Geuzen
Geuzen (French: Les Gueux, English: the Beggars) was a name assumed by the confederacy of Calvinist Dutch nobles and other malcontents, who from 1566 opposed Spanish rule in the Netherlands. The most successful group of them operated at sea, and so were called Watergeuzen (French: Gueux de mer, English: Sea Beggars). In the Eighty Years' War, the Capture of Brielle by the Watergeuzen in 1572 provided the first foothold on land for the rebels, who would conquer the northern Netherlands and establish an independent Dutch Republic. They can be considered either as privateers or pirates, depending on the circumstances or motivations.[1][2]
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[edit] Origin of the name
The leaders of the nobles, who signed a solemn league known as the Compromise of Breda, by which they bound themselves to assist in defending the rights and liberties of the Netherlands against the civil and religious despotism of Philip II of Spain were Louis, Count of Nassau, and Henry, Count of Bréderode. On April 5, 1566 permission was obtained for the confederates to present a petition of grievances, called the Request, to the regent, Margaret, Duchess of Parma. About 250 nobles marched to the palace accompanied by Louis of Nassau and Bréderode. The regent was at first alarmed at the appearance of so large a body, but one of her councillors, Berlaymont, was heard to exclaim, "What, madam, is your highness afraid of these beggars (ces gueux)?"
The appellation was not forgotten. At a great feast held by some 300 confederates at the Hotel Culemburg three days later, Bréderode in a speech declared that if need be they were all ready to become beggars in their country's cause. The name became henceforward a party title. The patriot party adopted the emblems of beggarhood, the wallet and the bowl, as trinkets to be worn on their hats or their girdles, and a medal was struck having on one side the head of Philip II, on the other two clasped hands with the motto Fidèle au roy, jusqu'à porter la besace ("Loyal to the King, till carrying the beggar's pouch"). The original league of Beggars was short-lived, crushed by Alva, but its principles survived and were to be ultimately triumphant.
In the Dutch language the word geuzennaam is used for linguistic reappropriation: a pejorative term used with pride by the people called that way.
[edit] Sea Beggars
In 1569 William of Orange, who had now openly placed himself at the head of the party of revolt, granted letters of marque to a number of vessels manned by crews of desperadoes drawn from all nationalities. 18 ships received letters of marque, which were equipped by Louis of Nassau in the French Huguenot port of La Rochelle, which they continued to use as a base.[3][4] By the end of 1569, already 84 Sea Beggars ships were in action.[3]
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These fierce privateers under the command of a succession of daring and reckless leaders, the best-known of whom is William de la Marck, Lord of Lumey, were called "Sea Beggars", "Gueux de mer" in French, or "Watergeuzen" in Dutch. At first they were content to merely plunder both by sea and land, and carrying their booty to the English ports where they were able to refit and replenish their stores.
However, in 1572, Queen Elizabeth I of England abruptly refused to admit the Sea Beggars to her harbours. No longer having refuge, they made a desperate attack upon Brielle, which they seized by surprise in the absence of the Spanish garrison on April 1, 1572. Encouraged by this surprising success, they now sailed to Flushing, which was also taken by a coup de main. The capture of these two towns gave the signal for a general revolt of the Netherlands, and is regarded as the real beginning of Dutch independence.
In 1573 the Sea Beggars defeated a Spanish squadron under the command of Admiral Bossu off the port of Hoorn in the Battle on the Zuiderzee. Mixing with the native population, they quickly sparked rebellions against "the Iron Duke" in town after town and spread the resistance southward.
Some of the forefathers of the great Dutch naval heroes began their naval careers as Sea Beggars, such as Evert Heindricxzen, the grandfather of Cornelis Evertsen the Elder. Many Geuzen medals were awarded.
[edit] Geuzen symbolics and the Ottoman Empire
The Sea Beggars used symbolics associated with the Ottoman Empire. This may be related to the various attempts at rapprochement between the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch rebels in their common opposition to the Catholic Habsburgs, often through the French diplomacy facilitated by the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[5] William I of Orange sought Ottoman assistance against the Spanish king Philip II.[6] He sent an agent to the Ottoman Porte to obtain succour in 1566, and it may have been in response to this plea that the Sultan sent his fleet in the Conquest of Tunis (1574).[7] Suleiman the Magnificent even proposed to send troops at their request.[5]
The Sea Beggars used an insignia that said Liever Turks dan Paaps ("Rather Turkish than Popish").[8] Their ships raised the Turkish flag: a crescent on a red background.[5][9] The Sea Beggars also wore crescent-shaped insignias on their caps.[8]
Some Dutch pirates would continue their attacks on Spanish shipping in actual collaboration with the Turks into the 17th century, as part of the phenomenon of Anglo-Turkish piracy. Some of the most famous Dutch pirates who cooperated with the Turks and sometimes converted to Islam were Zymen Danseker, Salomo de Veenboer and Jan Janszoon.[10]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Bandits at sea: a pirates reader C. R. Pennell p.101 Note 28
- ^ English/British naval history to 1815: a guide to the literature Eugene L. Rasor p.247 [1]
- ^ a b The Battles That Changed History by Fletcher Pratt p.155
- ^ The new Cambridge modern history: The Counter-Reformation by R. B. Wernham p.288
- ^ a b c Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the early modern period 1571-1699 by Mehmet Bulut p.112
- ^ New Turkes: dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in early modern England by Matthew Dimmock p.75
- ^ Innocence abroad: the Dutch imagination and the New World, 1570-1670 by Benjamin Schmidt p.103
- ^ a b The Rise of the Dutch Republic, Entire 1566-74, John Lothrop Motley
- ^ "There was no direct contact between the "Geuzen"(Sea Beggars) and the Turkish authorities. Their motto: "Rather Turkish than Popish", their ships dressed with "Turkish" flags, and their beggars medals in the form of a half moon were symbolically meant. The "Geuzen" were expressing their anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic sentiments. They considered the Turks to be less threatening than the Spaniards. During the years between 1579 and 1582, representatives from Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha travelled several times from Istanbul to Antwerp." in Palais de Hollande in Istanbul: the embassy and envoys of the Netherlands since 1612 p.19, Marlies Hoenkamp-Mazgon, Boom, 2002 [2]
- ^ Orientalism in early modern France by Ina Baghdiantz McCabe p.86ff
[edit] References
- Kervyn de Lettenhove, Les Huguenots et les Gueux, (six volumes, Brussels, 1882–85)
- Renon de France, Histoire des causes de la désunion . . . des Pays-Bas, (three volumes, Brussels, 1886–91)
- Jurien de la Gravìere, "Les gueux de mer" in Revue des Deux Mondes (Paris, 1891–92).
- Van der Horst (2005) Nederland: de vaderlandse geschiedenis van de prehistorie tot nu. (3rd edition; in Dutch). Amsterdam, Bert Bakker. ISBN 90-351-2722-6. p. 132
- McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz 2008 Orientalism in early Modern France Berg ISBN 9781845203740
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
