Imre Nagy
| Imre Nagy | |
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| In office July 4, 1953 – April 18, 1955 |
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| Preceded by | Mátyás Rákosi |
| Succeeded by | András Hegedűs |
| In office October 24, 1956 – November 4, 1956 |
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| Preceded by | András Hegedűs |
| Succeeded by | János Kádár |
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| Born | June 7, 1896 Kaposvár, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | June 16, 1958 (aged 62) Budapest, People's Republic of Hungary |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Political party | Hungarian Communist Party, Hungarian Working People's Party |
| Spouse(s) | Mária Égető |
- The native form of this personal name is Nagy Imre. This article uses the Western name order.
Imre Nagy (June 7, 1896 – June 16, 1958) was a Hungarian politician who was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later.
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[edit] Early life and career
Nagy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnɒɟ]) was born in Kaposvár, to a peasant family and was apprenticed to a locksmith. He enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I and served on the Eastern Front. He was taken prisoner in 1915. He became a member of the Russian Communist Party, and joined the Red Army.
Nagy returned to Hungary in 1921. In 1930 he travelled to the Soviet Union and joined the communist party. He was engaged in agricultural research, and also worked in the Hungarian section of the Comintern. He was expelled from the party in 1936 and later worked for the Soviet Statistical Service. Rumours that he was an agent of the Soviet secret service surfaced later, begun by Hungarian party-leader Károly Grósz in 1989 in an attempt to discredit Nagy.[1] There is evidence, however, that Nagy did serve as an informant for the NKVD during his time in Moscow and provided names to the secret police as a way to prove his loyalty (not an uncommon tactic for foreign communists in the Soviet Union at the time).[2]
After the war Nagy returned to Hungary. He was the Minister of Agriculture in the government of Béla Miklós de Dálnok, delegated by the Hungarian Communist Party. He distributed land among the peasant population. In the next government, led by Tildy, he was the Minister of Interior. At this period he played an active role controlling the expulsion of Germans.[3]
In the Communist government, he served as Minister of Agriculture and in other posts. He was also Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary 1947-1949.
After two years as Prime Minister (1953–1955), during which he promoted his "New Course" in Socialism, Nagy fell out of favour with the Soviet Politburo. He was deprived of his Hungarian Central Committee, Politburo and all other Party functions and on April 18, 1955, he was sacked as Prime Minister.
[edit] Revolution
Nagy became Prime Minister again, this time by popular demand, during the anti-Soviet revolution in 1956. Soon he moved toward a multiparty political system.
On 1 November, he announced Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact and appealed through the UN for the great powers, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, to recognize Hungary's status as a neutral state.[4] Throughout this period, Nagy remained steadfastly committed to Marxism; but his conception of Marxism was as "a science that cannot remain static", and he railed against the "rigid dogmatism" of "the Stalinist monopoly".[5]
When the revolution was crushed by the Soviet invasion of Hungary, Nagy, with a few others, was given sanctuary in the Yugoslav Embassy. In spite of a written safe conduct of free passage by János Kádár, on 22 November, Nagy was arrested by the Soviet forces as he was leaving the Yugoslav Embassy, and taken to Snagov, Romania.
[edit] Secret trial and execution
Subsequently, the Soviets returned him to Hungary, where he was secretly charged with organizing to overthrow the Hungarian people's democratic state and with treason. Nagy was secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death and executed by hanging in June, 1958.[6] His trial and execution were made public only after the sentence was carried out.[7] According to Fedor Burlatsky, a Kremlin insider, Nikita Khrushchev had Nagy executed, "as a lesson to all other leaders in socialist countries."[8]
He was buried along with his co-defendants in the prison yard where the executions were carried out and years later moved to a distant corner (section 301) of the Municipal Cemetery of Budapest.
[edit] Memorials and political rehabilitation
During the time when the Communist leadership of Hungary would not permit his death to be commemorated, or permit access to his burial place, a cenotaph in his honor was erected in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
In 1989, Imre Nagy was rehabilitated and his remains reburied on the 31st anniversary of his execution in the same plot after a funeral organized in part by opponents of the country's communist regime.[9] Over 100,000 people are estimated to have attended Nagy's reinterment. The occasion of Nagy's funeral was an important factor in the end of the Communist government in Hungary.
[edit] Writings
The collected writings of Nagy, most of which he wrote after his dismissal as Prime Minister in April 1955, were smuggled out of Hungary and published in the West under the title "Imre Nagy on Communism".
[edit] Family
Nagy was married to Mária Égető. The couple had one daughter, Erzsébet Nagy (1927–2008), a Hungarian writer and translator.[10] Erzsébet Nagy married Ferenc Jánosi. Imre Nagy did not object to his daughter's romance and eventual marriage to a Protestant minister, attending their religious wedding ceremony in 1946 without Politburo permission. In 1982, Erzsébet Nagy married János Vészi.[2]
[edit] Nagy in film and the arts
In 2003 and 2004, the Hungarian director Márta Mészáros produced a film based on Nagy's life after the revolution, entitled A Temetetlen halott (English: The Unburied body) (IMDb entry).
[edit] Imre Nagy's home in Budapest
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[edit] References
- ^ János Rainer: Nagy Imre, (Budapest, 2002), 26.
- ^ a b Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt, p. 42. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6.
- ^ (hu) Imre Nagy's unknown life, in Magyar Narancs
- ^ Gyorgy Litvan, The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, (Longman House: New York, 1996), 55–59
- ^ Stokes, Gale. From Stalinism to Pluralism. p. 82-3
- ^ Richard Solash, "Hungary: U.S. President To Honor 1956 Uprising", Radio Free Europe, June 20, 2006
- ^ The Counter-revolutionary Conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his Accomplices White Book, published by the Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic (No date).
- ^ David Pryce-Jones, "What the Hungarians wrought: the meaning of October 1956", National Review, October 23, 2006
- ^ Kamm, Henry (June 17, 1989). "Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE5DD1530F934A25755C0A96F948260. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ "Erzsebet Nagy, only child of Hungary's 1956 revolution prime minister Imre Nagy, dies". Associated Press (PR-inside.com). 2008-01-29. http://www.pr-inside.com/erzsebet-nagy-only-child-of-hungary-s-r410622.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
[edit] Further reading
- Gyula Háy (Julius Hay). Born 1900: memoirs. Hutchinson: 1974.
- Granville, Johanna. "Imre Nagy aka 'Volodya' - A Dent in the Martyr's Halo?", "Cold War International History Project Bulletin", no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 28, and 34-37.
- Granville, Johanna, The First Domino: International Decision Making During the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, Texas A & M University Press, 2004. ISBN 1585442984
- KGB Chief Vladimir Kryuchkov to CC CPSU, 16 June 1989 (trans. Johanna Granville). Cold War International History Project Bulletin 5 (1995): 36 [from: TsKhSD, F. 89, Per. 45, Dok. 82.]
- Alajos Dornbach, The Secret Trial of Imre Nagy, Greenwood Press, 1995. ISBN 0-275-94332-1
- Peter Unwin, Voice in the Wilderness: Imre Nagy and the Hungarian Revolution, Little, Brown, 1991. ISBN 0-356-20316-6
- Karl Benziger, Imre Nagy, Martyr Of The Nation: Contested History, Legitimacy, and Popular Memory in Hungary. Lexington Books, 2008. ISBN 0-7391-2330-0
- Michael Walsh and Luke Etherton, Vizilabda es Szocializmus or Water Polo and Socialism Classics Section Publishing, 1984. ISBN 6161984195
[edit] Primary sources
- Johanna Granville, trans., "Soviet Archival Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October - 4 November 1956",
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC), Spring, 1995, pp. 22–23, 29-34.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ferenc Erdei |
Interior Minister 1945–1946 |
Succeeded by László Rajk |
| Preceded by Mátyás Rákosi |
Prime Minister of Hungary 1953–1955 |
Succeeded by András Hegedűs |
| Preceded by András Hegedűs |
Prime Minister of Hungary 1956 |
Succeeded by János Kádár |
| Preceded by Imre Horváth |
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1956 |
Succeeded by Imre Horváth |
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