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{{Infobox Organization
| name = American Jewish Committee
| image = 
| size = 174px
| motto = A Century of Leadership
| formation = 1906
| headquarters = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York|NY]]
| type = Human Rights, Pro-Israel, Human Relations
| leader_title = Executive Director
| leader_name = [[David A. Harris]]
| key_people = Richard Sideman - President
| website = [http://www.ajc.org/ www.ajc.org/]
}}
The '''American Jewish Committee''' ('''AJC''') was "founded in 1906 with the aim of rallying all sections of American Jewry to defend the rights of Jews all over the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Jewish People |author=H. H. Ben-Sasson |year=1976 |format=paper |publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref> It is one of the oldest [[Jewish]] [[advocacy]] organizations in the [[United States]].<ref>[http://www.jewishquarterly.org/article.asp?articleid=170 Speaking to Power: Nathan Abrams assesses the changing fortunes of Commentary magazine], ''Jewish Quarterly''.</ref>

==About==
The American Jewish Committee, established in 1906 by a small group of American Jews concerned with pogroms aimed at Russian Jews, determined that the best way to protect Jewish populations in danger would be to work towards a world in which all peoples were accorded respect and dignity.

AJC is an international think tank and advocacy organization whose key areas of focus are: combating [[anti-Semitism]] and all forms of bigotry; promoting pluralism and shared democratic values; supporting Israel's quest for peace and security; advocating for [[energy independence]]; strengthening Jewish life.

The organization has local chapters in 32 American cities, 8 overseas offices, and 27 international partnerships with Jewish communal institutions around the world.

AJC's American offices include the Belfer Center for American Pluralism, the Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of [[Human Rights]], Contemporary Jewish Life, Domestic Policy and Legal Affairs, Interreligious Affairs, [[Latin America]]n Affairs, Middle East and International [[Terrorism]], the Office of Government and International Affairs, [[Project Interchange]], and Russian Affairs. AJC publishes the [[American Jewish Year Book]].

As of 2009, the AJC is one of many partner organizations of the [[Austrian Service Abroad]] (Österreichischer Auslandsdienst) and the corresponding [[Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service]] (Österreichischer Gedenkdienst).

==Mission==
The organization's mission statement is “to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews in the United States, in [[Israel]], and throughout the world; to strengthen the basic principles of [[Religious pluralism|pluralism]] around the world, as the best defense against [[anti-Semitism]] and other forms of bigotry; to enhance the quality of American Jewish life by helping to ensure Jewish continuity and deepen the ties between American and Israeli Jews.”

==History==
AJC was established in 1906 by a small group of American Jews concerned about [[pogrom]]s aimed at the Jewish population of [[Russia]]. "According to the official statement of the committee...it is to prevent infringement of the civil and religious rights of Jews and to alleviate the consequences of persecution."<ref>''[[New York Times]]'', Nov. 11, 1907, pg 16</ref> AJC has since headed advocacy campaigns on issues such as [[Holocaust denial]], [[Separation of church and state in the United States|church-state relations]], and American dependence on foreign oil.

The AJC was dominated for years by banker Jacob H. Schiff, who relied on his wealth, his power, and his single-minded certainty to shape the organization. He was a partner in Kuhn, Loeb and Company and worked closely with corporate lawyer Louis Marshall and with Cyrus Adler, the intellectual who headed the Jewish Theological Seminary.  Also involved was Adolph S. Ochs, owner of the ''New York Times.''  Business, personal, and family relationships tied these AJC founders to a network of key supporters, including the Warburgs (especially Felix Warburg), the Strauses and the Guggenheims, the Sulzbergers in Philadelphia, and to similar groups in Boston, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco.  The founders died out in the 1920s and were replaced by Judge Joseph M. Proskauer, Jacob Blaustein, and Irving M. Engel, who maintained ties with wealthy sponsors.   Local chapters were established, which somewhat weakened the control of the central office in New York, but it had become bureaucratized with a permanent staff of well-paid experts. By the 1930s they were supporting social science research into the causes and cures of prejudice.  They learned that prejudice was indivisible, and that in the United States it was less desirable to argue in favor of the rights of Jews than to defend the equality of all Americans, including Jews. Alliances were sought with other ethnic and religious groups.<ref name="Cohen 1972; Handlin 1957">Cohen (1972); Handlin (1957)</ref>  

Philanthropy was always a very high communal value among Jews, and AJC leaders in the early days were mindful of their responsibility toward the large numbers of poor Yiddish-speaking East European Jews pouring into New York. Nevertheless they feared that these not-yet-Americanized masses threatened to create the wrong image in the public mind because they brought with them Old World customs and alien ideologies, and held public rallies and protest meetings instead of working patiently through the existing Jewish establishment. The AJC did not want the American public to envision American Jewry as a foreign culture transplanted artificially to American shores. The profound fear, repeated over and over, was the risk of evoking an anti-Semitic reaction that would endanger the status of all American Jews. The AJC seeing itself as the natural "steward" of the community, took on the mission of educating the new arrivals in proper Americanism.<ref name="Cohen 1972; Handlin 1957"/> 

[[Louis B. Marshall]] (1856–1929) was a key founder and long-time president (1912–29).  He made the AJC the leading voice in the 1920s against immigration restriction, but he could not stop passage of major limitations on the inflow of immigrants.  He did succeed in stopping [[Henry Ford]] from publishing anti-Semitic literature and distributing it through his car dealerships; indeed, Ford apologized publicly to Marshall.  At the same time, Marshall supported institutions working for the rapid assimilation of East European Jews, recognizing that mass immigration was creating many social problems in America's industrial and urban centers.<ref>Henry B. Leonard, "Louis Marshall and Immigration Restriction, 1906-1924," ''American Jewish Archives'' 1972 24(1): 6-26,</ref>   After the World War, Marshall had some success in inserting into the peace treaties provisions guaranteeing the rights of minorities. In the 1920s the AJC was actively concerned with dangers in Poland and Rumania, where violent outbreaks of anti-Semitism and the restriction of civil rights made the position of Jews precarious.   In the 1930s it lobbied quietly for the entry of Jewish refugees from Hitler, but had little success. During the war it discouraged open talk of the [[Holocaust]], lest a backlash lead to heightened anti-Semitism in the U.S.  In 1945 it urged a human rights program upon the United Nations and proved vital in enlisting the support that made possible the human rights provisions in the UN Charter. Under Marshall's tenure, AJC helped create in 1914 the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]], established to aid Jewish victims of [[World War I]], and later to play an instrumental role in aiding Jewish victims of [[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]].<ref name="Cohen 1972; Handlin 1957"/>  

Through direct dialogue with the Catholic Church, AJC played a leading role in paving the way for a significant upturn in [[Christianity and Judaism|Jewish-Christian relations]] in the years leading up to the [[U.S. Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs|Roman Catholic Church]]'s 1965 document ''[[Nostra Aetate]]'', and in the ensuing years.

The AJC before the Six Day War in 1967 was officially "non-Zionist." Indeed it had long opposed [[Zionism]] as antithetical to Americanism and only became reconciled to the creation of [[Israel]] in 1947-48, when the U.S. backed the partition of Palestine. As 1967 began the AJC still was the major national Jewish body that was most self-consciously American, most reluctant to acknowledge links to other Jewish communities beyond those of religion and philanthropy, and least willing to subordinate institutional autonomy to the cause of Jewish communal solidarity. That it transformed itself almost overnight into a passionate defender of the Jewish state and, in so doing, shed old inhibitions to espouse [[Jewish peoplehood]] was itself a measure of the impact this 1967 crisis had on American Jewry as a whole.<ref>Grossman (1998)</ref> 

In the 1970s, AJC spearheaded the fight to pass anti-boycott legislation to counter the [[Arab League boycott of Israel]]. In 1975, AJC became the first Jewish organization to campaign against the UN's [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379|"Zionism is Racism" resolution]].

From 1945 to 2007, the AJC has published [[Commentary (magazine)|''Commentary'' magazine]], focused on political and cultural commentary and analysis of politics and society in the U.S. and the Middle East. Originally liberal, ''Commentary'' has moved right and since the 1980s has been the voice of [[Neoconservatives]]. It is now independent of the AJC. Since 1906 the AJC has published the invaluable ''American Jewish Yearbook'', a highly detailed account of Jewish life in the U.S., Israel and the world.<ref>Sanua (2007)</ref>

===Recent efforts===
In December 1987, AJC's Washington representative, David A. Harris, who would later become the organization's executive director, organized the [[Freedom Sunday Rally]] on behalf of Soviet Jewry. 250,000 people attended the D.C. rally, which demanded that the Soviet government allow Jewish emigration from the [[USSR]].

In 1992, [[Japan]], citing AJC's diplomacy, reversed its policy of supporting the [[Arab League boycott of Israel]].

In 1997, AJC became the first American Jewish organization to establish a full-time presence in Germany. The AJC Berlin Office / Lawrence and Lee Ramer Institute for German-Jewish Relations, opened in 1998, works to combat anti-Semitism and promote education in democratic values.

In 2000, Israeli Ambassador to the UN [[Dore Gold]], cited AJC as playing a central role in Israel's gaining acceptance into the UN's [[Western Europe and Others Group]]. 

In 2001, "the American Jewish Committee and the [[World Jewish Congress]] reached an agreement, approved by the international board of [[UN Watch]], to transfer full control of the organization [e.g. UN Watch] to AJC."<ref name="AJCPressRelease2001-01-04">[http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=849241&ct=866815 UN Watch, AJC Seal Partnership], January 2, 2001, American Jewish Committee. Accesses 2009-08-18.</ref> From UN Watch's founding in 1993 until January 2001, UN Watch was a joint responsibility of AJC and the WJC.<ref name="AJCPressRelease2001-01-04"/>

In 2003, AJC opened in Brussels the [[Transatlantic Institute]], aimed at fostering improved relations between Europe, Israel, and the U.S. That same year, AJC opened a Russian Affairs Division<ref>[http://www.ajcrussian.org/site/c.chLMK3PKLsF/b.1060559/k.CD2D/104410861084.htm Дом - AJC - Russian]</ref> to identify and train new leaders in American Jewish public advocacy. 

In 2005, as part of its continuing efforts to respond to humanitarian crises, AJC contributed $2.5 million to relief funds and reconstruction projects for the victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|South Asian tsunami]] and [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>[http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.835985/k.77CF/Humanitarian_Campaigns.htm Humanitarian Campaigns]</ref>

==Controversy==
===Unification Church===
The AJC released a report of Rabbi A. James Rudin on the [[Unification Church]] in 1976, which centered on passages found in ''[[Divine Principle]]'', the church's basic text, stating that it contained "pejorative language, stereotyped imagery, and accusations of [[collective guilt|collective sin and guilt]]."<ref name=Rudin>Rudin, A. James, 1978 [http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/7A46.PDF A View of the Unification Church], American Jewish Committee Archives</ref> In a news conference consisting of the AJC, and representatives of Catholic and Protestant churches, panelists stated that the text 'contained over 125 anti-Semitic references.' The panelists noted church founder [[Sun Myung Moon]]'s public recent condemnation of "anti Semitism and anti-Christian attitudes", and called upon him to make a "comprehensive and systematic removal" of antisemitic and anti-Christian references in ''Divine Principle'' as a demonstration of good faith.<ref>''[http://www.ajcarchives.org/ajc_data/files/7a37.pdf Sun Myung Moon Is Criticized by Religious Leaders; Jewish Patrons Enraged], David F. White, [[New York Times]], December 29, 1976</ref> 

In 1977 the Unification Church issued a rebuttal to the report, stating that it was neither comprehensive nor reconciliatory, but was rather had a "hateful tone" and was filled with "sweeping denunciations." It denied that ''Divine Principle'' teaches antisemitism and gave detailed responses to 17 specific allegations contained in the AJC's report, arguing that the allegations were a distortion of teaching and obscuration of real passage content or were accurate summaries of Jewish scripture or New Testament passages.<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/7A44.PDF Response to A. James Rudin's Report], Unification Church Department of Public Affairs, Daniel C. Holdgeiwe, Johnny Sonneborn, March 1977.</ref>

===New Anti-Semitism===

In an essay, ''[[Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism|“Progressive” Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism]]'' by [[Alvin H. Rosenfeld]], published on its web site,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/PROGRESSIVE_JEWISH_THOUGHT.PDF |title="Progressive" Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism |accessdate=2007-02-08 |author=Alvin H. Rosenfeld |year=2006 |month=December |format=PDF |publisher=American Jewish Committee }}</ref> the AJC criticized Jewish critics of Israel by name, particularly the editors and contributors to "Wrestling With Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (Grove Press), a 2003 collection of essays edited by Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon. The essay accused them of supporting a rise in anti-Semitism, and of participating in an "onslaught against Zionism and the Jewish State".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/arts/31jews.html
| title = Essay Linking Liberal Jews and Anti-Semitism Sparks a Furor |accessdate=2007-02-08|author=Patricia Cohen |date=2007-01-31 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In an editorial, ''[[The Forward]]'' called the essay "a shocking tissue of slander" whose intent was to "turn Jews against liberalism and silence critics".<ref>{{cite web |title=Infamy |work=[[The Forward]] |date=2007-02-01 |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/infamy/ |accessdate=2007-02-08 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070209123049/http://www.forward.com/articles/infamy/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-02-09}}</ref>
Richard Cohen remarked that the essay "has given license to the most intolerant and narrow-minded of Israel's defenders so that, as the AJC concedes in my case, any veering from orthodoxy is met with censure or, from someone like Reinharz, the most powerful of all post-Holocaust condemnations—anti-Semite—is diluted beyond recognition".<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Cohen |title=Cheapening a Fight Against Hatred |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2007-02-06 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501249.html |accessdate = 2007-02-08}}</ref>

The essay was also criticized by rabbi [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/020207LERNER.shtml |title=There Is No New Anti-Semitism |accessdate=2007-02-08 |author=Michael Lerner |authorlink=Michael Lerner (rabbi) |date=2007-02-02 |work=[[The Boston Chronicle]]}}</ref> and in op-eds in 
''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/matthew_yglesias/2007/02/matthew_yglesias.html
| title = Are we all anti-semites now? |accessdate=2007-02-08 |author=Matthew Yglesias |date=2007-02-08 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 
and ''[[The Boston Globe]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/02/07/all_critics_of_israel_arent_anti_semites/
| title = All critics of Israel aren't anti-Semites |accessdate=2007-02-08 |author=Stanley I. Kutler |date=2007-02-07 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> where Stanley I. Kutler noted that the AJC itself had opposed the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine until 1946.

Executive Director David A. Harris explained why AJC published Rosenfeld's essay in a [[Jerusalem Post]] op-ed, saying:
:Rosenfeld has courageously taken on the threat that arises when a Jewish imprimatur is given to the campaign to challenge Israel's very legitimacy. He has the right to express his views no less than those whom he challenges. It is important to stress that he has not suggested that those about whom he writes are anti-Semitic, though that straw-man argument is being invoked by some as a diversionary tactic. As befits a highly regarded and prolific scholar, he has written a well-documented and thought-provoking essay that deserves to be considered on its merits.<ref>{{cite web |author=David A. Harris |title=Why AJC Published the Rosenfeld Essay |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2007-02-06 |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1170359796236&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |accessdate = 2008-06-02}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* Cohen, Naomi Wiener. "The Transatlantic Connection: The American Jewish Committee and the Joint Foreign Committee in Defense of German Jews, 1933-1937," ''American Jewish History'' V. 90, #4, December 2002, pp.&nbsp;353–384 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Cohen, Naomi Wiener. ''Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee, 1906-1966'' (1972), a standard history
*  Grossman, Lawrence. "Transformation Through Crisis: The American Jewish Committee and the Six-Day War," ''American Jewish History'', Volume 86, Number 1, March 1998, pp.&nbsp;27–54 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Handlin, Oscar. "The American Jewish Committee: A Half-Century View," ''Commentary'' (Jan. 1957) pp 1–10 [http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-american-jewish-committee-br---em-a-half-century-view-em--2518 online] 
* Sanua, Marianne R. ''Let Us Prove Strong: The American Jewish Committee, 1945-2006'' (2007). 495 pp. the standard scholarly history
* Svonkin, Stuart. ''Jews against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties'' (1997), covers AJC and other groups including the Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Congress

==See also==
*[[Louis B. Marshall]], one of the AJC's German-Jewish founders in 1906, President from 1912 until his death in 1929
*[[Norman Podhoretz]] (Retired Editor-in-Chief (1960–1995) of Commentary)
*[[Harold Tanner]], Past President
*[[David A. Harris]], President

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ajc.org Official website]
*[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060504-15.html President attends Centennial dinner]
*[http://ajcarchives.org/main.php AJC Archives]
*[http://www.ajcatlanta.org AJC Atlanta, GA Chapter]

{{Organized Jewish Life in the United States}}

[[Category:American Jewish Committee]]
[[Category:Israel – United States relations]]
[[Category:United States political action committees]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1906]]

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