El Al

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For the former village in Syria, see Al ‘Al.
El Al Israel Airlines
IATA
LY		 ICAO
ELY		 Callsign
ELAL
Founded 1948
Hubs Ben Gurion International Airport
Frequent-flyer program Matmid
Member lounge King David Lounge
Subsidiaries Sun D'Or
Fleet size 40
Destinations 43
Company slogan "הכי בבית בעולם"
Literally: "The most at home in the world"
Translated: "Home away from home"
English speaking countries slogan: "It's not just an airline, it's Israel"
Headquarters Ben Gurion International Airport
Tel Aviv District, Israel
Key people Israel "Izzy" Borovich (Chairman)
Eliezer Shkedi (CEO)
Website www.elal.com

El Al Israel Airlines Ltd (TASE: ELAL), trading as El Al (Hebrew: אל על‎, "To The Skies" or "Skywards," Arabic: إل عال‎) is the flag carrier of the State of Israel. It operates scheduled international passenger and cargo flights between its hub at Ben Gurion International Airport, serving Tel Aviv, and destinations in Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, and North America, as well as domestic connections to Eilat. As of 2010, it operated an all-Boeing fleet of 40 aircraft, ranging from the 737-700 to the 747-400, including one 747-400F and two 747-200F operated by El Al Cargo. Its head office is located on the grounds of Ben Gurion International Airport.[1]

Since its inaugural flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv in September 1948 the airline has grown to serve 48 destinations on five continents. As the national carrier of Israel, El Al has played an important role in Israel's humanitarian rescue efforts, airlifting Jews from Ethiopia, Yemen, and other countries where their lives were at risk. The airline holds the world record for the most passengers on a commercial aircraft, a record set by Operation Solomon when Jewish refugees were transported from Ethiopia. El Al is widely acknowledged as the world's most secure airline, after foiling many attempted hijackings and terror attacks through its security protocols.[2][3]

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Early years

El Al used Lockheed Constellation aircraft during the 1950s.

In September 1948, Israel's first president, Chaim Weizmann, attended a conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Weizmann was scheduled to fly back to Israel in an Israeli government aircraft, but due to an embargo imposed on Israel at the time, this was not possible. An Israeli C-54 military transport aircraft was instead converted into a civilian plane to transport Weizmann home. The aircraft was painted with the logo of the "El Al/Israel National Aviation Company" and fitted with extra fuel tanks to enable a non-stop flight from Geneva to Israel. It departed from Ekron Air Base on 28 September, and returned to Israel the next day. After the flight, the aircraft was repainted and returned to military use.[4]

An El Al Curtiss C-46 at Eilat Airport in Israel, circa 1952.

The airline was incorporated and became Israel's official carrier on 15 November 1948, although it used leased aircraft until February 1949, when two unpressurized DC-4s were purchased from American Airlines. The acquisition was funded by the government of Israel, the Jewish Agency, and other Jewish organizations. The first plane arrived at Lod Airport (which would later be renamed Ben Gurion) on 3 April 1949. Aryeh Pincus, a lawyer from South Africa, was elected head of the company. The first international flight, from Tel Aviv to Paris, with a refueling in Rome, took place on 31 July 1949.[4][5] By the end of 1949, the airline had flown passengers to London and Johannesburg. A regular service to London was inaugurated in the middle of 1950. Later that year, El Al acquired Universal Airways, which was owned by South African Zionists. A state-run domestic airline, Israel Inland Airlines, was founded in which El Al had a 50% stake.[4]

A 1954 photo of an El Al Curtiss C-46 freighter at London's Heathrow Airport.

El Al's cargo service was inaugurated in 1950 and initially relied on military surplus Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft. Same aircraft type was used also for passengers transportation in certain routes.[citation needed] The same year the airline initiated charter services to the USA, followed by scheduled flights soon afterwards.[4] From its earliest days the operation of the airline in keeping with Jewish tradition has been a source of friction; when the Israeli prime minister David Ben Gurion was forming his first coalition, the religious parties would not join unless Ben Gurion promised that El Al would serve only kosher food on its flights and would not fly on the Jewish Sabbath.[6]

The airline was involved in several covert operations.[citation needed] In the early 1950s, El Al airlifted over 160,000 immigrants to Israel from India, Iran, Iraq and Yemen as part of Operation Magic Carpet and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.[7] In 1960, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was captured and flown from Argentina to Israel on an El Al aircraft.[8]

El Al's 1958 advertisement promoting non-stop transatlantic services.

In 1955, after using Lockheed Constellations for several years, the airline purchased two Bristol Britannia aircraft. El Al was the second airline in the world to fly this plane, after the British Overseas Airways Corporation. In 1958, El Al ran a newspaper advertisement in the US featuring a picture of a "shrunken" Atlantic Ocean ("Starting Dec. 23, the Atlantic Ocean will be 20% smaller") to promote its non-stop transatlantic flights.[9] This was a bold step: the airline industry had never used images of the ocean in its advertising because of the widespread public fear of airline crashes. The advertisement, which ran only once, proved effective. Within a year, El Al's sales tripled.[10]

[edit] Expansion in the 1960s

Despite the purchase of its Britannias and inauguration of non-stop transatlantic flights the airline remained unprofitable.[4] When Efraim Ben-Arzi took over the company in the late 1950s, the Britannias were replaced by the Boeing 707 jet airliner. The first year that El Al turned a profit was 1960. That year, more than 50 percent of the passengers flying into Israel arrived on El Al flights.[4] On 15 June 1961, the airline set a world record for the longest non-stop commercial flight: an El Al Boeing 707 flew from New York to Tel Aviv, covering 5,760 miles (9,270 km) in 9 hours and 33 minutes.[7] By this time, El Al was carrying 56,000 passengers a year—on a par with Qantas and ahead of established airlines like Loftleiðir. In 1961, El Al ranked 35th in the world in accumulated passenger distance.[11] El Al's success continued into the late 1960s. In 1968, regular flights to Bucharest were inaugurated, and cargo flights began to Europe and the USA. The airline also established a catering subsidiary, Teshet Tourism and Aviation Services Ltd. All these ventures brought in a profit of $2 million that year.[4]

[edit] Hijacking

In 1968, El Al experienced the first of many acts of terrorism that have been perpetrated against the airline. On 23 July, the only successful hijacking of an El Al aircraft took place, when a Boeing 707 carrying 10 crew and 38 passengers was taken over by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The aircraft, El Al Flight 426, which was en route from Rome to Tel Aviv, was diverted to Algiers by the hijackers. Negotiations with the hijackers lasted for 40 days. Both the hijackers and the passengers, including 21 Israeli hostages, were eventually freed.[12] On 26 December of the same year, two PFLP members attacked an El Al aircraft at Athens International Airport, killing an Israeli mechanic.[13] The Israeli Defense Forces responded to the incident on 29 December, with a night-time raid on Lebanon's Beirut Airport, destroying 14 planes on the ground belonging to Middle East Airlines, Trans Mediterranean Airways and Lebanese International Airways.[14] The military action was responsible for the demise of the LIA, which had most of its fleet destroyed.[citation needed]

On 18 February 1969, Palestinians attacked an El Al plane at Zurich Airport killing the copilot and injuring the pilot. One Palestinian attacker was killed and others were convicted but later released. Between September and December of that year, bomb and grenade attacks occurred at El Al offices in Athens, West Berlin, and Brussels.[15] This wave of violence culminated in the failed hijacking of an El Al 707 by Patrick Arguello and Leila Khaled on 6 September 1970, as part of the Dawson's Field hijackings.[16]

An El Al Boeing 707-358B landing at Zürich Airport, Switzerland in (1982)

[edit] Decades of distress

El Al acquired its first Boeing 747 in 1971. Many felt it was a risky purchase, given the high cost of the plane and fear of attacks, but El Al operations flourished after the purchase. Another 747 was delivered in 1973 and was used to inaugurate non-stop service from Tel Aviv to New York. In the air for 13 hours, and flying against prevailing winds, it was recorded as the longest commercial flight in the world.[4]

In the mid-1970s, El Al began to schedule flights from airports outside of Israel that departed on the Jewish sabbath and landed in Israel after it had finished. The religious parties in the government claimed that this was a violation of Jewish law and contrary to the agreement signed in the early days of the state, in which El Al promised to refrain from flying on the sabbath. In 1981, the newly re-elected prime minister Menachem Begin, promised to abide by the agreement. Outraged, the secular community threatened to boycott the airline. In August 1982, El Al workers blocked Orthodox and Hassidic Jews from entering the airport.[6]

In 1977, El Al established a charter subsidiary then known as El Al Charter Services Ltd., but later renamed Sun D'Or International Airlines Ltd. Two years earlier, the airline had suffered its first losses since the late 1950s, largely a product of the global recession. The management changed three times towards the end of the 1970s, until Itzhak Shander was named president. As the political situation in Iran deteriorated, El Al began to airlift Jews to Israel. All the airline's infrastructure in Iran was eventually destroyed.[4] El Al flights to Cairo were inaugurated in April 1980, following the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty.[7] In late 1982, after a long period of labor disputes and strikes, El Al operations were suspended. The government appointed Amram Blum to run the company, which lost $123.3 million in the fiscal year ending April 1983.[4] The airline also sold its stake in Arkia at this time.[17]

Operations resumed in January 1983 under receivership. The government purchased two new Boeing 737 aircraft and announced plans to acquire four Boeing 767 jets at the cost of $200 million. Within four years, El Al was profitable again.[4] It broke another record, since then surpassed, in May 1988 with a non-stop flight from Los Angeles to Tel Aviv, a journey of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) in 13 hours and 41 minutes.[7] Flights to Poland and Yugoslavia were inaugurated in 1989.[4]

[edit] Modernization

El Al operated Boeing 747-200's between the 1970s and 1990s, now using the aircraft to transport cargo. This El Al Cargo Boeing 747-200 is landing at London Heathrow Airport. (2002)

In January 1990, North American Airlines began providing feeder services to El Al's US destinations. El Al held a 24.9 percent stake in the airline until selling it back to Dan McKinnon in July 2003. By this time, El Al was operating a fleet of 20 aircraft, including nine Boeing 747s, and had begun replacing its aging Boeing 707s with the Boeing 757. Early that year, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, El Al inaugurated regular flights to Moscow. No airlifts from the former Soviet Union were possible at the time but permission was granted in 1991. Charter flights commenced in August 1991, with immigrants also occupying all available seats on El Al's scheduled routes. In cooperation with Aeroflot, El Al flew more than 400,000 Jewish immigrants to Israel within a three-year period.

On 24 May 1991, an El Al Boeing 747 cargo plane airlifted a record-breaking 1,087 Ethiopian Jews from Addis Ababa to Israel in the framework of Operation Solomon. Two babies were born during the flight. The plane carried twice as many passengers as it was designed for.[18] In less than 36 hours, a total of 14,500 Ethiopian Jews were flown to Israel.[19] On 27 April 1994, El Al received its first Boeing 747-400.[4][20]

El Al flights were inaugurated to the Far East and, in 1995, El Al signed its first codesharing agreement with American Airlines.[4] In February 1995, the receivership under which the airline had technically been operating since 1982 came to an end.[21] In June 1996, El Al recorded its first flight from Israel to Amman, Jordan.[7]

In 1996, El Al recorded US$83.1 million in losses, due to the resumption of terrorist activities and the government's open skies policy.[4] To keep its planes flying during this period, El Al introduced flights "to nowhere": passengers were offered various kinds of in-flight entertainment as the plane circled the Mediterranean. One-day shopping trips to London and visits to religious sites in eastern Europe were also promoted.[4]

In 1997, El Al opened a separate cargo division.[22] El Al's first Boeing 777 embarked on its maiden flight in March 2000. Later that year the controversy over flights on Shabbat erupted again, when the airline announced that it was losing US$55 million a year by grounding its planes on Saturdays. After the first phase of the long-delayed privatization of the company commenced in June 2003 and 15 percent of El Al's shares were listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, the policy regarding sabbath flights was expected to change.[6][7]

[edit] Operations

El Al employees welcome the airline's newest Boeing 777-200ER, named Sderot, at Ben Gurion Airport in July 2007.

As of 2007, the company employs 5,417 staff globally and has a fleet of over 30 aircraft.[23] During 2005, the airline transported 3.5 million passengers, a rise from 3.2 million in 2004 and 2.8 million in 2003.[24] 60% of the airline's passengers are Israeli.[25] In 2006, El Al posted a $44.6 million dollar loss on revenues of $1.665 billion.[26] The company is facing four lawsuits, two of which have been approved as class actions, which could potentially cost the company a total of $176.2 million.[27] El Al spends $100 million a year to conform with the airline security measures required by Israel's Shin Bet security service.[28] In early 2007, El Al opened a new King David Lounge at Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris. New lounges at Heathrow airport in London and JFK International airport in New York had also opened in late 2007.[29]

In 2007, El Al invested NIS 1 billion in the purchase of two new Boeing 777-200s that included an updated El Al decal. The aircraft are fitted with upgraded seats with adjustable headrests and legrests. Each seat is equipped with a touch-screen entertainment system. The first aircraft, named "Sderot", completed its maiden flight from New York to Tel Aviv on 26 July 2007. The second, "Kiryat Shmona", was delivered at the end of August 2007.[30][31] As of March 2007, El Al's major shareholders are Knafaim Holdings (42%), the State of Israel (13%), and the Employee Union (8%).[32]

Following the relegation of Ben Gurion International Airport to category 2 by the United States Federal Aviation Administration in February 2009, an IATA member has warned El Al, as well as competing airlines Arkia and Israir, that they may appear on the European blacklist of banned carriers. Giora Romm, head of the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel, responded to the claim, stating: "We are in close contact with the Europeans," He added, "I don't know what the fuss is about. The Europeans' e-mail is strange. We are doing everything we can to improve security." The European Union has yet to make an official statement on the matter.[33] El Al uses the Amadeus CRS system for reservation, inventory, check-in and online bookings.[34]

El Al has a cargo branch, El Al Cargo, which became independent in 1997. As the national cargo airline of Israel, it operates to destinations in Asia, Europe and North America plus adhoc worldwide charters with its two Boeing 747-200F aircraft. Before 2001, when the Israeli air cargo market opened up to competition, El Al Cargo enjoyed a monopoly. Now its main competition comes from CAL Cargo Air Lines.[4]

[edit] Security

As a target for many decades, El Al employs stringent security procedures, both on the ground and on board its aircraft. These effective, though sometimes controversial, procedures have won El Al a reputation for security.[35] In 2008, the airline was named by Global Traveler magazine as the world's most secure airline.[36]

[edit] Airport security measures

Passengers are asked to report three hours before departure. All El Al terminals around the world are closely monitored for security. There are plain-clothes agents and fully armed police or military personnel who patrol the premises for explosives, suspicious behavior, and other threats. Inside the terminal, passengers and their baggage are checked by a trained team. El Al security procedures require that all passengers be interviewed individually prior to boarding, allowing El Al staff to identify possible security threats. Passengers will be asked questions about where they are coming from, the reason for their trip, their job or occupation, and whether they have packed their bags themselves. The likelihood of potential terrorists remaining calm under such questioning is believed to be low (see microexpression).[37]

At the check-in counter, passengers' passports and tickets are closely examined. A ticket without a sticker from the security checkers will not be accepted. At passport control passengers' names are checked against information from the FBI, Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Scotland Yard, Shin Bet, and Interpol databases. Luggage is screened and sometimes hand searched. In addition, bags are put through a decompression chamber simulating pressures during flight that could trigger explosives.[38] El Al is the only airline in the world that passes all luggage through such a chamber.[39] Even at overseas airports, El Al security agents conduct all luggage searches personally, even if they are supervised by government or private security firms.[40]

[edit] Flight security measures

An El Al Boeing 777 landing at London Heathrow Airport. (2005)

Undercover agents (sometimes referred to as sky marshals) carrying concealed firearms sit among the passengers on every international El Al flight.[41] All El Al pilots are former Israeli Air Force pilots.[42] The cockpits in all El Al aircraft have double doors to prevent entry by unauthorized persons. A code is required to access the doors, and the second door will only be opened after the first has closed and the person has been identified by the captain or first officer.[42] Furthermore, there are reinforced steel floors separating the passenger cabin from the baggage hold.[43]

Following an attempt to shoot down an Israeli airliner in 2002,[44] all aircraft in the fleet have been equipped with an infrared countermeasures system called Flight Guard, developed by Israeli Aerospace Industries to defend them against anti-aircraft missiles.[45][46][47][48] Although comparable systems such as CAMPS are now available for civilian aircraft, there is no information to date about any other airlines deploying such a system. Switzerland and other European countries have expressed concern that flares dropped by the Israeli system could cause fires in the vicinity of an airport.[49]

[edit] Security controversy and passenger profiling

Critics of El Al note that its security checks on passengers include racial profiling[50] and have argued that such profiling is unfair, irrational, and degrading to those subject to such screening. Supporters of El Al argue that there is nothing inherently racist about passenger profiling and that special scrutiny of Muslims may often be necessary for security purposes.[citation needed]

The airline was also criticized by the Hungarian courts for refusing to search luggage with the passenger present, acting against Hungarian domestic laws which stipulate that only authorized officials are able to undertake such searches.[50] A civil case was brought to the Supreme Court of Israel on 19 March 2008 alleging that El Al's practice of ethnic profiling singles out Arabs for tougher treatment.[51]

[edit] Destinations

El Al destinations.      Israel      El Al destinations      Cargo only destinations      Codeshare only destinations
Further information: El Al destinations

El Al serves destinations on five continents with a well-developed European network that also takes in important cities in Russia, the Baltic region and CIS member states. The airline serves a number of gateway cities in North America and has expanded its service to cover central and southeast Asia and the Far East while retaining its limited coverage of Africa.[52][53]

Domestically, El Al operates to two airports in Eilat: Eilat Airport and Ovda Airport[54]

[edit] Codeshare agreements

El Al has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

[edit] Fleet

An El Al Boeing 777-200ER landing at London Heathrow Airport. (2008)
An El Al Boeing 747-200B landing at London Heathrow Airport. (2004)

El Al's historic, superseded livery featured a turquoise/navy blue stripe down the side of the aircraft, and a turquoise tailfin with the flag of Israel at the top. El Al's logo was featured above the front run of windows on each side of the plane in the turquoise/navy scheme.[55] The new livery features a blue stripe with a thick silver border on the bottom that sweeps across the side of the aircraft near the wing, disappears over the top of the plane and reappears at the bottom of the tailfin. The El Al logo is part of the design, although it has been changed slightly since then.[56]

In May 2007, it was announced that El Al reached an agreement to lease six or seven aircraft from Boeing between 2011 and 2015 after canceling its option to buy eight Boeing 787 aircraft. It is unclear what model these aircraft will be.[57] In July 2007, it was announced that the airline had re-entered negotiations to purchase two 787s.[58] Boeing is trying to resurrect the 787 deal.[59] Despite having talks with Airbus over aircraft, El Al stated in early 2008 that it plans to rationalize its long-haul aircraft around the 777 or 787. Having said this, CEO Haim Romano did not rule out the A350, saying that they would consider it if Airbus came up with "the right proposition."[25]

El Al has an all Boeing fleet which consists of the following aircraft (at 2 April 2010):[60]

El Al Fleet
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers
(First/Business/Economy)		 Notes
Boeing 737-700 2 0 104(16/88)
136(0/136)

4X-EKD, 4X-EKE
Boeing 737-800 11 0 142(16/126)

4X-EKA, 4X-EKB, 4X-EKC, 4X-EKF, 4X-EKH, 4X-EKI, 4X-EKJ, 4X-EKL, 4X-EKO, 4X-EKP, 4X-EKS
Boeing 747-400 5 0 408(8/52/348) 4X-ELE equipped with AVOD at each seat
4X-ELA, 4X-ELB, 4X-ELC, 4X-ELD have personal screens but not AVOD
Boeing 757-200 5 0 178(16/162) 4X-EBS, 4X-EBU, 4X-EBV
Sun D'Or operates flights in this aircraft
Boeing 767-200ER 4 0 191(24/167)

4X-EAC, 4X-EAD, 4X-EAE, 4X-EAF
Boeing 767-300ER 4 0 235(20/215)

4X-EAJ, 4X-EAR, 4X-EAP, 4X-EAK
Boeing 777-200ER 6 0 279(12/35/232) 4X-ECE, 4X-ECF equipped with AVOD at each seat
4X-ECA, 4X-ECB, 4X-ECC, 4X-ECD have personal screens but not AVOD
El Al Cargo Fleet
Boeing 747-200F 2 0 Cargo

4X-AXL, 4X-AXK
Boeing 747-400F 1 0 Cargo

4X-ELF
Total 40 0

[edit] Former Fleet

[edit] Service

Matmid is El Al's frequent flyer program. It was launched in 2004 following the merger of El Al's previous frequent flyer programs. It has five tiers: Matmid, Matmid Silver, Matmid Gold, Matmid Platinum and Matmid TOP Platinum. Points accumulated in the program entitle members to bonus tickets, flight upgrades, and discounts on car rentals, hotel stays, and other products and services. Points are also awarded for travel with partner airlines, as well as for nights at partner hotels and for credit card purchases.[61] Matmid points can be collected on most flights operated by American Airlines and American Eagle, South African Airways, Sun D'Or, Qantas and limited Aeroméxico flights[62]

The King David Lounge is the name adopted by El Al for special airport lounges, which serve the airline's premium class passengers. In total, there are five King David Lounges worldwide at the key airports at Ben Gurion International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, London Heathrow Airport and Los Angeles International Airport.[63] All King David Lounges offer drinks, snacks, newspapers and magazines (Israeli and foreign), while some lounges also offer free Wi-Fi internet access. The King David Lounge at Terminal 3 at Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion airport is equipped with telephone, shower facilities and a spa; it has a separate section for first-class passengers.[64]

[edit] Incidents and accidents

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[edit] Headquarters

El Al's headquarters are located on the grounds of Ben Gurion International Airport. William A. Orme, Jr. of The New York Times described the facility as "utilitarian" in 1999.[1]

[edit] See also

Israel portal
Companies portal
Aviation portal


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Orme, William A. Jr. "El Al at a Turning Point; A Mirror of Israel's Divisions Prepares to Go 49% Public." The New York Times. March 5, 1999. C1, New York Edition. 1. Retrieved on February 15, 2010.
  2. ^ "El Al secure because it must be". CNN. 2002-07-05. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/07/04/el.al.security/. Retrieved 2007-10-23. 
  3. ^ Walt, Vivienne (2001-01-10). "Unfriendly skies are no match for El Al". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2001/10/01/elal-usat.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-29. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "El Al Company History". Answers.com Premium Partner. http://www.answers.com/topic/el-al-israel-airlines-ltd. Retrieved 2007-05-27. 
  5. ^ Kanon, Sharon (2000-04-07). "El Al flies to rescue throughout the world". Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/13400/edition_id/259/format/html/displaystory.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
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  7. ^ a b c d e f "History of El Al". El Al. http://www.elal.co.il/ELAL/English/AboutElAl/. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
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  9. ^ "Adman's Adman". Time Magazine. 1958-03-31. http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:uff0IpxEuXsJ:www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937575,00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere+%22el+al%22+advertisement+1958&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8&client=firefox-a. Retrieved 2007-05-28. 
  10. ^ "Doyle Dane Bernbach". http://www.ciadvertising.org/studies/student/98_fall/theory/weirtz/doyle.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-28. 
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  12. ^ "Drama of the Desert: The Week of the Hostages". TIME. 1970-09-21. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942267-2,00.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  13. ^ a b "A history of El Al incidents". One News. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425822/113967. Retrieved 2007-05-28. 
  14. ^ "Lebanese International Airways". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=5804. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  15. ^ Bard, Mitchell Geoffrey. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict. Alpha Books. 
  16. ^ Tugend, Tom (2006-02-24). "The Day a New Terrorism Was Born". Jewish Journal. http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=15456. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
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  19. ^ Brinkley, Joel (May 26, 1991). "Ethiopian Jews and Israelis Exult as Airlift Is Completed". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DD1E3CF935A15756C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. 
  20. ^ Keinin, Herb (November 28, 1991). "El Al flies olim on first direct charter". The Jerusalem Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99706558.html?dids=99706558:99706558&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+28%2C+1991&author=HERB+KEINON&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=14&desc=EL+AL+FLIES+OLIM+ON+FIRST+DIRECT+CHARTER. Retrieved 2007-05-31. 
  21. ^ "El Al Airlines posts $15 million profits". Jewish Bulletin Online. 1996-04-26. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/3508/edition_id/62/format/html/displaystory.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  22. ^ "El Al Cargo Profile". El Al. http://www.elal.co.il/ELAL/English/ELALCargo/. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  23. ^ "ActionBase Implementation—A Case Study" (PDF). Action Base. http://www.actionbase.com/userFiles/caseStudies1_file.PDF. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
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  26. ^ Standard & Poor's El Al Income Statement Data
  27. ^ Blumenkratz, Zohar (2007-06-07). "What irks El Al passengers". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ArticleContent.jhtml?itemNo=868289. Retrieved June 19, 2007. 
  28. ^ Coren, Ora (June 21, 2007). "Business in Brief- Transport minister: El Al to be compensated for surrendering its monopoly". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/873062.html. Retrieved 2007-06-22. 
  29. ^ Zimmerman, Dana (2007-01-16). "El Al opens King David lounge in Paris". Ynet News. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3352956,00.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  30. ^ "El-Al Adds Flights and Improves its Flight Schedule". itg-Israel's travel guide. 2007-09-17. http://www.tour-guides.co.il/itg/article.php?id=74. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
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