Qajar dynasty

سلسله قاجاریه ایران Qajar, Ghajar Iranian[1]dynasty ← 1794–1925 → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Salamati-ye Shah (Well-being of the King) Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century. Capital Tehran Language(s) Persian (principal court language , court literature, administrative, cultural, official)[2][3] and Azerbaijani (language of daily life)[4] Government Monarchy Shah  - 1794-1797 Mohammad Khan Qajar (first)  - 1909-1925 Ahmad Shah Qajar (last) Prime Minister  - 1906 Mirza Nasrullah Khan (first)  - 1923-1925 Reza Pahlavi (last) History  - Qajar dynasty begins 1794  - Pahlavi dynasty begins 1925

History of Iran see also Kings of Persia · Timeline of Iran BCE Prehistory Proto-Elamite period 3200–2800 Elamite dynasty 2800–550 Kassites 16th–12th cent. Mannaeans 10th–7th cent. Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire 550–330 Seleucid Empire 330–150 Parthian Empire 248–CE 226 CE Sassanid Empire 226–651 Islamic conquest 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Alavid dynasty 864–928 Sajid dynasty 889/890–929 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 875–999 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Sallarid 942–979 Ma'munids 995-1017 Ghaznavid Empire 963–1187 Ghori dynasty 1149–1212 Seljuq dynasty 1037–1194 Khwarezmid dynasty 1077–1231 Ilkhanate 1256–1353 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid dynasty 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu 1407–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1508 Safavid dynasty 1501–1722/36 Hotaki dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1750 Zand dynasty 1750–1794 Qajar dynasty 1781–1925 Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979 Interim Government 1979–1980 Islamic Republic since 1980 edit

The Qajar dynasty ( Qajar (help·info)) (Persian: سلسله قاجاریه - or دودمان قاجار, also anglicized as Ghajar or Kadjar) was an Iranian royal family of Turkic origin who ruled Persia (the country now known as Iran) from 1794 to 1925.^[5][6] The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Persian sovereignty over parts of the Caucasus. In 1796 Mohammad Khan Qajar was formally crowned as shah.^[7]

Contents 1 Origins 2 Rise to power 3 War with Russia 4 Development and decline 5 Constitutional Revolution 6 Fall of the dynasty 7 Shahs of Persia, 1794-1925 8 Qajar Royal Family 8.1 Qajar dynasty since 1925 9 Notable members of Qajar family 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

[edit] Origins

The Qajar (or Ghajar) rulers were members of the Karagoz of the Qajars, originally themselves members of the Qaraqalpaqs of the larger Turkmen peoples^[8].^[9][10] Qajars first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qizilbash tribes that supported the Safavids.^[11] The Safavids "left Arran (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to local Turkic speaking khans",^[12] and, "in 1554 Ganja was governed by Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar, whose family came to govern Karabakh in southern Arran".^[13]

Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16-17th centuries for the Safavids. The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Persia. The great number of them also settled in Astarabad (present-day Gorgan, Iran) near the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea,^[9] and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power. The immediate ancestor of Qajars, Shah Qoli Khan Qajar Ghovanloo (also spelled Quvanlu) of the Ghovanloo of Ganja, married into the Ghovanloo Qajars of Astarabad. His son, Fath Ali Khan Qajar, born circa 1685-1693, was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Husayn and Tahmasp II. He was killed on the orders of Tahmasp Qoli Khan Afshar (Nader Shah) in 1726. Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar (1722-1758) was killed at the behest of Karim Khan Zand, and was the father of Agha Mohammad Khan and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah) Qajar (father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath Ali Shah Qajar).

Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy.^[5]

[edit] Rise to power

"Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy".^[14] In 1779, after brutally murdering Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Persia, Agha Mohammad Khan, the leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the 18th century Iranian standards.^[9] In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege.^[9]

The Qajar armies were composed of a small Turkoman bodyguard and Georgian slaves.^[15] By 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty. He reestablished Persian control over the territories in the Caucasus. Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a village near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy. In 1796 he was formally crowned as shah. In 1797 Agha Mohammad was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath Ali Shah Qajar.

[edit] War with Russia

In 1803, under Fath Ali Shah, Qajars set out to fight against the Russian Empire, in what was known as Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813, due to concerns about the Russian expansion into Caucasus which was an Iranian domain, although some of the Khanates of the Caucasus were considered independent or semi-independent by the time of Russian expansion in 19th century^[16], this period marked the first major economic and military encroachments on Iranian interests during the colonial era. Qajar army suffered a major military defeat in the war and under the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, Iran recognized Russian annexation of Georgia and most of the Caucasus region. The second Russo-Persian War of the late 1820s ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of Tabriz and the signing of Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire South Caucasus, the area north of the Aras River.

Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran. His grandson Mohammad Shah, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Herat, succeeded him in 1834. When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son Nasser-e-Din, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns.

[edit] Development and decline

During Nasser-e-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun. Nasser ed-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Persia's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. He contracted foreign loans to finance expensive trips to Europe. These trips were part of a strategy to put Persia on the map as an independent, ancient but civilized state^{[citation needed]}. Although the trips in this field were rather successful, he was not able to prevent Britain and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Persian influence. In 1856, during the Anglo-Persian War, Britain prevented Persia from reasserting control over Herat. The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under non-Persian rule since the mid-18th century. Britain also extended its control to other areas of the Persian Gulf during the 19th century. Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Persian ties to the cities of Bukhara and Samarqand. Several trade concessions by the Persian government put economic affairs largely under British control. By the late 19th century, many Persians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests.

Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, was the young prince Nasser-e-Din's advisor and constable. With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. When Nasser ed-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam was awarded the position of prime minister and the title of Amir Kabir, the Great Ruler.

At that time, Persia was nearly bankrupt. During the next two and a half years Amir Kabir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society. Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and Amir Kabir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time.

One of the greatest achievements of Amir Kabir was the building of Dar ol Fonoon, the first modern university in Persia and the Middle East. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the city so it could be expanded as needed. He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Persians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering. Unfortunately, Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his greatest monument completed, but it still stands in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country.

These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. She convinced the young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to usurp the throne. In October 1851 the shah dismissed him and exiled him to Kashan, where he was murdered on the shah's orders. Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah.

[edit] Constitutional Revolution

When Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani in 1896, the crown passed to his son Mozaffar-e-din. Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a moderate and kind, but also not a very effective ruler. Royal extravagance and the absence of incoming revenues exacerbated financial problems. The shah quickly spent two large loans from Russia, partly on trips to Europe. Public anger fed on the shah's propensity for granting concessions to Europeans in return for generous payments to him and his officials. People began to demand a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as their concern over foreign, and especially Russian, influence grew.

The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. When the shah reneged on a promise to permit the establishment of a "house of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran. In August the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. In October an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or Majles, with wide powers to represent the people, and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. The shah signed the constitution on December 30, 1906, but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment. He died five days later. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for security of life and property. The hopes for constitutional rule were not realized, however.

Mozaffar-e-din Shah's son Mohammad Ali Shah (reigned 1907-09), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government. After several disputes with the members of the Majlis, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered Persian Cossacks Brigade to bomb the Majlis building, arrest many of the deputies, and close down the assembly. Resistance to the shah, however, coalesced in Tabriz, Isfahan, Rasht, and elsewhere. In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht to Tehran lead by Mohammad Vali Khan Sepahsalar Khalatbari Tonekaboni, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. The ex-shah went into exile in Russia. Mohammad Ali Shah died in San Remo, Italy in April 1925 . As fate would have it, every future Shah of Iran would also die in exile.

On July 16, 1909, the Majles voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11 year old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties. The upheavals of the Constitutional Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade. In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence. The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in the center. Matters came to a head when Morgan Shuster(also spelled Schuster), a United States administrator hired as treasurer general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protégés and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone. When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital. To prevent this, on December 20 Bakhtiari chiefs and their troops surrounded the Majles building, forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, and shut down the assembly, once again suspending the constitution.

[edit] Fall of the dynasty

Soltan Ahmad Shah was born 21 January 1898 in Tabriz, and succeeded to the throne at age 11. However, the occupation of Persia during World War I by Russian, British, and Ottoman troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered.

In February 1921, Reza Khan, commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, staged a coup d'état, becoming the effective ruler of Iran. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. Reza Khan induced the Majles to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925, and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed Shah as Reza Shah Pahlavi, reigning from 1925 to 1941,

Ahmad Shah died on 21 February 1930 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

[edit] Shahs of Persia, 1794-1925

Name		Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office
1	Mohammad Khan Qajar		Shahanshah	1742 - 1797	20 March 1794	17 June 1797
2	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar		Shahanshah	1772 - 1834	17 June 1797	23 October 1834
3	Mohammad Shah Qajar		Shah	1808 - 1848	23 October 1834	5 September 1848
4	Naser al-Din Shah Qajar		Shahanshah	1831 - 1896	5 September 1848	1 May 1896
5	Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar		Shahanshah and Sultan	1853 - 1907	1 May 1896	3 January 1907
6	Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar		Shahanshah	1872 - 1925	3 January 1907	16 July 1909
7	Ahmad Shah Qajar		Sultan	1898 - 1930	16 July 1909	15 December 1925

[edit] Qajar Royal Family

The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar, while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne is Mohammad Hassan Mirza II, the grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, Soltan Ahmad Shah's brother and heir. Mohammad Hassan Mirza died in England in 1943, having proclaimed himself shah in exile in 1930 after the death of his brother in France.

Today, the descendants of the Qajars often identify themselves as such and hold reunions to stay socially acquainted through the Kadjar Family Association.^[17]

[edit] Qajar dynasty since 1925

Heads of the Qajar Imperial Family

The headship of the Imperial Family is inherited by the eldest male descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah.

• Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (1925-1930)
• Fereydoun Mirza (1930-1975)
• Soltan Hamid Mirza (1975-1988)
• Soltan Mahmoud Mirza (1988)
• Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar (1988-present)

Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty

The Heir Presumptive is the Qajar heir to the Persian throne.

• Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (1925-1930)
• Mohammad Hassan Mirza (1930-1943)
• Fereydoun Mirza (1943-1975)
• Soltan Hamid Mirza (1975-1988)
• Mohammad Hassan Mirza II (1988-present)

[edit] Notable members of Qajar family

Politics

• Prince Abbas Mirza, Fath Ali Shah's crown prince and military leader.
• Prince Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, Governor of Isfahan province, son of Nasser al-Din Shah.
• Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma, Persian prime minister, grandson of Abbas Mirza.
• Mohammed Mosaddeq, Persian Prime Minister, great-grandson of Abbas Mirza.
• Prince Firouz Mirza Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Farman Farmaian III, renowned politician and diplomat, great-grandson of Abbas Mirza.
• Prince Soleyman Mirza Eskandari, founder of the Socialist Party of Persia and founding member of the Tudeh Party of Iran, great-grandson of Abbas Mirza.
• Prince Iradj Eskandari,founding member, and secretary-general of the Tudeh Party of Iran, descendant of Abbas Mirza
• Prince Mohammad Ali Mirza Eskandari, founding member of the Adamyat Society, great-grandson of Abbas Mirza.

Business

• Princess Fakhr ol dowleh, one of the most prominent daughters of Mozzafar al-Din Shah.

Women rights

• Princess Mohtaram Eskandari, first leader of feminist Nesvan e vatankhah association.
• Princess Tadj es-Saltaneh, founding member of the Anjoman Horriyyat Nsevan daughter of Nasser al-Din Shah.

Literature

• Prince Iraj Mirza, Iranian poet, great grandson of Fath Ali Shah.
• Shahrnush Parsipur, Iranian novelist, great great-grandchild of Abbas Mirza.
• Nader Naderpour, Iranian poet, descendant of Mohammad Ali Mirza Dolatshah.

Music

• Gholam-Hossein Banan, Iranian musician and singer, great grandchild of Mohammad Shah Qajar.

Painting

• Abbas Moayeri, Iranian painter great great-grandchild of Nasser al-Din Shah

Popular culture

• Marjane Satrapi, Iranian graphic novelist, great grandchild of Nasser al-Din Shah
• Sarah Shahi, American actress and cheerleader; descendant of Fath Ali Shah
• Shireen Fathi, Iranian-American actress; descendant of Iranian Qajar.

[edit] See also

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v • d • e

• Iran
• History of Iran
• List of kings of Persia
• Mirza Kouchek Khan
• Abdolhossein Teymourtash
• Qajar art
• List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties

[edit] References

[edit] External links

— Royal house — House of Qâjâr Founding year: 1794 Deposition: 1925
Preceded by House of Zand	Ruling house of Iran 1794-1925	Succeeded by House of Pahlavi

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Qajar dynasty

• The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages
• Qajars Dynasty Turkoman dynasty of the Shahs of Persia
• Qajar Family Website
• Royal Ark-Qajar Website by Christopher Buyers
• Royal Ark-Qajar Website by Christopher Buyers
• Some Photos of Qajar Family Members
• A slide show of the Qajar Era, 1781-1925: YouTube
• Mohammad-Reza Tahmasbpoor, History of Iranian Photography: Early Photography in Iran, Iranian Artists' site, Kargah

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