Kashmiriyat
Kashmiriyat (Kashmiri: कश्मीरीयत, کشمیریّت; translation: Kashmiri-ness) is the ethno-national and social consciousness and cultural values of the Kashmiri people. Emerging approximately around the 16th century, it is characterised by religious and cultural harmony, patriotism and pride for their mountainous homeland of Kashmir. The tradition of Kashmiriyat has been deeply affected by the ongoing Kashmir conflict and by communal violence between Muslims and Hindus. However in recent 2007 poll conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, 84 percent of people in Srinagar want to see the return of Kashmiri Pandits.[1] A MORI survey found that within the Kashmir Valley, 92% respondents opposed the state of Kashmir being divided on the basis of religion or ethnicity.[2] However it is generally believed that the idea of dividing the state of Jammu and Kashmir into Hindu-majority Jammu, Muslim-majority Kashmir valley, and Buddhist-Hindu Ladakh enjoys substantial support in Jammu and Ladakh, who allege discrimination in favor of the Valley.
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[edit] Origins
The Kashmir region enjoys significant ethnic, cultural and religious diversity. The region has historically been an important centre for Hinduism and Buddhism. Islam was introduced in the medieval centuries, and Sikhism also spread to the region under the rule of the Sikh Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Kashmir has a significant place in the mythology and history of all four religions. The region derives its name from the Hindu sage Rishi Kashyapa and is believed to have been the abode of the celestial Nagas.[3] The region is home to many legendary Hindu and Buddhist monuments and institutions. The Hazratbal shrine houses a relic that is believed to be the hair of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. In his journeys seeking religious enlightenment, Guru Nanak travelled to Kashmir. Kashmiriyat is believed to have developed under the rule of Muslim governor Zain ul Abedin and the Mughal emperor Akbar, both of whom gave equal protection, importance and patronage to Kashmir's different religious communities.[3]
[edit] Philosophy
Kashmir's existence is characterised by its insular Himalayan geography, harsh winter climate and isolation in economic and political terms. The region has also seen political turmoil and foreign invasions. Kashmiriyat is believed to be an expression of solidarity, resilience and patriotism.[3] It is believed to embody an ethos of harmony and a determination of survival of the people and their heritage. To many Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat demanded religious and social harmony and brotherhood. It has been strongly influenced by Shaivism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Sufism, carrying a long-standing conviction that any and every religion will lead to the same divine goal.[3]
Kashmir was also influenced by the Mughal emperor Akbar's genesis of a syncretic philosophy of Din-i-Illahi, which emphasized the blending of Hindu and Muslim ideals and values. Works in the Kashmiri language, art, culture and literature strongly expound and emphasize Kashmiriyat as a way of life.[4] However, the impact and importance of Kashmiriyat has been concentrated mainly in the Vale of Kashmir and Jammu. The farther regions of Gilgit, Baltistan and Ladakh have been influenced by the philosophy to a lesser extent.
[edit] Modern challenges
The culture and ethos of Kashmiriyat was greatly eroded at the onset of the Kashmir conflict, when the region was claimed by Pakistan and India and its territory divided during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. In the political debate on sovereignty over Kashmir, many interpret Kashmiriyat as nationalism and an expression for political independence from both Pakistan and India. The onset of militancy in Kashmir from 1989 has led to the exodus of almost all Hindus from Kashmir and violent attacks against the remaining communities of Hindus and Sikhs, further eroding the fabric of Kashmiriyat.[3] Amidst the wider dispute between India and Pakistan, there are also political demands for the separation of the territories of Ladakh and Jammu from the Kashmir valley. Conscious efforts to revive Kashmiriyat have been made by various communities of Muslims and Hindus through united opposition to violence in the state.[5] Efforts to promote Kashmiriyat through cultural activities, social programmes and literature have increased throughout Jammu and Kashmir and amongst expatriate Kashmiri communities.
[edit] See also
- Kashmir Shaivism philosophy
- Swami Lakshman Joo Raina
[edit] References
- ^ Reuters
- ^ Full text of Mori survey on Kashmir
- ^ a b c d e Nayak, Meena Arora (2006-09-22). "Kashmiriyat". Archived from the original on 2006-03-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20060326094911/http://www.worldviewmagazine.com/issues/article.cfm?id=106&issue=25. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
- ^ Razdan, P. N. (2006-09-22). "Kashmiriyat and literature". http://www.koausa.org/KashmiriGems/index.html. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
- ^ "Spirit of Kashmiriyat". 2005-07-21. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20070312212729/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul212005/editpage1623242005720.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
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