History of the Jews in Latin America

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The history of the Jews in Latin America dates, according to some interpretations, back to Christopher Columbus and his first cross-Atlantic voyage on August 3, 1492, when he left Spain and eventually "discovered" the New World. His date of departure was also the day on which the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon decreed that the Jews of Spain either had to convert to Catholicism, depart from the country, or face death for defiance of the Monarch.

There were at least seven New Christians (converted Jews) who sailed with Columbus in his first voyage including Rodrigo de Triana, who was the first to sight land (Columbus later assumed credit for this), Maestre Bernal, who served as the expedition's physician, and Luis De Torres, the interpreter, who spoke Hebrew and Arabic, which it was believed would be useful in the Orient - their intended destination. (Note: Since not all conversos were crypto-Jews, some argue that to approach all of them as conscious "Jews" merely because of their ancestry, or because of what the Inquisition said about them is to reproduce old Iberian religious and racial prejudices.)

In the coming years, New Christians of Jewish origin settled in the new Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Caribbean, where they believed that they would be safe from the Inquisition. Some took part in the conquest of the "New World," and Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes a number of executions of soldiers in Hernán Cortés's forces during the conquest of Mexico because they were secret Jews.

By the mid-17th century, the largest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere were located in Suriname and Brazil.

Nevertheless, several Jewish communities in the Caribbean, Central and South America flourished, particularly in those areas under Dutch and English control. By the 16th century, fully functioning Jewish communities had organised in Brazil, Suriname, Curaçao, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Barbados. In addition, there were unorganised communities of Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese territories, where the Inquisition was active, including Cuba, Puerto Rico and Mexico, however, these Jews generally concealed their identity from the authorities.

Today, Latin American Jewry is composed of more than 2,500,000 people, most of whom live in Argentina and Brazil.

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Contents 1 Argentina 2 Bolivia 3 Brazil 4 Chile 5 Colombia 6 Costa Rica 7 Cuba 8 Curaçao 9 Dominican Republic 10 Ecuador 11 El Salvador 12 French Guiana 13 Guatemala 14 Haiti 15 Honduras 16 Mexico 17 Nicaragua 18 Paraguay 19 Peru 20 Puerto Rico 21 Suriname 22 Uruguay 23 Venezuela 24 Current Jewish populations in The Americas and the Caribbean 25 See also 26 References 27 Bibliography 28 External links

[edit] Argentina

New Christians fleeing the Inquisition settled in Argentina, but assimilated into the Argentine society. Portuguese traders and smugglers in the Virreinato del Río de la Plata were widely considered "Jews" but no organised community emerged after independence. After 1810, Jews, especially openly-porfessing Jews (as distinct from New Christians) from France, began to settle in Argentina in the mid-19th century. In the late 19th century, just as they did in the United States, many Jews arrived from Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution; they were called "Rusos" (Russians).

Today, around 800,000 Jews offspring of Israel live in Argentina, mostly in Buenos Aires, comprising the third largest Jewish community in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. They are legally granted the two days of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and the first two and last two days of Passover as legal holidays.

[edit] Bolivia

Jewish presence in Bolivia started at the very beginning of the Spanish colonial period. A safe haven destination for Sephardic Conversos during the Spanish Colony was Santa Cruz, Bolivia^[1]. In 1557 many Crypto-Jews from Paraguay and Buenos Aires joined Ñuflo de Chávez and were among the pioneers who founded the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra^[2].

During the 16th century, several alleged [[marranos]] (that is, New Christians whom others rightly or wrongly suspected of crypto-Judaism, settled in Potosi, La Paz and La Plata, but soon gained economic success in mining and commerce and faced persecution from the Inquisition and local authorities. Most of these marrano families also moved to Santa Cruz for it was the most isolated urban settlement and because the Inquisition did not bother the Conversos (another term for New Christians) of Santa Cruz^[3] for this frontier town was meant to be a buffer to the Portuguese and Guarani raids that threatened the mines of Peru. Several of them settled in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and its adjacent towns of Vallegrande, Postrervalle, Portachuelo, Terevinto, Pucara, Cotoca and others^[4].

Several of Santa Cruz's oldest Catholic families are in fact of Jewish origin; some traces of Judaic practices may still be alive among them and have also influence the rest of the community. As recently as the 1920s, several families preserved seven-branched candle sticks and served dishes cooked with reminiscing kosher practices^[3]. It is still customary among certain old families to light candles on Friday at sunset and to mourn the deaths of dear relatives on the floor^[2], though the real provenance and recency of these practices is still a matter of scholarly dispute. After almost five centuries, some of the descendants of these families claim or have proven their Jewish origins, but practice Catholicism (in certain cases with some Jewish syncretism).

From independence in 1825 to the end of the 19th century, some Jewish merchants (both Sephardim and Ashkenazim) came to Bolivia, most of them taking local women as wives and founding families that merged into the mainstream Catholic society. This was often the case in the eastern regions of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni and Pando, where these merchants came either from Brazil or Argentina.

During the 20th century, substantial Jewish settlement began in Bolivia. In 1905, a group of Russian Jews, followed by Argentines, settled in Bolivia. In 1917, it was estimated that there were only 20 to 25 professing Jews living in the country. By 1933, when the Nazi era in Germany started, there were 30 Jewish families. The first huge amount of Jewish immigrants was in the 1930s and there were 7,000 of them estimated at the end of 1942. During of the 1940s, 2,200 Jews emigrated however from Bolivia. But for the ones who remained, have settled their communities in La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Santa Cruz, Sucre, Tarija and Potosi. After World War II, a small amount of Polish Jews came to Bolivia. By 1939, Jewish communities gained greater stability in the country.

Today, there are approximatelly 600 Jews living in Bolivia. There are synagogues in the cities of Santa Cruz, Cochabamba and La Paz. Most Bolivian Jews live in Santa Cruz^[5].

[edit] Brazil

Jews settled early in Brazil, especially when it was under Dutch rule, setting up a synagogue in Recife - the first synagogue in the Americas - as early as 1636. Most of these Jews were former Christians who had fled Spain and Portugal to the religious freedom of the Netherlands during the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal (1536). In 1656, following the Portuguese reconquest of the area, they left for the Caribbean and New Amsterdam, later to become New York.

Jews resettled in Brazil in the 19th century after independence and immigration rose throughout the 19th and early 20th century. Jewish immigration to Brazil was rather low between 1881-1900 although this was the height of world wide immigration to Brazil. Between 1921 and 1942 world wide immigration to Brazil fell by 21%, but Jewish immigration to Brazil increased by 57,000% largely because of anti-immigration legislation and immigration quotas passed by the United States, Argentina, Canada and South Africa. Furthermore, the Brazilian government maintained a good relationship with immigration legislation which they did not enforce. Lastly, the Jews in Brazil developed strong support structures and economic opportunities in the Jewish community which were pull factors that attracted Eastern European and Polish Jewish immigration. Posted by JSF (a summary of Jeffery Lesser's article: "The Immigration and Integration of Polish Jews in Brazil")

The Census of 2000 lists approximately 87,000 people who follow Judaism^[6] (estimates put the Jewish population at 96,000^[7]). Brazilian Jews play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are overall well integrated in all spheres of Brazilian life. The majority of Brazilian Jews live in the state of São Paulo but there are also sizeable communities in Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais and Paraná.

[edit] Chile

See List of Chilean Jews.

Great Synagogue of Santiago, Chile.

Despite being a relatively small community and accounting for no more than 1% of the country's religious minorities, Jews in Chile have achieved prominent positions in the Chilean society and have played a key part in the diverse composition of the country's culture both before and after its independence in 1810. Most of Chilean Jews today reside in Santiago and Valparaíso, but there are significant communities in the north and south of the country. Some of the country's most recognised personalities are Jews. The famous host of Latin TV sensation and longest running TV show in the world 'Sábado Gigante', Mario Kreutzberger - otherwise known as "Don Francisco" - is a Chilean Jew of German origin. Among the Chilean Jews who have achieved recognition in the field of Arts and Culture are Alejandro Jodorowsky, now established in France and best known for his literary and theatrical work. Others include Nissim Sharim (actor), Shlomit Baytelman (actress) and Anita Klesky (actress). Volodia Teitelboim, poet and former leader of the Chilean Communist Party is one of the many Jews to have held important political positions in the country. Others include Tomás Hirsch, leader of the radical green-communist coalition and former presidential candidate in 2005 plus two current state ministers, Karen Poniachick (Minister for Mining) and Clarisa Hardy (Minister for Social Affairs). In the field of sport, tennis player Nicolás Massú (gold medallist in Athens 2004 and former top-ten in the ATP rankings) has Jewish background. Many of the country's most important companies - particularly in the retail and commercial field - have been set up by Jews, for example, Gendelman and Hites (commercial retailers) and Rosen (Mattress and Bed Industries).

[edit] Colombia

The first wave of practicing Jews came from Jamaica and Curaçao. These Jews started practicing their religion openly at the end of the 18th century, even though it was not officially legal to do so. Once Judaism was made a legal religion, the government granted the Jews a plot of land for a cemetery. Many Jews who came during the 18th and 19th centuries achieved prominent positions in Colombian society but were forced to either abandon or play down their Jewish identity. These included author Jorge Isaacs of English Jewish ancestry, the industrialist James Martin Eder (who adopted the more Christian Santiago Eder when he translated his name to Spanish) originally of the Latvian Jewish community, as well as the De Lima and Lobo families that had been expelled from Spain during the Inquisition and relocated to Curaçao. Coincidentally, all of these persons and their families settled in the Cauca Valley region of Colombia where they continue to be influential members of society, although over the generations almost all of their descendants converted to Catholicism.

During the early part of the 20th century a large number of Sephardi immigrants came from Greece, Turkey, North Africa and Syria. Shortly after, Jewish immigrants began to arrive from Eastern Europe. A wave of Ashkenazi immigrants came after the rise of Hitler in 1933. From 1939 until the end of World War II immigration was put to a halt by anti-immigrant feelings in the country. The Jewish population grew dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s, when several institutions such as synagogues, schools and social clubs were established throughout the largest cities in the country.

In the present, most of the Jews in Colombia are concentrated in Bogotá, with about 5,000 members. There are small communities in Cali, Barranquilla and Medellin and some Jewish presence in resort cities such as Cartagena, Santa Marta and the island of San Andres. The size of the Ashkenazi and Sephardi population is about the same. There are nine official synagogues throughout the country. In Bogotá, the Ashkenazi, Sephardi and German Jews each run their own religious and cultural institutions. One organisation, Confederacion de Asociaciones Judias de Colombia, located in Bogotá, is the central organisation that unites all Jews and Jewish institutions in Colombia.

Because of the unstable economy and rising situation of violence and kidnappings suffered in the country during the final decade of the 20th century, many members of Colombia's much appreciated Jewish Community chose to emigrate. Most settled in Miami and other parts of the United States. However, many of Colombia's Jews are coming home thanks in large part to the success that Colombian President Alvaro Uribe's Democratic Security Policy has had in drastically reducing violence in the rural areas and criminality rates as well as in spurring the economy, at the expense of education and health.

[edit] Costa Rica

The first Jews in Costa Rica were probably conversos, who arrived in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century Sephardic merchants from Curaçao, Jamaica, Panama and the Caribbean followed. They mostly lived in Central Valley and were soon assimilated into the country's general society and eventually gave up Judaism altogether. A third wave of Jewish immigrants came before World War I and especially in the 1930s as Ashkenazi Jews fled a Europe threatened by Nazi Germany. Most of these immigrants came from the Polish town Żelechów. The term Polacos, which was originally a slur referring to these immigrants, has come to mean salesman in colloquial Costa Rican Spanish. The country's first synagogue, the Orthodox Shaarei Zion was built in 1933 in the capital San José (located along 3rd Avenue and 6th Street). Along with a wave of nationalism, there was also some anti-Semitism in Costa Rica in the 1940s, but the co-existence between the Jews and the Catholic majority has only led to few problems. Recently there has been a fourth wave of Jewish immigration consisting primarily of American and Israeli expatriates retiring or doing business in the country. The Jewish community now consists of 2,500 to 3,000 people, most of them living in the capital.^[8] The San Jose suburb of Rohrmoser has a distinct Jewish presence. A couple of synagogues are located here, as well as a kosher deli and restaurant. The Plaza Rohrmoser shopping centre has the only kosher Burger King in the country. The http://www.centroisraelita.com Centro Israelita Sionista (Zionist Israeli Center) is a large Orthodox compound where a synagogue, library and museum are located.

[edit] Cuba

Jews, have lived on the island of Cuba for centuries. Some Cubans trace Jewish ancestry to crypto-Jews--derisively called Marranos--who fled the Spanish Inquisition, though few of them practice Judaism today. There was significant Jewish immigration to Cuba in the first half of the 20th century. There were 15,000 Jews in Cuba in 1959, but many Jews left Cuba for the United States after the Cuban revolution. In the early 1990s, Operation Cigar was launched, and in the period of five years, more than 400 Cuban Jews secretly immigrated to Israel [4][5]. In February 2007 the New York Times estimated that there are about 1,500 Jews living in Cuba, most of them (about 1,000) living in Havana [6].

[edit] Curaçao

Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas - dating to 1651 - and the oldest synagogue of the Americas, in continuous use since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue. The Jewish Community of Curaçao also played a key role in supporting early Jewish congregations in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, including in New York City and the Touro Synagogue of Newport, Rhode Island.

[edit] Dominican Republic

Converso Merchants of Sephardic origin arrived in southern Hispanola during the 16th and 17th centuries, fleeing the outcome of the Spanish Inquisition. Over the centuries, many Jews and their descendants assimilated into the general population and some have converted into the Catholic religion, although many of the country's Jews still retain elements of the Sephardic culture of their ancestors.

Sosua, meanwhile, is a small town close to Puerto Plata was founded by Ashkenazi Jews fleeing the rising Nazi regime of the 1930s. Rafael Trujillo, the country's dictator, welcomed many Jewish refugees to his island mainly for their skills rather than for religious persecution, and with a hidden motive on his part to encourage European and Middle Eastern immigration instead of Haitians. Present-day Sosua still possesses a synagogue and a museum of Jewish history. Descendants of both Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews can still be found in many other villages and towns on the north of the island close to Sosua.

[edit] Ecuador

Many Jews in Ecuador are of Sephardi ancestry. Some assume that they were among the European settlers of Ecuador. Others came from Germany in 1939, on a ship called the "Koenigstein". During the years 1933-43, there were a population of 2,700 Jewish immigrants. In 1939, the Jewish population, mostly German and Polish Jews, were expelled by a decree of the Italian influenced government of Alberto Enriquez Gallo. The antisemitism spread in the population, but was stopped by the intervention of the American embassy. In 1945, there was a population of 3,000. About 85% of them were European refugees. The rise of Jewish immigration to Ecuador was when the Holocaust started. In 1950, there was an estimation of 4,000 persons living in Ecuador. But that number today has declined to 500 Jews. Most of the Jewish communities in Ecuador are from German origin. The majority of Ecuadorian Jews live in Quito and Guayaquil. There is a Jewish school in Quito.

"Among the Jewish immigrants who came to Ecuador were also professionals, intellectuals and artists, some of whom were professors and writers. Other Alberto Capua, Giorgio Ottolenghi, Aldo Mugla, Francisco Breth, Hans Herman, Leopold Levy, Paul Engel, Marco Turkel, Henry Fente, Benno Weiser, Otto Glass, Egon Fellig, and Karl Kohn. Olga Fis value and spread the Ecuadorian folk art, Constanza Capua conducted archaeological, anthropological and colonial art, Some of the first immigrants were Leonidas Gilces and his younger brother Angel that focused on agriculture and sales that according to Charles Liebman helped him to reach the capital with his library, which became the most important of the capital, Simon Goldberg who had a library in Berlin, Goethe library of old books that contributed to the dissemination of reading. Vera Kohn was a psychologist and teacher, tasks that at mid-century were not of interest of Ecuadorian women who used to live in their homes given away, devoid of intellectual curiosity and only care about social life. They were not interested in politics, with the exception of Paul Beter, belonging to the second generation of Jews, who became Minister of Economy and Central Bank President. "

[edit] El Salvador

Alsatian-born Bernardo Haas, who came to El Salvador in 1868, was believed to be the country's first Jewish immigrant. Another Jew, Leon Libes, was documented as the first German Jew in 1888. Sephardic families also arrived from countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia and France. De Sola helped to found the first synagogue and became an invaluable member of the Jewish community. In 1936, World War II caused the Jewish community to help their ancestors escape from Europe. Some had their relatives in El Salvador. But some where forced to go into countries such as Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala and Panama. On July 30, 1939, President Martinez barred an entry of fifty Jewish refugees going to El Salvador on the German ship Portland. On September 11, 1948, the community started and continues to support a school "Colegio Estado de Israel".

[edit] French Guiana

Jews arrived in French Guiana by the way of the Dutch West India Company. Later on September 12, 1659, came Portuguese Jews from Brazil. The company appointed David Nassy, a Brazilian refugee, patron of an exclusive Jewish settlement on the western side of the island of Cayenne, an area called Remire or Irmire. From 1658 to 1659, Paulo Jacomo Pinto began negotiating with the Dutch authorities in Amsterdam to allow a group of Jews from Livorno, Italy to settle in the Americas. On July 20, 1600, more than 150 Sephardic Jews left Livorno (Leghorn) and settled in Cayenne. The French agreed to those terms, an exceptional policy that was not common among the French colonies. Nevertheless, nearly two-thirds of the population left for the Dutch colony of Suriname. Over the decades, the Leghorn Jews of Cayenne immigrated to Suriname. In 1667, the remaining Jewish community was captured by the occupying British forces and, moved the population to either Suriname or Barbados to work in sugarcane production. Since the late 17th century, few Jews have lived in French Guiana. In 1992, 20 Jewish families from Suriname and North Africa attempted to re-establish the community in Cayenne. A chabad organisation exists in the country and maintains Jewish life within the community. Today, 800 Jews live in French Guiana, predominately in Cayenne.

[edit] Guatemala

The Jews in Guatemala are immigrants from Germany and Eastern Europe. that arrived in the 19th century. Many immigrated during World War II. There are approximately 1,200 Jews living in Guatemala today. Most live in Guatemala City, Quezaltenango and San Marcos. The group of Jews are Sephardi. Today, the Jewish community in Guatemala are made up of German and Eastern European Jews.

[edit] Haiti

When Christopher Columbus arrived in Haiti, he had an interpreter, Luis de Torres. Luis was one of the first Jews to settle on Haiti in 1492. When Haiti was conquered by France in 1633, many Dutch Jews came from Brazil, who has arrived in 1634. In 1683, the Jews were expelled from Haiti, and the other French colonies. But a few remained as leading officials in French trading companies. In the mid-18th century the Jews that were expelled returned. When the slave revolt happened (Toussaint L’Ouverture), many people of the Jewish community were murdered, and some were expelled. A few years later, Polish Jews arrived due to the civil strife in Poland and settled down in Casal, in the region of Grand-Anse. Most Jews attempted to settle in port cities. In 1881 a crowd in Port-au-Prince attacked a group of Jews but was drawn back by militia men^[9]. It was a few years ago when archaeologists discovered a synagogue of Crypto-Jews in Jérémie. In Cap-Haitien, Cayes and Jacmel, a few Jewish tombstones have been uncovered. By the end of the 19th century, Jewish families immigrated from Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. These Jews brought their Sephardic culture. In 1915, there was a population of 200 Jews in Haiti. During the 20 years of American occupation, many of the Jews left to the United States. In 1937, the government issued passports and visas to Jews in Eastern Europe, to escape the Nazi persecution. During this time, 300 Jews lived on the island. Most of the Jews stayed until the late 1950s.

As of 2010, the number of known Jews in Haiti is estimated at 25, residing in the relatively affluent suburb of Petionville, outside Port au Prince.^[10]

Haiti and Israel maintain full diplomatic relations, but Israel's nearest permanent diplomat ot the region is based in neighboring Dominican Republic.

[edit] Honduras

During the 19th century-1980s, Jewish immigrants came to the Honduras, mainly from Russia, Poland, Germany, Hungary and Romania. There were also immigration from Greece, who are of Sephardi origin and Turkey and North Africa, who are from Mizrachi Jews origin. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it has been absorbed a huge number of Jewish immigrants from Israel. Through the past two decades, the Honduras experienced a resurgence of Jewish life. Communities in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula grew more active. In 1998, the hurricane Mitch destroyed the synagogue, which was part of the Jewish community center in the Honduras. But the Jewish community contributed money to re-build the temple. Most Honduran Jews live in Tegucigalpa.

[edit] Mexico

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New Christians arrived in Mexico as early as 1521. Many of these conversos had fled Spain to escape the Inquisition, but no infrastructure was left by them in what is the modern day Mexican Jewish community. Due to the strong Catholic Church presence in Mexico, few conversos and even fewer Jews migrated there after the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. Then, in the late 19th century, a number of German Jews settled in Mexico as a result of invitations from Maximilian I of Mexico, followed by a huge wave of Ashkenazic Jews fleeing pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe. A second large wave of immigration occurred as the Ottoman Empire collapsed, leading many Sephardic Jews from Turkey, Morocco and parts of France to flee. Finally, a wave of immigrants fled the increasing Nazi persecutions in Europe during World War II. Today, there are more than 50,000 Jews in Mexico, the third largest Jewish community in Latin America.

[edit] Nicaragua

The first Jewish immigrants to arrive in Nicaragua came from Eastern Europe after 1929.^[11] The Jews in Nicaragua were a relatively small community, the majority lived in Managua. The Jews made significant contributions to Nicaragua's economic development while dedicating themselves to farming, manufacturing and retail sales.^[12] The Jewish community encountered anti-semitism by individuals, the majority who claimed that Nicaraguan Jews were responsible for Israeli arms sales to the Somoza regime. Many of these individuals were part of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).^[13] There was much hostility between the Sandinista government, which came into power in 1979, and the Jews. This was mostly due to the Sandinista governments close relationship with the Palestine Liberation Organization.

It was approximated that the highest number of Jews in Nicaragua reached a peak of 250 in 1972.^[11] However, in fear of persecution and imprisonment by the Sandinista National Liberation Front, all the remaining Jews fled Nicaragua,^[14] they went into exile mainly in the United States, Israel, and other countries in Central America.^[13]

After the Daniel Ortega ran and lost the presidential elections in 1990 a small amount of Jews returned to Nicaragua.^[14] The current Jewish population is estimated at around 50 persons. Prior to 1979 the Jewish community had no rabbi or briss. The Jewish community now includes 3 brises, however, as of 2005, the community does not have an ordained rabbi or a synagogue.^[15]

[edit] Paraguay

Toward the 19th century, Jewish immigrants arrived to Paraguay from countries such as France, Switzerland and Italy. During World War I Jews from Palestine (Jerusalem), Egypt and Turkey arrived to Paraguay, mostly sephardic Jews. In the 1920s, there was a second wave of immigrants from Ukraine and Poland. Between 1933 and 1939, between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia took advantage of Paraguay's liberal immigration laws to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe. After World War II, most Jews that arrived in Paraguay were survivors of concentration camps. Today, there are 10,000 Jews mostly living in Paraguay's capital, Asunción. Most are of German descent

[edit] Peru

see also B'nai Moshe

In Peru, conversos arrived at the time of the Spanish Conquest. At first, they had lived without restrictions because the Inquisition was not active in Peru at the beginning of the Viceroyalty. Then, with the advent of the Inquisition, New Christians began to be persecuted, and, in some cases, executed. In this period, these people were sometimes called "marranos," converts ("conversos"), and "cristianos nuevos" (New Christians) even if they had not been among the original converts from Judaism and had been reared as Catholics. In modern times, before and after the Second World War, some Ashkenazic Jews, south and west Slavic and Hungarians mainly, migrated to Peru, mostly to Lima. Today, Peruvian Jews represent an important part of the economics and politics of Peru.

[edit] Puerto Rico

see also Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is currently home to the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, over 3,000 Jews, supporting four synagogues; three in the capital city of San Juan: one each Reform (http://www.tbspr.org), Conservative and Chabad, as well as a Satmar community in the western part of the island in the town of Mayaguez known as Toiras Jesed (http://godaven.com/browseminyan.asp?City=Mayaguez ) for Minyanim information. Jews were officially prohibited from settling in Puerto Rico through much of its history^{[citation needed]}, but many managed to settle in the island as secret Jews and settled in the island’s remote mountainous interior as did the early Jews in all Spanish and Portuguese colonies ( http://www.cryptojews.com/Puerto_Rico_Ezratty.htm ). Many Central and Eastern European Jews came after World War II, but the majority of the current population are descendants of Jews who fled from Cuba (once home to 15,000 Jews) after Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution in 1959. In the late 19th century during the Spanish-American War many Jewish American servicemen gathered together with local Puerto Rican Jews at the Old Telegraph building in Ponce to hold religious services^{[citation needed]}. Many of those Puerto Rican Jews were descendants of migrants from France, the Netherlands, Saint-Barthélemy and Curaçao with surnames that include Bravo, Beauchamp, Duprey, Morenu, Ledeé, Leduc, and Levy^{[citation needed]}.

Like in many former Spanish colonies founded soon after the Spanish Inquisition, there are some Puerto Ricans who believe they are descendants of crypto-Jews, and claim that identity of for themselves (some prefer to be called anusim, means 'forced ones' in Hebrew), that is, descendants of forcibly converted Jews who were still faithful to Judaism in their hearts and in some of their practices.^{[citation needed]} Some of them maintain elements of Jewish traditions, although they themselves are, or were raised as Christians; this may include ancestors or members of families with last names like^{[dubious – discuss]} Gómez, Delgado, Méndez, Hernandez, Rodríguez, Toledo, Ramirez, Saez, Cardoso, Espinoza, Sabat, Machado, Abrams, Lopez,Lopes, Montijo, Sharron, Perez,Vargas, Aguilar', "Caballero" and"'Montanez," although several of these names are much too common to necessarily indicate any Judaic ancestry, let alone crypto-Jewish attachment.^{[citation needed]}

Once the conversos had arrived in Puerto Rico, Judaism was declared illegal, as it was in Castile and Aragon. One may speculate that some of them believed they would enjoy the freedom to practice Judaism far from the Iberian Peninsula, but that was taken from them once they actually arrived in Puerto Rico. There are those who argue that several Puerto Rican customs are Jewish in origin, such as watching the dead overnight and burying them the next day. According to some inquisitorial records and local lore, because of the dearth of crypto-Jewish men for the young crypto-Jewish girls to marry, these girls were allowed to marry Old Christian and Amerindian men. A crypto-Jewish mother would wait until her daughter was approximately 12 years of age and therefore old enough to keep secrets, and she would tell the daughter of their Jewish heritage, and of the concept of matrilineal descent. The males of the family including the husband and sons, would be kept in the dark about this. If these claims are true, passing on a Jewish consciousness during most of Puerto Rican history consisted mothers telling their young daughters of their maternal Jewish heritage and nothing else. Keeping the Sabbath could have resulted in serious persecutions, including and not limited to the relocation of children to be raised by non-Jews. While Puerto Rico has officially claimed that Jewsish life in Puerto Rico began with the European Jewish immigration during the 1930s and 1940s, those Puerto Ricans who claim a crypto-Jewish heritage believe "Jews" have lived in Puerto Rico since the time of Columbus.

[edit] Suriname

Suriname has the oldest Jewish community in the Americas. During the Inquisition in Portugal and Spain around 1500, many Jews fled to the Netherlands and the Dutch colonies to escape social discrimination and inquisitorial persecution, sometimes including torture and condemnation to the stake. Those who were converted to the Catholic fate were called New Christians, conversos, and, less often, "Marranos". The stadtholder of the King of Portugal gave those who wanted to depart some time to let them settle, and supplied them with 16 ships and safe conduct to leave for the Netherlands. The Dutch government gave an opportunity to settle in Brazil. But most found their home in Recife, and merchants became cocoa growers. But the Portuguese in Brazil forced many Jews to move into the northern Dutch colonies in the Americas, The Guyanas. Jews settled in Suriname in 1639. A few years, when World War II arrived, many Jewish refugees from the Netherlands and other parts of Europe fled to Suriname. Today, 12,000 Jews live in Suriname.

[edit] Uruguay

The New Christian presence in Uruguay may date back to the 16th century, yet Few documents relating to converso history during the Colonial period are extant. In 1726, the governor of Montevideo called upon the first settlers to be "persons of worth, of good habits, repute and family, so that they be not inferior nor of Moorish or Jewish race." The first record of open Jewish settlement is in the 1770s. With the end of the Inquisition in 1813, the political and social system of Uruguay evolved to a greater level of openness and tolerance. This openness provided the basis for continued Jewish residence beginning in the 19th century. Some Jews have left for Argentina or Brazil later on. In 1929, the Ashkenazi Jewish community set up an educational network. Jewish schools have been functioning in various parts of the country since the 1920s. In the 1930s, there were significant Fascist and liberal anti-immigration elements that opposed all foreign immigration, weighing heavily on Jewish immigration. Jews were singled out and many people opposed Jewish inclusion in Uruguayan society. Today, the Jewish community of Uruguay is made up of Polish-Russian families. 75% are Ashkenazi, which 11% are Sephardic.

[edit] Venezuela

The history of Venezuelan New Christians most likely began in the middle of the 17th century, when some records suggest that groups of conversos lived in Caracas and Maracaibo.

At the turn of the 19th century, Venezuela and Colombia were fighting against their Spanish colonizers in wars of independence. Simón Bolívar, Venezuela's liberator, found refuge and material support for his army in the homes of Jews from Curaçao.

According to a national census taken at the end of the 19th century, 247 Jews lived in Venezuela as citizens in 1891. In 1907, the Israelite Beneficial Society, which became the Israelite Society of Venezuela in 1919, was created as an organization to bring all the Jews who were scattered through various cities and towns throughout the country together.

By 1943, nearly 600 German Jews had entered the country, with several hundred more becoming citizens after World War II. By 1950, the community had grown to around 6,000 people, even in the face of immigration restrictions.

Currently, there are more than 35,000 Jews living in Venezuela, with more than half living in the capital Caracas. Venezuelan Jewry is split equally between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. All but one of the country's 15 synagogues are Orthodox. The majority of Venezuela's Jews are members of the middle class.

[edit] Current Jewish populations in The Americas and the Caribbean

Rank (Worldwide)	Country	Jewish Population	% of Jews
5	Argentina	185.000	2%
11	Brazil	96.500	0.18%
15	Mexico	0.05%
18	Venezuela	0.8%
20	Uruguay	0.9%
24	Chile	25.400	0.1%
31	Panama	20,029	0.3%
44	Colombia	17,600	0.011%
47	Ecuador	500	0.005%
48	Peru	12,792	0.11%
48	Costa Rica	2,409	0.06%
49	Guatemala	1,200	0.02%
50	Paraguay	11,000	0.01%
51	Honduras	400	0.41%
52	Jamaica	3,000	0.09%
N/A	Dominican Republic	2,850	0.003%
N/A	Suriname	2,765	0.55%
N/A	Aruba	2,611	0.50%
N/A	Netherlands Antilles	200[16]	0.00%
N/A	El Salvador	120	0.04%
N/A	French Guiana	880[17]	0.02%
N/A	Barbados	970[18]	0.00%
N/A	Haiti	25[19]	0.00%
N/A	Bermuda	Unknown[20]	0.00%

¹ Anais da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro; v. 74. Rio de Janeiro: Departamento de Imprensa Nacional, 1953.

[edit] See also

• List of Caribbean Jews
• Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Mordechai Arbell, Dennis Channing Landis, Ann Phelps Barry Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the Caribbean and the Guianas: A Bibliography, Interamericas, 1999, ISBN 0-916617-52-1

• Mordechai Arbell The Portuguese Jews of Jamaica, Canoe Press, 2000, ISBN 976-8125-69-1

• Marjorie Agosín Memory, Oblivion, And Jewish Culture In Latin America, University of Texas Press, 2005, ISBN 0-292-70667-7

• Alan Fredric Benjamin Jews of the Dutch Caribbean: Exploring Ethnic Identity on Curacao, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-27439-7

• Judah M. Cohen Through the Sands of Time: A History of the Jewish Community of St. Thomas, UPNE, 2004, ISBN 1-58465-341-8

Judith Laikin Elkin. The Jews of Latin America (rev) Holmes & Meier, 1998. ISBN 0-8419-1369-2

• Ariel Segal Frielich Jews of the Amazon: Self-Exile in Earthly Paradise, The Jewish Publication Society, 1999, ISBN 0-8276-0669-9

Jeffrey Lesser & Raanan Rein. Rethinking Jewish-Latin Americans. University of New Mexico Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8263-4401-4

• Ruggiero, Kristin The Jewish Diaspora In Latin America And The Caribbean: Fragments Of Memory, Sussex Academic Press, 2005, ISBN 1-84519-061-0
• The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, Berghahn Books, 2001, ISBN 1-57181-430-2

Leo Spitzer. Hotel Bolivia. Hill and Wang, 1998. ISBN 0-8090-5545-7

[edit] External links

• Jews in Argentina
• Jews in Bolivia
• Jews in Brazil
• Jews in Chile
• Jews in Colombia
• Jews in Costa Rica
• Jews in Cuba
• Jews in Ecuador
• Jews in El Salvador
• Jews in French Guiana
• Jews in Guatemala
• Jews in Haiti
• Jews in Honduras
• Jews in Martinique
• Jews in Mexico
• Jews in Paraguay
• Jews in Peru
• Jewish Puerto Rico
• Jews in Suriname
• Jews in Uruguay
• Jews in Venezuela
• The Foundation For Jodensavanne
• Brazil's Jews face 60% intermarriage rate Includes history and current stats
• Latin American Jews contend with spike in anti-Semitism By Sara Miller Llana, The Christian Science Monitor July 26, 2009