Giovanni_Vailati

'''Giovanni Vailati''' (24_April 1863–14_May 1909) was an Italian analytic philosopher, historian of science, and mathematician. ==Life== Vailati was born in Crema, Lombardy, and studied Engineering at the University_of_Turin. He went on to lecture in the history of Mechanics there from 1896 to 1899, after working as assistant to Giuseppe_Peano and Vito_Volterra. He resigned his university post in 1899 so that he could pursue his independent studies, making a living from high-school mathematics teaching. During his lifetime he became internationally known, his writings having been translated into English, French, and Polish, though he was largely forgotten after his death in Rome. He was rediscovered in the late 1950s. He didn't publish any complete books, but left about 200 essays and reviews across a range of academic disciplines. ==Philosophy== Vailati's view of philosophy was that it provided a preparation and the tools for scientific work. For that reason, and because philosophy should be neutral between rival beliefs, conceptions, theoretical structures, etc., the philosopher should avoid the use of special technical language, but should use the language that she finds used in those areas in which she is interested. That is not to say that the philosopher should merely accept whatever she finds; an ordinary-language term may be problematic, but its deficiencies should be corrected rather than replacing it with some new technical term. His view of truth and meaning was influenced by philosophers such as C.S. Peirce and Ernst_Mach. He carefully distinguished between meaning and truth: "the question of determining ''what we mean'' when we propound a given proposition is entirely different from the question of deciding ''whether it is true or false'' (''Scritti'', p.923). Nevertheless, having decided what is meant, the work of deciding whether it is true or false is crucial. Vailati held a moderate positivist view, in both science and philosophy:

"it must be demanded of anybody who advances a thesis that he be capable of indicating the facts which according to him should obtain (or have obtained) if his thesis were true, and also their difference from other facts which according to him would obtain (or have obtained) if it were not true" (''Scritti'', p.790)

Vailati's influences and contacts were many and varied, belying the oversimple label often attached to him: "the Italian pragmatist". While owing much to Peirce and William_James (between whose thought he was one of the first to distinguish), he also acknowledged the influence of Plato and George_Berkeley (both of whom he saw as important precursors of, or influences on, pragmatism), Gottfried_Leibniz, Victoria Welby-Gregory G.E. Moore, Bertrand_Russell, Peano, and Franz_Brentano. He corresponded with many of his contemporaries. His early work included papers on Symbolic_logic, focusing on its rôle in philosophy, and distinguishing between logic and Psychology and Epistemology. ==History of science== Vailata's main historical interests concerned mechanics, Logic, and Geometry, and he was an important contributor to a number of areas, including the study of post-Aristotelian Greek mechanics, of Galileo's predecessors, of the notion and rôle of Definition in the work of Plato and Euclid, of mathematical influences on logic and epistemology, and of the Non-Euclidean_geometry of Gerolamo_Saccheri. He was particularly interested in the ways in which what might be seen as the same problems are addressed and dealt with at different times. His historical work was interrelated with his philosophical work, involving the same fundamental views and methodology. Vailati saw the two as differing in approach rather than subject matter, and believed that there should be co-operation between philosophers and scientists in the pursuit of historical studies. He also held that a complete history demanded that one take into account the relevant social background. The superseding of scientific theories and other results doesn't involve their destruction, for their importance is increased by their being superseded: "Every error shows us a rock to be avoided, while not every discovery shows us a path to be followed'' (''Scritti'', p.65). ==Sources== * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Vailati}} *Ivor_Grattan-Guinness, 2000. ''The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940''. Princeton University Press. *Ferruccio_Rossi-Lande, 1967. "Giovanni Vailati", in ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy", ed. Paul_Edwards. Collier Macmillan Vailati,Giovanni Vailati,Giovanni Vailati,Giovanni Vailati,Giovanni Vailati,Giovanni It:Giovanni_Vailati Pt:Giovanni_Vailati