Indo-Iranian languages
| Indo-Iranian | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: |
Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia |
| Genetic classification: |
Indo-European Indo-Iranian |
| Subdivisions: | |
| ISO 639-5: | iir |
The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian (Irano-Aryan) and Nuristani. The term Aryan languages is occasionally still used to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages[1]. The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Andronovo/Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia. Their expansion is believed to have been connected with the invention of the chariot.
The contemporary Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching from Europe (Romani) and the Caucasus (Ossetian) to Xinjiang (Sarikoli) and Bangladesh and even all the way south to Sri Lanka. SIL in a 2005 estimate counts a total of 308 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), Bengali (ca. 240 million), Punjabi (ca. 120 million), Marathi and Persian (ca. 60 million each), Gujarati (ca. 45 million), Pashto (35 million), Oriya (ca. 30 million), Kurdish (ca. 40 million) , Sindhi (ca. 20 million) and Maithili (ca. 15million).
Indo-Iranian languages were once spoken across a wider area still. The Scythians were described by Roman writer Strabo as inhabiting the lands to the north of the Black Sea in present-day Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. The river-names Don, Dnieper, Danube etc. are of Indo-Iranian origin. The so-called Migration Period saw Indo-Iranian languages disappear from Eastern Europe with the arrival of the Turkic-speaking Pechenegs and others by the eighth century AD.
The oldest attested Indo-Iranian languages are Vedic Sanskrit (ancient Indian), Avestan and Old Persian (two ancient Iranian languages). But there are written instances of a fourth language in Northern Mesopotamia which is considered to be Indo-Aryan. They are attested in documents from the ancient empire of Mitanni and the Hittites of Anatolia.
Contents |
[edit] Subdivisions
|
Indo-European topics |
|---|
| Indo-European languages (list) |
| Albanian · Armenian · Baltic Celtic · Germanic · Greek Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian) Italic · Slavic extinct: Anatolian · Paleo-Balkan (Dacian, |
| Indo-European language-speaking peoples |
| Europe: Balts · Slavs · Albanians · Italics · Celts · Germanic peoples · Greeks · Paleo-Balkans (Illyrians · Thracians · Dacians) ·
Asia: Anatolians (Hittites, Luwians) · Armenians · Indo-Iranians (Iranians · Indo-Aryans) · Tocharians |
| Proto-Indo-Europeans |
| Language · Society · Religion |
| Urheimat hypotheses |
| Kurgan hypothesis Anatolia · Armenia · India · PCT |
| Indo-European studies |
- Vedic Sanskrit
- Sanskrit
- Pāli
- Central Zone
- Eastern Zone (Magadhan Prakrit languages)
- Northern Zone (Pahari languages)
- Northwestern Zone
- Dardic languages (sometimes still classified separately):
- Punjabi
- Saraiki
- Southern Zone (also known as Insular Indo-Aryan)
- Western Zone
- Gathic (Old Avestan) (extinct 2nd millennium BC - the only remaining record is the Gathas of Zarathushtra)
- Eastern Iranian
- Western Iranian
- Northwestern
- Dari language of Zoroastrians
- Balochi
- Gilaki
- Kurdish
- Mazanadarani (Tapurian)
- Parthian (extinct)
- Talysh (extinct)
- Tati (Iran)
- Deilami
- Zazaki
- Laki
- Southwestern ("Persid")
- Old Persian (extinct)
- Middle Persian (extinct)
- New Persian (eastern & western dialects)
- Luri / Bakhtiari
- Tati (Caucasus)
- Middle Persian (extinct)
- Old Persian (extinct)
- Northwestern
- Ashkunu (Ashkun)
- Kamkata-viri (Bashgali)
- Vasi-vari (Prasuni)
- Tregami
- Kalasha-ala (Waigali)
[edit] See also
 |
Look up Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography
- Chakrabarti,Byomkes (1994). A comparative study of Santali and Bengali. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 8170741289
- Premiumorange.com, abstract of the study of Minoan language and its link with Indo-Iranian (Hubert La Marle)
- Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples, edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Published 2002 for the British Academy by Oxford University Press
[edit] External links
- Swadesh lists of Indo-Iranian basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
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