a libel case brought against the magazine by a Cornish chartered accountant, Stuart Condliffe, finally came to trial after ten years. The case was thrown out after only a few weeks as Condliffe had effectively accused his own legal team (Carter-Ruck and Associates) of lying.

In 2009 the Eye successfully challenged an injunction brought against it by Michael Napier, former head of the Law Society, who had sought to claim "confidentiality" for a report that he had been disciplined by the Law Society in relation to a conflict of interest.^[21] The ruling had wider significance in that it allowed other rulings by the Law Society to be publicised.^[22][23]

[edit] The Paul Foot Award

In 2005, The Guardian and Private Eye established the Paul Foot Award, with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative/campaigning journalism.^[24]

[edit] Ownership

The magazine is apparently owned by an eclectic group of people, officially published through the mechanism of a limited company called Pressdram Ltd,^[25] which was bought as an "off the shelf" company by Peter Cook in November 1961.

Private Eye does not publish explicit details of individuals concerned with its upkeep (it does not contain a "flannel panel" listing of who edits, writes and designs the magazine), but in 1981 the owners were quoted in the book The Private Eye Story as being Peter Cook, who owned most of the shareholding, with smaller shareholdings by the likes of Dirk Bogarde, Jane Asher, and several of those involved with the founding of the magazine. Most people on the list have since died, however, and it is unclear what happened to their shareholdings. Those concerned are reputedly contractually only able to sell their shareholdings at the price they originally paid for them.^{[citation needed]}

Shareholders as of the annual return dated 26 March 2005, including shareholders who have inherited shares, are:

• Jane Asher
• Barbara Braden
• David Cash (also a director)
• Elizabeth Cook
• Lin Cook
• Barry Fantoni
• Tessa Fantoni
• Ian Hislop (also a director)
• Eileen Lewenstein
• Executor of Lord Farington
• Peter Cook (Productions) Ltd
• Private Eye (Productions) Ltd
• Anthony Rushton (also a director)
• Connor Hammil
• Sarah Seymour
• Thomas Usbourne
• Brock van der Bogaerde

The other directors are Sheila Molnar, who is also the company secretary, and Richard Ingrams.

[edit] Trivia

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (November 2009)

• News (previously called The Colour Section – a misnomer) – The logo for this section of the magazine is a donkey-riding naked Mr Punch caressing his erect and oversized penis, while hugging a female admirer. It is a detail from a frieze by "Dickie" Doyle that once formed the masthead of Punch magazine, which the editors of Private Eye had come to loathe for its perceived descent into complacency. The image, hidden away in the detail of the frieze, had appeared on the cover of Punch for nearly a century and was noticed by Malcolm Muggeridge ("Muggo" or "The Guru") during a guest-editing spot on the Eye. The 'Rabelaisian gnome' (as the character was called) was enlarged by Gerald Scarfe, and put on the front cover of issue 69 at full size. He was then formally adopted as a mascot on the inside pages, as a symbol of the old, radical incarnation of Punch magazine that the Eye admired.
• "The Eye lunch" takes place upstairs at The Coach and Horses, a public house known for its association with deceased columnist Jeffrey Bernard. The lunch plays host to magazine staff and visitors who attend to share their inside information.
• On May Day 1965, the magazine held a "Mass for Vass" rally in Central London for beleaguered former British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, a reference to his nickname "Baillie Vass". Some 300 marchers under police supervision carried banners proclaiming "High-Speed Vass Gets Things Done", "The Baillie Will No Fail Ye", "Hands off the Rann of Kutch!" and "Who's a Cretin?" (a reference to a former nickname, "Sir Alec Douglas-Who?"). The march progressed from Parliament Square to Conservative Central Office, where, accompanied by a brass band, the participants sang rousing songs in mock support of Home to the occupants of the building. This incident went almost entirely unreported in the national media.
• A four-year subscription to Private Eye was to have been the well-known astrophysicist Stephen Hawking's prize in his famous bet over the existence of black holes with fellow astrophysicist Kip Thorne.

[edit] See also

• Spy, a defunct US counterpart
• Frank, a Canadian counterpart
• The Phoenix, an Irish counterpart
• El Jueves, a Spanish counterpart
• Le Canard enchaîné, a French counterpart
• The Clinic, a Chilean counterpart
• Titanic, a German counterpart
• Academia Catavencu, a Romanian counterpart
• Teacher's Diary
• Noseweek, a South African counterpart

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Carpenter, Humphrey (2002). That Was Satire That Was. Phoenix. ISBN 0-7538-1393-9. 
• Ingrams, Richard (1993). Goldenballs!. Harriman House. ISBN 1-897597-03-7. 
• Hislop, Ian (1990). The Complete Gnome Mart Catalogue. Corgi. ISBN 0-552-13752-9. 
• Marnham, Patrick (1982). The Private Eye Story. Andre Deutsch/Private Eye. ISBN 0-233-97509-8. 
• Ingrams, Richard (1971). The Life and Times of Private Eye. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-003357-2. 

[edit] External links

• Official website
• Media Guardian story

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