USS Cole bombing

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USS Cole bombing
Damage to USS Cole
Damage to USS Cole
Location Aden, Yemen
Date October 12, 2000
11:18 am (UTC+3)
Target USS Cole (U.S. Navy)
Attack type suicide attack
Death(s) 19 (17 sailors and 2 perpetrators)
Injured 39
Belligerent(s) al-Qaeda

The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack against the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Cole (DDG 67) on October 12, 2000 while it was harbored and refueling in the Yemeni port of Aden. 17 American sailors were killed, and 39 were injured. This event was the deadliest attack against a U.S. Naval vessel since 1987.

The terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack. A U.S. judge has held Sudan liable for the attack, whilst another has released over $13 million in Sudanese frozen assets to the relatives of those killed. The U.S. Navy has reconsidered their rules of engagement in response to this attack.

Contents

[edit] The attack

On October 12, 2000, USS Cole, under the command of Commander Kirk Lippold, set in to Aden harbor for a routine fuel stop. Cole completed mooring at 09:30. Refueling started at 10:30. Around 11:18 local time (08:18 UTC), a small craft approached the port side of the destroyer, and an explosion occurred, putting a 40-by-40-foot gash in the ship's port side according to the memorial plate to those who lost their lives. According to former CIA intelligence officer Robert Finke, the blast appeared to be caused by explosives molded into a shaped charge against the hull of the boat.[1] It was speculated at the time that over 1,000 pounds of explosive were used.[2] The blast hit the ship's galley, where crew were lining up for lunch.[3] The crew fought flooding in the engineering spaces and had the damage under control by the evening. Divers inspected the hull and determined the keel was not damaged.

Seventeen sailors were killed and thirty-nine others were injured in the blast. The injured sailors were taken to the United States Army's Landstuhl Regional Medical Center near Ramstein, Germany and later, back to the United States. The attack was the deadliest against a U.S. Naval vessel since the Iraqi attack on the USS Stark (FFG-31) on May 17, 1987.

The asymmetric warfare attack was organized and directed by Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda terrorist organization.[4][5][6][7] In June 2001, an al-Qaeda recruitment video featuring bin Laden boasted about the attack and encouraged similar attacks.[8][9]

Al-Qaeda had previously attempted a similar but less publicized attack on the US Navy destroyer USS The Sullivans (DDG-68) while in port at Aden, Yemen on January 3, 2000 as a part of the 2000 millennium attack plots. The plan was to load a boat full of explosives and explode near The Sullivans. However the boat was so overladen that it sank, forcing the attack to be abandoned. [10][11]

Planning for the attack was discussed at the Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit shortly after the attempt, which was held from January 5 to January 8, 2000. Along with other plotters, it was attended by future September 11 hijacker Khalid al-Mihdhar, who then traveled to San Diego where he established a close relationship with "9/11 imam" Anwar al-Awlaki, who was later linked to numerous plots and attacks, including the Fort Hood shootings and the "underwear bomber" of 2009 and targeted by the US as a terrorist threat. On June 10, 2000, Mihdhar left San Diego to visit his wife in Yemen at a house also used as a communications hub for Al Queda.[12][13][14] After the bombing, Yemeni Prime Minister Abdul Karim al-Iryani reported that Mihdhar had been one of the key planners of the attack and had been in the country at the time of the attacks.[15] He would later return to the US to participate in 9/11 on American Airlines Flight 77, which flew into the Pentagon, killing 184 victims.

[edit] Responsibility

v • d • e

On March 14, 2007, a federal judge in the United States, Robert Doumar ruled that the Sudanese government was liable for the bombing.[16]

The ruling was issued in response to a lawsuit filed against the Sudanese government by relatives of the victims, who claim that Al-Qaeda could not have carried out the attacks without the support of Sudanese officials. The judge stated "There is substantial evidence in this case presented by the expert testimony that the government of Sudan induced the particular bombing of the Cole by virtue of prior actions of the government of Sudan."[17] On July 25, 2007, Doumar ordered the Sudanese government to pay $8 million to the families of the 17 sailors who died. He calculated the amount they should receive by multiplying the salary of the sailors by the number of years they would have continued to work.[18] Sudan's Justice Minister Mohammed al-Mard has stated that Sudan intends to appeal the ruling.[19]

By May 2008, all defendants convicted in the attack had escaped from prison or been freed by Yemeni officials.[20] However, on June 30, 2008, Brig. Gen. Thomas W. Hartmann, legal advisor to the U.S. Military tribunal system, announced charges are being sworn against Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, a Saudi Arabian citizen of Yemeni descent, who has been held at the military prison in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, since 2006. According to the Pentagon, the charges have been defined as "organizing and directing" the bombing of the USS Cole. The charges still must be approved by a Department of Defense official who oversees military tribunals set up for terrorism suspects. The Pentagon will seek the death penalty.[21]

[edit] After the attack

The Military Sealift Command fleet ocean tug USNS Catawba tows Cole to the MV Blue Marlin

The first naval ship on the scene to assist the stricken Cole was the Royal Navy Type 23 frigate, HMS Marlborough, under the command of Capt Anthony Rix, RN. She was on passage to the UK after a six-month deployment in the Gulf. Marlborough had full medical and damage control teams on board and when her offer of assistance was accepted she immediately diverted to Aden. Eleven of the most badly injured sailors were sent via MEDEVAC to a French military hospital in Djibouti and underwent surgery before being sent to Germany.

The first U.S. military support to arrive was a small group of U.S. Marines from the Interim Marine Corps Security Force Company, Bahrain. The Marines were flown in by P-3 a few hours after the ship was struck. These Marines were followed by a U.S Marine platoon with the 2nd Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team Company (FAST), based out of Yorktown, Virginia. The Marines from 4th Platoon, 2nd FAST arrived on the 13th from a security mission in Doha, Qatar. The FAST platoon secured the USS Cole and a nearby hotel that was housing the U.S. Ambassador to Yemen.

USS Donald Cook and USS Hawes made best speed to arrive in the vicinity of Aden that afternoon providing repair and logistical support. USNS Catawba, USS Camden, Anchorage, Duluth, and Tarawa arrived in Aden some days later, providing watch relief crews, harbor security, damage control equipment, billeting, and food service for the crew of the Cole. LCU 1666 provided daily runs from the Tarawa with hot food and supplies and ferrying personnel to and from all other Naval vessels supporting USS Cole. In the remaining days LCU 1632 and various personnel from LCU 1666 teamed up to patrol around the Cole while the MV Blue Marlin was preparing to take up station to receive the Cole.

MV Blue Marlin carrying USS Cole

In a form of transport pioneered in 1988 by the USS Samuel B. Roberts aboard the Mighty Servant 2, Cole was hauled from Aden aboard the Norwegian semi-submersible heavy lift salvage ship MV Blue Marlin. She arrived in Pascagoula, Mississippi on December 24, 2000.

American FBI agents sent to Yemen to investigate the bombing in the days following the blast worked in an extremely hostile environment. They were met at the airport by Yemen Special forces "each soldier pointing an AK-47 at the plane." Speakers in the Yemeni parliament "calling for jihad against America," were broadcast on local television each night. After some delay, Yemenis produced a CCTV video from a harborside security camera, but with the crucial moment of the explosion deleted.[22] "There were so many perceived threats that the agents often slept in their clothes and with their weapons at their sides." At one point, the hotel where the agents stayed "was surrounded with men in traditional dress, some in jeeps, all carrying guns." Finally the agents abandoned their hotel to stay at a Navy vessel in the Bay of Aden, but even that was not safe. After being granted "permission from the Yemeni government to fly back to shore," their helicopter "was painted by an SA-7 missile" and "had to take evasive maneuvers".[23]

[edit] Rules of engagement

USS Cole bombing is located in Yemen
Approximate location of bombing, Aden Harbor, Yemen

The destroyer's rules of engagement, as approved by the Pentagon, kept its guards from firing upon the small boat loaded with explosives as it neared them without first obtaining permission from the Cole's captain or another officer.[24]

Petty Officer John Washak said that right after the blast, a senior chief petty officer ordered him to turn an M-60 machine gun on the Cole's fantail away from a second small boat approaching. "With blood still on my face," he said, he was told: "That's the rules of engagement: no shooting unless we're shot at." He added, "In the military, it's like we're trained to hesitate now. If somebody had seen something wrong and shot, he probably would have been court-martialed." Petty Officer Jennifer Kudrick said that if the sentries had fired on the suicide craft "we would have gotten in more trouble for shooting two foreigners than losing seventeen American sailors."[24]

[edit] Consequences and after-effects

President Bill Clinton declared, "If, as it now appears, this was an act of terrorism, it was a despicable and cowardly act. We will find out who was responsible and hold them accountable". Some critics have pointed out that, under U.S. law, an attack against a military target does not meet the legal definition of terrorism[25] (see: 22 USC § 2656f(d)(2)).

On January 19, 2001, The U.S. Navy completed and released its Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) investigation of the incident, concluding that Cole's commanding officer Commander Kirk Lippold "acted reasonably in adjusting his force protection posture based on his assessment of the situation that presented itself" when Cole arrived in Aden to refuel. The JAGMAN also concluded that "the commanding officer of Cole did not have the specific intelligence, focused training, appropriate equipment or on-scene security support to effectively prevent or deter such a determined, preplanned assault on his ship" and recommended significant changes in Navy procedures. In spite of this finding, Lippold was subsequently denied promotion and retired at the same rank of commander in 2007.[26]

In Afghanistan the bombing was a "great victory for bin Laden. Al-Qaeda camps ... filled with new recruits, and contributors from the Gulf States arrived ... with petrodollars."[23]

Both the Clinton Administration and the Bush Administration have been criticized for failing to respond militarily to the attack on the USS Cole before September 11, 2001. The 9-11 Commission Report cites one source who said in February 2001, "[bin Laden] complained frequently that the United States had not yet attacked [in response to the Cole]... Bin Laden wanted the United States to attack, and if it did not he would launch something bigger."[27]

Evidence of al-Qaeda's involvement was inconclusive for months after the attack. The staff of the 9/11 Commission found that al-Qaeda's direction of the bombing was under investigation but "increasingly clear" on November 11, 2000. It was an "unproven assumption" in late November. By December 21 the CIA had made a "preliminary judgment" that "al Qaeda appeared to have supported the attack," with no "definitive conclusion."[28]

Accounts thereafter are varied and somewhat contradictory. Then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice told the Commission that when the administration took office on January 20, 2001, "We knew that there was speculation that the 2000 Cole attack was al Qaeda... We received, I think, on January 25 the same assessment [of al-Qaeda responsibility]. It was preliminary. It was not clear."

The Washington Post reported that, on February 9, Vice President Dick Cheney was briefed on bin Laden's responsibility "without hedge."[29]

Newsweek reported that on the following day, "six days after Bush took office," the FBI "believed they had clear evidence tying the bombers to Al Qaeda."[30]

These conclusions are contrasted by testimony of key figures before the 9/11 Commission, summarized in the 9/11 Commission Report. Former CIA Director George Tenet testified (page 196) that he "believed he laid out what was knowable early in the investigation, and that this evidence never really changed until after 9/11."[31] The report suggests (pages 201 – 202) that the official assessment was similarly vague until at least March 2001:

On January 25, Tenet briefed the President on the Cole investigation. The written briefing repeated for top officials of the new administration what the CIA had told the Clinton White House in November. This included the "preliminary judgment" that al Qaeda was responsible, with the caveat that no evidence had yet been found that Bin Ladin himself ordered the attack... in March 2001, the CIA's briefing slides for Rice were still describing the CIA's "preliminary judgment" that a "strong circumstantial case" could be made against al Qaeda but noting that the CIA continued to lack "conclusive information on external command and control" of the attack.[31]

According to Dr. Rice, the decision not to respond militarily to the Cole bombing was President Bush's. She said he "made clear to us that he did not want to respond to al Qaeda one attack at a time. He told me he was 'tired of swatting flies.'" The administration instead began work on a new strategy to eliminate al-Qaeda.[32]

As a result of the USS Cole bombing, the U.S. Navy began to reassess its anti-terrorism and force protection methods, both at home and abroad. The Navy stepped up Random Anti-Terrorism Measures (RAM), which are meant to complicate the planning of a terrorist contemplating an attack by making it difficult to discern a predictable pattern to security posture.[33]

In November 2001, the Navy opened an Anti-Terrorism and Force Protection Warfare Center at Naval Amphibious Base (NAB) Little Creek, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, with the objective of developing tactics, equipment and training to combat terrorists.[34]

On November 3, 2002, the CIA fired a AGM-114 Hellfire missile from a Predator UAV at a vehicle carrying Abu Ali al-Harithi, a suspected planner of the bombing plot. Also in the vehicle was Ahmed Hijazi, a U.S. citizen. Both were killed. This operation was carried out on Yemeni soil.

On September 29, 2004, a Yemeni judge sentenced Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri and Jamal al-Badawi to death for their roles in the bombing. Al-Nashiri, believed to be the operation's mastermind, is currently being held by the U.S. at Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[35] Al-Badawi, in Yemeni custody, denounced the verdict as "an American one." Four others were sentenced to prison terms of five to 10 years for their involvement, including one Yemeni who had videotaped the attack.

Then in October 2004, the Navy consolidated the forces it deploys for anti-terrorism and force protection under a single command at NAB Little Creek. The new Maritime Force Protection Command (MARFPCOM) was activated to oversee the administration and training of the expeditionary units the Navy deploys overseas to protect ships, aircraft and bases from terrorist attack. MARFPCOM aligned four existing components: the Mobile Security Forces, Naval Coastal Warfare, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), and Expeditionary Mobile Diving and Salvage Forces.[36]

On February 3, 2006, 23 suspected or convicted Al-Qaeda members escaped from jail in Yemen. This number included 13 who were convicted of the USS Cole bombings and the bombing of the French tanker Limburg in 2002. Among those who reportedly escaped was Al-Badawi. Al-Qaeda's Yemeni number two Abu Assem al-Ahdal may also be among those now on the loose.[37]

Wikinews has related news: Conspirator of USS Cole attack freed from prison

On October 17, 2007, al-Badawi surrendered to Yemeni authorities as part of an agreement with al-Qaeda militants. Following his surrender, Yemeni authorities released him in return for a pledge not to engage in any violent or al-Qaeda-related activity, despite a $5 million reward for his capture. Two other escapees remained at large.[38][39]

In June 2008, the United States charged Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri with planning and conducting the attack. The US planned to seek the death penalty in his case.[26] On February 5, 2009, the United States dropped all charges against al-Nashiri "without prejudice" to comply with President Obama's order to shut down the military prison at Guantanamo Bay.[citation needed] The government reserves the right to file charges at a later date.

In 2009, US federal judge Kimba Wood released $13.4 million in frozen assets belonging to Sudan to be awarded to 33 spouses, parents, and children of the sailors killed in the attack. The money was awarded based on the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002. Previously, the court had found Sudan culpable in facilitating the attack on the destroyer. Said John Coldfelter, father of Kenneth Coldfelter who was killed in the bombing, "It's about time something was done. It's taken so much more time than we thought it should take."[40]

[edit] Memorial

A memorial to the victims of the attack was dedicated at Norfolk Naval Station in Virginia on October 12, 2001. It was erected along the shore of the Elizabeth River near the USS Iowa memorial, and overlooks the berth of the USS Cole. Seventeen low-level markers stand for the youthfulness of the sailors, whose lives were cut short. Three tall granite monoliths, each bearing brass plaques, stand for the three colors of the American flag. A set of brown markers encircling the memorial symbolize the darkness and despair that overcame the ship. In addition, 28 black pine trees were planted to represent the 17 sailors and the 11 children they left behind.

The memorial was funded by contributions from thousands of private individuals and businesses to the Navy-Marine Corps Relief Society, which gifted the memorial to the Navy. Its design originated as a vision of USS Cole crew members, who then teamed with Navy architects and the Society to finalize the project.[41][42][43]

[edit] Related incidents

One of the 2000 millennium attack plots, the attempted bombing of USS The Sullivans, is widely seen as a trial run of the Cole bombing. This attack failed when the bombers' boat, overloaded with explosives, began to sink.[44][45]

In June 2000 Tamil Tigers used a speedboat filled with explosives to attack the Sri Lankan naval vessel MV Uhana.[46] Rohitha Bogollagama, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, compared the attack on the Uhana to the attack on the USS Cole bombing, four months later. He suggested that al Qaeda and the Tamil Tigers learned techniques from one another.

By early 2001, there were Matafah, Nibras and Hassan Guesthouses for Islamic militants located in Quetta, ostensibly named for three men who carried out the bombing.[47]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Burden of Proof". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0010/18/bp.00.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010. 
  2. ^ Whitaker, Brian (Thursday 21 August 2003 09.00 BST). "Bomb type and tactics point to al-Qaida". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/aug/21/alqaida.iraq. Retrieved July 11, 2009. 
  3. ^ ""I Survived a Terrorist Attack": Jennifer Kudrik talks about the attack on the USS Cole". Cosmopolitan. September 1, 2001. 
  4. ^ "Yemeni pair charged in USS Cole bombing". CNN. May 15, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/05/15/cole.bombing.charges/index.html. [dead link]
  5. ^ Yemen Frees USS Cole Bomb Plotter. Al Qaeda Mastermind Of 2000 Attack On Ship Pardoned After Turning Himself In. Associated Press. SAN'A, Yemen, Oct. 26, 2007.
  6. ^ GlobalSecurity.org. USS Cole bombing. Page maintained by John Lumpkin — Senior Fellow, GlobalSecurity.org.
  7. ^ GlobalSecurity.org. Al-Qaeda Activities.
  8. ^ CNN. Video shows bin Laden urging Muslims to prepare for fighting. June 21, 2001.
  9. ^ CBS. A Claim For The Cole – Bin Laden Recruitment Tape Boasts The Bombing Of The USS Cole. June 20, 2001.
  10. ^ Terrorism 2000/2001. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Government Printing Office 2004–306-694.
  11. ^ Piszkiewicz, Dennis (2003). Terrorism's war with America : a history. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 123. ISBN 0275979520 
  12. ^ Nova: The Spy Factory television show
  13. ^ 9/11 and Terror Travel, p. 11
  14. ^ Substitution for the Testimony of KSM at the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui
  15. ^ Smith (2005), p. 60
  16. ^ NBC News. "Federal judge rules Sudan responsible for USS Cole bombing in 2000". NBC News. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17598388/. Retrieved March 14, 2007. 
  17. ^ "Judge Finds Sudan Is Liable in Cole Case". The New York Times. March 15, 2007. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E5DC1E31F936A25750C0A9619C8B63. Retrieved May 27, 2010. 
  18. ^ Sudan must pay USS Cole victims. July 25, 2007.
  19. ^ Sudan to appeal verdict in USS Cole bombing case. July 26, 2007.
  20. ^ Whitlock, Craig (May 4, 2008). "Probe of USS Cole Bombing Unravels: Plotters Freed in Yemen; U.S. Efforts Frustrated". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/03/AR2008050302047.html. 
  21. ^ Jelinek, Pauline (June 30, 2008). "Pentagon announces charges in USS Cole bombing". Associated Press. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hr9LuImkGdEIRBsAHVkttBHKPF3QD91KI6000. 
  22. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006), p.325 ISBN 0-375-41486-X
  23. ^ a b Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006), p.322-331 ISBN 0-375-41486-X
  24. ^ a b Robinson, Stephen (November 15, 2000). "Bombed US warship was defended by sailors with unloaded guns". The Daily Telegraph (London: Sunday Telegraph). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/1374316/Bombed-US-warship-was-defended-by-sailors-with-unloaded-guns.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010 
  25. ^ Jeremy Lewis. "International Terrorism and Response: notes". Huntingdon College. http://fs.huntingdon.edu/jlewis/Outlines/TerrorismNotes.htm. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  26. ^ a b Roberts, John, and Jamie McIntyre, "Exclusive Interview With Former USS Cole Captain", The Situation Room, Cable News Network, July 1, 2008.
  27. ^ "Chapter 6". 911 Commission. http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch6.htm. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  28. ^ "Staff Statement 8" (PDF). 911 Commission. http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_8.pdf. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  29. ^ Barton Gellman (January 20, 2002). "A Strategy's Cautious Evolution: Before Sept. 11, the Bush Anti-Terror Effort Was Mostly Ambition". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A8734-2002Jan19. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  30. ^ Michael Hirsh, Michael Isikoff (May 27, 2002). "The inside story of the missed signals and intelligence failures that raise a chilling question: did September 11 have to happen?". Newsweek. http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorismfoi/whatwentwrong.html. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  31. ^ a b "911 Commission Report". 911 Commission. http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  32. ^ "Hearing transcript from 2004-04-08". 911 Commission. http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing9/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-04-08.htm. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  33. ^ Statement of Captain Joseph F. Bouchard, USN, Commanding Officer, NS Norfolk to the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism of the House Armed Service Committee. via GlobalSecurity.org June 28, 2001.
  34. ^ U.S. Navy Raises Barriers To Protect Base at Norfolk National Defense Magazine. June 2002. National Defense Industrial Association.
  35. ^ Biographies of 14 detainees, Office of the Director of National Intelligence
  36. ^ "Maritime Force Protection Command to Activate Oct. 1." United States Navy News. September 27, 2004
  37. ^ "Hunt on for Yemeni jailbreakers". BBC. February 4, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4682214.stm. Retrieved March 4, 2007. 
  38. ^ Agence France-Presse. Top al-Qaeda suspect turns himself in. October 17, 2007.
  39. ^ Whitlock, Craig, "Probe Of USS Cole Bombing Unravels", Washington Post, May 4, 2008, pg. 1.
  40. ^ Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, "U.S. Judge Releases $13.4M For Cole Victims' Families", April 22, 2009.
  41. ^ http://www.cole.navy.mil/Site%20Pages/Memorial.aspx (accessed Oct 12, 2009)
  42. ^ http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44664 (accessed Oct 12, 2009)
  43. ^ http://www.stripes.com/01/oct01/ed101301o.html (accessed Oct 12, 2009)
  44. ^ Terrorism 2000/2001. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Government Printing Office 2004–306-694.
  45. ^ Terrorism's War with America:A History Dennis Piszkiewicz. p 123. ISBN 0-275-97952-0.
  46. ^ Rohitha Bogollagama (May 31, 2008). "How Successful is Counter Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific? – Sri Lanka's Experience". http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20080602_03. Retrieved June 2, 2008. "The precision targeting and execution of the attack by the terrorists on the hull of the vessel by Al-Qaeda operatives was almost identical to the mode of attack conducted by the LTTE's sea Tigers. One could discern from the similarity of attacks that there would have been a transfer of knowledge and expertise in the field of maritime terrorism." 
  47. ^ Temple-Raston, Dina. "The Jihad Next Door: The Lackawanna Six and Rough Justice in the Age of Terror", 2007

[edit] External links


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