World Zionist Organization
The World Zionist Organization (Hebrew: ההסתדרות הציונית העולמית), or WZO, was founded as the Zionist Organization (Hebrew: ההסתדרות הציונית), or ZO, in 1897 at the First Zionist Congress, held from August 29 to August 31 in Basel, Switzerland.[1] It changed its name to World Zionist Organization in January 1960.
The ZO served as an umbrella organization for the Zionist movement, whose objective was the creation of a Jewish homeland in The British Mandate of Palestine. Theodor Herzl, who with Max Nordau and Zvi Shimshi, organized the first Congress, later wrote in his diary: "If I were to sum up the Congress in a word – which I shall take care not to publish – it would be this: At Basle I founded the Jewish State. If I said this out loud today I would be greeted by universal laughter. In five years perhaps, and certainly in fifty years, everyone will perceive it."[2]
When the State of Israel was declared 51 years later on May 14, 1948, many of its new administrative institutions were already in place, having evolved during the regular Zionist Congresses of the previous decades. Some of these institutions remain to this day. The WZO's headquarters was permanently moved to Jerusalem, after being located over the years in capitals of Europe, including Berlin and London, and most recently in New York City, in the United States.
[edit] Membership and delegations
Membership in the ZO was open to all Jews, and the right to vote for delegates to the Congresses was secured by the purchase of the Zionist Shekel. Delegations from all around the world, and from many different political backgrounds and religious traditions, took part in each Congress; delegations/parties were mainly grouped by ideology, rather than by geography.[citation needed]
In 1960 the ZO changed its name to the World Zionist Organization and adopted a new constitution under which individuals are ineligible for membership, which is reserved for organizations.
[edit] Presidents of World Zionist Organization
-
- Theodor Herzl : (1897–1904)
- David Wolffsohn : (1905–1911)
- Otto Warburg : (1911–1921)
- Chaim Weizmann (1st time) : (1921–1931)
- Nahum Sokolow : (1931–1935)
- Chaim Weizmann (2nd time) : (1935–1946)
- David Ben-Gurion (acting) : (1946–1956)
- Nahum Goldmann : (1956–1968) [3]
- Ehud Avriel : (1968–1972)
[edit] Chairs of the Executive of World Zionist Organization (and the Jewish Agency for Israel)
-
- Louis Arie Pincus (1968 - Oct 1973), head of the executive of WZO until 1972
- Yitzhak Navon (1972 - 1978), only head of the Executive of WZO
- Aryeh Dolchin (Oct 1973 - 1975), only chairman of the Jewish Agency
- Pinhas Sapir (1975 - 12 Aug 1975), only head of the Jewish Agency
- Aryeh Dolchin (12 Aug 1975 - 6 Jan 1976), only chairman of the Jewish Agency
- Yosef Almogi (6 Jan 1976 - 1978), only chairman of the Jewish Agency
- Aryeh Dolchin (1978 - Dec 1987)
- Simcha Dinitz (Dec 1987 - 14 Feb 1994)
- Yehiel Leket (Feb 1994 - Feb 1995)
- Avraham Burg (Feb 1995 - Feb 1999)
- Sallai Meridor (25 Feb 1999 - 2005), "acting" until May 1999, then elected
- Zeev Bielski (2005 - 2009)
- Avraham Duvdevani (2010 – present)[4]
In 2009, the positions were separated again. Natan Sharansky was elected as the head of the Jewish Agency and a new Chairman of the WZO was elected at the 36th Zionist Congress, on 15 June, 2010.
[edit] Sister organizations
The finances of the WZO were conducted by the Jewish Colonial Trust (founded in 1899), and acquisition of land was conducted by the Jewish National Fund (founded in 1901).[5] Keren Hayesod (founded 1920) funded Zionist and Yishuv activities prior to the creation of the state of Israel through enterprises such as the Palestine Electric Company, the Palestine Potash Company and the Anglo-Palestine Bank.[6]
[edit] World Zionist Congress
The World Zionist Congress (Hebrew: הקונגרס הציוני העולמי) elects the officers and decides on the policies of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency. Any Jew over age 18 who belongs to a zionist association is eligible to vote, and the number of delegates to the Congress is capped at 500.[7]
From 1897-1901, the Zionist Congress met every year, then every second year from 1903–1913 and 1921-1939. Until 1946 the Congress was held every two years in various European cities, save for interruptions during the two World Wars. Their goal was to build an infrastructure to further the cause of Jewish settlement in Palestine. Since the Second World War, meetings have been held approximately every four years. Also, since the creation of the State of Israel, the congress has met every four or five years in Jerusalem.[8] At the 34th World Zionist Congress in 2002, the Green Zionist Alliance became the first environmental organization to ever hold a seat at the World Zionist Congress. The 35th World Zionist Congress was held in June 2006[9], where Zeev Bielski of Kadima was re-elected WZO Chairman. The next Congress is scheduled for June 2010 in Jerusalem.
[edit] Political parties
Participants in the World Zionist Congress are free to form Brit Olamit (ideological groupings), which are somewhat like political parties. While Israeli political parties can participate in the Congress, brits are also organized and voted into the Congress by non-Israelis, making the Congress a multinational deliberative body for the Jewish diaspora. However, as aliyah has brought Jews to Israel from other countries, Israeli representation in the legislature has increased at the expense of non-Israeli Jewish diaspora representation. A Brit Olamit must have representation in at least five countries to send a delegation to the Congress.
The largest faction in the World Zionist Congress as of 2008 was a coalition of MERCAZ (representing Conservative Judaism), Kadima, the Green Zionist Alliance, Labor-Meretz, and ARZA (representing Reform Judaism).[citation needed]
Other parties include:
- Tnuat Hamercaz Haliberalit - HaNoar HaTzioni
- The World Confederation of United Zionists, which in the USA is a federation of "Hadassah", the American Jewish League and Bnei Zion
- HerutParty
- Mizrachi
- World Likud - Shas
- World Union Yisrael Beytenu-Moledet-Tkuma
[edit] Jerusalem Program
The platform of the WZO is the Jerusalem Program. The Zionist Council, meeting in Jerusalem in June 2004, adopted this text as the latest version.[10]
Zionism, the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, brought about the establishment of the State of Israel, and views a Jewish, Zionist, democratic and secure State of Israel to be the expression of the common responsibility of the Jewish people for its continuity and future. The foundations of Zionism are:
- The unity of the Jewish people, its bond to its historic homeland Eretz Yisrael, and the centrality of the State of Israel and Jerusalem, its capital, in the life of the nation;
- Aliyah to Israel from all countries and the effective integration of all immigrants into Israeli Society.
- Strengthening Israel as a Jewish, Zionist and democratic state and shaping it as an exemplary society with a unique moral and spiritual character, marked by mutual respect for the multi-faceted Jewish people, rooted in the vision of the prophets, striving for peace and contributing to the betterment of the world.
- Ensuring the future and the distinctiveness of the Jewish people by furthering Jewish, Hebrew and Zionist education, fostering spiritual and cultural values and teaching Hebrew as the national language;
- Nurturing mutual Jewish responsibility, defending the rights of Jews as individuals and as a nation, representing the national Zionist interests of the Jewish people, and struggling against all manifestations of anti-Semitism;
- Settling the country as an expression of practical Zionism.
[edit] Herzl Award
Since 2004, Department for Zionist Activities of the World Zionist Organization bestows the Herzl Award annually upon outstanding young men and women in recognition of their exceptional volunteer efforts on behalf of Israel and the Zionist cause.[11]
[edit] Settlement controversy
A document which was brought before Israel's Supreme Court, showed that private Palestinian land was taken and given to Israeli settlers by the World Zionist Organization. The land in question had been ruled off-limits by Israel. The World Zionist Organization had been acting as an agent of the government in assigning land to Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied territories. The Israeli government, to avoid responsibilities under international law, used the World Zionist Organization to settle its citizens in the territory occupied in 1967. The document concerns several homes in the Israeli settlement of Ofra, approximately 15 miles north of Jerusalem in the West Bank. The Israeli Justice Ministry confirmed that the land in question was owned by Palestinians and that the nine houses in question had been ordered demolished. Dror Etkes of Yesh Din said "It's an international organization that is, simply put, stealing land."[12]
[edit] External links
- The Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem site. Collections of the World Zionist Organization.
- National Association for the Advocacy of Modern Zionism
- WZO – Doing Zionism
- The WZO Hagshama Department (formerly the Student Department)
- World Zionist Congress Gallery
- Exhibit of election posters for WZC elections across the decades.
[edit] References
- ^ See Chapter 2: The Seven Years of Herzl of Zionism – The First 120 Years by the Jewish Agency.
- ^ The Diaries of Theodor Herzl, ed. and trsl. Marvin Lowenthal, London, 1958, p. 220 as quoted in Gideon Shimoni: Historiographical Issues in Conveying Herzl’s Legacy.
- ^ "ZIONISM- Timeline of Events". Mfa.gov.il. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/ZIONISM-+Timeline+of+Events.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ Jerusalem Post: WZO gets 1st religious-Zionist chairman
- ^ "Chapter Two The Seven Years of Herzl". Jewishagency.org. http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/120/Chapter+Two+The+Seven+Years+of+Herzl.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ Keren Hayesod - United Israel Appeal[dead link]
- ^ http://www.jewishagency.org/NR/rdonlyres/056BA126-0B81-48C2-8994-93D1021ECED3/15904/rules.doc
- ^ "The Zionist Century | Concepts | Zionist Congresses". Jafi.org.il. http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/cong00.html. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtVty.jhtml?sw=world+zionist+congress&itemNo=728815
- ^ "Jerusalem Program 2004". Wzo.org.il. http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1707. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ "The Herzl Award 2004-2005". Wzo.org.il. http://www.wzo.org.il/doingzionism/about_us/activity.asp?id=207. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ Teibel, Amy (21 June 2009). "Lawsuit brings murky West Bank land deals to light". Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009363393_apmlisraeldisputeddeal.html.
