Orthodox Union
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- Not to be confused with Union of Orthodox Rabbis, a distinct Haredi rabbinical group.
The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (UOJCA), more popularly known as the Orthodox Union (OU), is one of the oldest Orthodox Jewish organizations in the United States. It is best known for its kosher food preparation supervision service. Its circled-U symbol, a hechsher, is found on the labels of many commercial and consumer food products.
The OU supports a network of synagogues, youth programs, Jewish and Religious Zionist advocacy, programs for the disabled, localized religious study programs, and some international units with locations in Israel and formerly in Ukraine.
It is one of the largest Orthodox Jewish organizations in the United States. Its synagogues and the rabbis who lead them are usually identified as part of the stream of Judaism referred to as Modern Orthodox.
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[edit] History
The OU was founded in 1898, and serves about 1,000 synagogues and congregations of varying sizes. The need for a national Jewish Orthodox rabbinical organization in the early twentieth century was recognized by a number of groups. The Union of Orthodox Rabbis was the most powerful rabbinical body at that time and many of its members saw great value in establishing the early Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America.
Originally, the OU was formed by the same rabbis who created JTS, the Jewish Theological Seminary. JTS started as an Orthodox institution to combat the hegemony of the Reform movement. Cracks between the OU and JTS first formed in 1902, shortly after Solomon Schechter arrived from Great Britain to head JTS. Schechter "liberalized" the institution and its approach to Torah study. JTS's original founders, backers, and staff disavowed the changes, seeing it as headed toward the very philosophy JTS had been intended to hedge against. Exactly 100 days after Schechter's arrival, they formed a new Orthodox group, Agudath Harabonim, which refused to recognize the rabbinical credentials (Semicha) of those ordained at JTS. Without their support, Schechter broke away from Orthodoxy to create the Conservative movement, with JTS as its predominant agency.[1] However,the OU still had some ties to JTS until the 1950s. Conservative Judaism, while not holding as strictly to traditional Jewish law as Orthodoxy, still maintained a halachic orientation somewhat compatible in appearance with the Orthodox. The break between Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism became complete with the "Sabbath decision of 1949". This unprecedented decision by the Conservative court, allowing Jews to drive to synagogue (shul) on the sabbath if they lived too far to walk, made untenable any claim that both camps were on the same path of halakha. Even after the formal organizational division, many Jews in the 1950s and beyond continued to identify themselves as Orthodox even while driving on the Sabbath, and many Jews were members of synagogues of both Conservative and Orthodox persuasions, sometimes out of family loyalty, convenience, nostalgia, or politics.
Some Orthodox rabbis viewed the nascent OU as insufficiently Orthodox, and thus did not participate in it, instead setting up their own more stringent rabbinical organizations. However, the idea for a national Orthodox congregational body took hold, and soon developed into the OU that exists today. The OU grew slowly until the 1950s, when it then began increasing the number of affiliated congregations including both small and large memberships.
In 1923,[2] the OU started its Kashrut division, starting food supervision service for some H. J. Heinz Company products.
Starting in the mid- to late-20th century, most synagogues affiliated with the Orthodox Union were under the leadership of rabbis trained by Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik and alumni from Yeshiva University's Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. These rabbis were ideologically Modern Orthodox. By the 1990s and early 21st century, the OU's general philosophy and levels of observance may be seen to have shifted towards stricter interpretations and halachic practices. This change has not necessarily affected individual member congregations, but has impacted many Orthodox Jewish communities across America. The general trend toward stricter practices among Orthodox Union congregations reflects the Orthodox world's trending toward Haredi Judaism.
In July, 2009, a pamphlet called "On Either Side of the Border" was distributed to Israel Defense Force (IDF) soldiers. The booklet quotes "a Hezbollah officer who spied for Israel," claiming that the Vatican taught Hezbollah members to how to wipe out Jews, and "every real Arab, deep inside, is kind of a fan of the Nazis". When alerted to its nature, the IDF halted distribution.[3] The Orthodox Union apologized, repudiated the booklet, stated that it "...was made by staff at the OU’s Israel branch office, and was never ... approved," and took steps to prevent recurrence.[4]
[edit] Activities
[edit] Kosher certification
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The OU supervises many kosher food plants. The supervision process involves sending a mashgiach (supervisor) to the production facility to ensure that the product complies with halacha (Jewish law). The mashgiach supervises both the ingredients and the production process. Led by current CEO Menachem Genack, the OU symbol is one of America's most widely recognized kosher supervision symbols, and the kosher agency is probably the world's largest.[5][citation needed] The company inspects 275,000 products from over 2,400 manufacturers, produced in nearly 6,000 plants in 77 countries.[6]
In 2005, the Orthodox Union faced controversy because of an undercover video that purportedly documented animals at Agriprocessors, a kosher slaughterhouse in Iowa, being shocked in the face with electric prods and slaughtered in an extremely cruel manner. The investigation was the subject of multiple stories in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, and all of the Jewish media. In 2006, the OU’s defense of what the President of the Conservative Movement and the USDA called "egregious violations" of Federal law, were the subject of a video narrated by novelist Jonathan Safran Foer and Rabbis Irving Greenberg and David Wolpe.[7]
[edit] Synagogue affiliation
The OU requires that all member synagogues follow Orthodox Jewish interpretations of Jewish law and tradition. Men and women are seated separately, and nearly always are separated by a mechitza, a physical divider between the men's and women's section of the synagogue. OU synagogues follow Religious Zionism, meaning that they support the existence of the State of Israel. The laws of Shabbat (the Sabbath) and Kashrut (dietary laws) are stressed. Members of OU synagogues have a diverse political background, and are not necessarily members of any one political party. Orthodox Jews are somewhat more politically conservative than less- or non-observant Jews. They daven (recite prayers) exclusively in Hebrew, using the same traditional text of the siddur (prayer book) that has been used in Ashkenazi Jewish communities for the last few centuries. Until recently the most common prayer book used in OU synagogues has been Ha-Siddur Ha-Shalem edited by Philip Birnbaum. In recent years the most common siddur has been the Rabbinical Council of America edition of the Artscroll siddur, a prayer book that is identical to the regular Artscroll siddur, but for the addition of a new preface, and the inclusion of prayers for the State of Israel and the Israel Defense Forces. Until recently the most common Hebrew-English Humash (holy book) used has been the Pentateuch and Haftarahs, edited by Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz; in recent years this has been supplanted by The Chumash: The Stone Edition, also known as the Artscroll Chumash.
[edit] National Conference of Synagogue Youth
The official youth program of the OU is the National Conference of Synagogue Youth (NCSY). It sponsors the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists. NCSY was founded by Rabbi Pinchas Stolper in the 1950s and currently is run by Rabbi Steven Burg. NCSY was originally created to reach out to young non-orthodox Jews, and has now expanded its reach to include many already religious mostly Modern Orthodox children from Jewish day schools. In New Jersey, over 80% of the youth group members are Modern Orthodox children. In Florida this resulted in two official regions: one for Jewish public school students and one for Jewish day school students. However, many marriages have resulted from the social interaction. NCSY boasts that 95% of their members marry Jews.
[edit] Alliance with the Rabbinical Council of America
For many years the OU, along with its related rabbinic arm, the Rabbinical Council of America, worked with the larger Jewish community in the Synagogue Council of America. In this group Orthodox, Conservative and Reform groups worked together on many issues of joint concern. The group became defunct in 1994, mainly over the objections of the Orthodox groups to Reform Judaism's official acceptance of patrilineal descent as an option for defining Jewishness. (See Who is a Jew.)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ See American Judaism by Jonathan Sarna.
- ^ "Heinz Introduced Kosher Food!". http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.canada/2006-03/msg00112.html. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ Vatican teaching Hezbollah how to kill Jews, says pamphlet for IDF troops Haaretz July 19, 2009
- ^ http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=16618
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Observing the Passover Holiday". Orthodox Union. 2005. http://www.oukosher.org/pdf/intro5-22.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ "goveg.com". http://www.goveg.com/jsfkosher.asp. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
- Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, Encyclopedia Britannica
- Branches of Orthodox Judaism Jewish Virtual Library
[edit] External links
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