Mark the Evangelist

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Saint Mark the Evangelist
Coptic icon of Saint Mark
Evangelist, Martyr
Born 1st century AD
Cyrene city , Pentapolis[1]
Died April 25, 68 AD
Alexandria
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Anglican Church, Lutheran Church and some other Protestant Churches
Major shrine Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Cairo, Egypt)
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria, Egypt)
Basilica di San Marco (Venice, Italy)
Feast April 25
Attributes Lion in the desert; bishop on a throne decorated with lions; man helping Venetian sailors; man holding a book with "pax tibi Marce" written on it; man holding a palm and book; man with a book or scroll accompanied by a winged lion; man with a halter around his neck; man writing or holding his gospel; rescuing Christian slaves from Saracens.
Patronage Barristers, Venice, Egypt and others; see [2]

Mark the Evangelist (Coptic: Ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ; Latin: Marcus; Hebrew: מרקוס‎; Greek: Μᾶρκος) is the traditional author of the Gospel of Mark. He is one of the Seventy Apostles of Christ, and the founder of the Church of Alexandria, one of the original four main sees of Christianity.

While later church tradition identifies Mark the Evangelist with John Mark and Mark the Cousin of Barnabas, the earliest church tradition recorded by the second-third century father Hippolytus in his work On the Seventy Apostles[3] distinguishes them. According to Hippolytus, Mark the Evangelist (2 Tim 4:11) is distinct from John Mark (Acts 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15: 37) and Mark the Cousin of Barnabas (Col 4:10; Phlm 24). They all belonged to the “Seventy Apostles of Christ,” whom were sent out by Jesus to saturate Judea with the gospel before his crucifixion (Luke 10:1ff.). However, when Jesus said that his disciples have to eat his flesh and drink his blood, many disciples left him (John 6:55-66), including Mark the Evangelist. He was later restored to faith by Peter; then became Peter’s interpreter, wrote the Gospel of Mark, founded the church of Africa, and became the bishop of Alexandria.

According to Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. 2.9.1-4), Herod Agrippa I in his first year of reign over the whole Judea (A.D. 41) killed James son of Zebedee, and arrested Peter, planning to kill him after the Passover. Peter was saved miraculously by angels, and escaped out of the realm of Herod (Acts 12:1-19). Peter went to Antioch, then through Asia Minor (visiting the churches in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, as mentioned in 1 Pet 1:1), and arrived in Rome in the in the second year of Claudius (A.D. 42; Eusebius, Eccl, Hist. 2.14.6). Somewhere on the way, Peter picked up Mark the Evangelist, restored his faith, and took him as the travel companion and interpreter. Peter's preaching in Rome was so successful that he was honored by the inhabitants with a statue in the city; and by popular request, Mark the Evangelist wrote down the sermons of Peter, thus composed the Gospel according to Mark (Eccl. Hist. 15-16), before he left for Alexandria in the third year of Claudius (A.D. 43) [4].

In A.D. 43, about 10 years after the ascension of Christ, Saint Mark traveled to Alexandria and founded the Church of Alexandria, which today is the Coptic Orthodox Church . Aspects of the Coptic liturgy can be traced back to Saint Mark himself. He became the first bishop of Alexandria and he is honored as the founder of Christianity in Africa.[5]

According to Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. 2.24.1), Mark was succeded by Annianus as the bishop of Alexandria in the eighth year of Nero (A.D.62/63), probably, but not definitely due to his coming death. Later Coptic tradition says that he was martyred in A.D.68. [6][7][8][9][10] It is believed that on the night when Jesus was arrested in the garden of Gethsemane Mark had followed him there and the police saw him, he ran away and dropped his loin cloth. His feast day is celebrated on April 25, and his symbol is the lion.[11]

Contents

[edit] Biblical and traditional information

Much confusion happened due to the mixing up of Mark the Evangelist with John Mark and Mark the Cousin of Barnabas. The mixing up of the three as one led to the downgrading of the character of Barnabas from truly a "Son of Comfort" to one who favored his blood relative over principles.[12] It was to the house of Mary the mother of John Mark that Peter returned on his release from prison; the house was a meeting-place for the brethren, "many" of whom were praying there on the night of Peter's release.(Acts 12:12-17).[13] Evidence for Mark the Evangelist's authorship of the Gospel that bears his name originates with Papias.[14][15]

The martyrdom of Saint Mark. Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly).

The mixing up of Mark the Evangelist with John Mark led to these speculations: one identifying him as the man who carried water to the house where the Last Supper took place (Mark 14:13).[16]; another identifies him as the young man who ran away naked when Jesus was arrested (Mark 14:51-52).[17] Some of these could be true for John Mark, since his home was the Upper Room, but they are not likely related to Mark the Evangelist.

The Coptic Church holds the tradition that Mark the Evangelist was one of the Seventy Apostles sent out by Christ (Luke 10:1), as is confirmed by the list of Hippolytus [18]. However, the Coptic Church adopted the tradition of confusing Mark the Evangelist with John Mark. It believes that Mark the Evangelist is the one who hosted the disciples in his house after the death of Jesus, into whose house the resurrected Jesus Christ came (John 20), and into whose house the Holy Spirit descended on the disciples at Pentecost. [18].

Mark is also believed to be one of the servants at the Marriage at Cana who poured out the water that Jesus turned to wine (John 2:1-11),[18] These traditions have not solid proof either from the New Testament or from Church history.

According to the Coptic church, Saint Mark was born in the Pentapolis of North Africa. This tradition adds that he returned to Pentapolis later in life, after being sent by Saint Paul to Colossae (Colossians 4:10; Philemon 24; these actually refer to Mark the Cousin of Barnabas), and serving with him in Rome (2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria.[19] Saint Apostle Peter wrote his first epistle from Babylon (north of Old Cairo), when visiting Mark (1 Peter 5:13). When Mark returned to Alexandria, the pagans of the city resented his efforts to turn the Alexandrians away from the worship of their traditional Hellenistic gods.[citation needed] In AD 68 they placed a rope around his neck and dragged him through the streets until he was dead.[20]

[edit] Fate of his remains

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Illumination of St. Mark in the 11th century Trebizond Gospel (Russian State Museum, Saint Petersburg).
Russian Orthodox icon of St. Mark the Evangelist, 18th century (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi Monastery, Karelia, Russia).
St. Mark by Donatello (Orsanmichele, Florence).

In 828, relics believed to be the body of St. Mark were stolen from Alexandria by two Venetian merchants and taken to Venice, where the Byzantine Theodore of Amasea had previously been the patron saint. A basilica was built there to house the relics.

There is a mosaic on this Venetian basilica showing how the sailors covered the relics with a layer of pork. Since Muslims are not allowed to touch pork, this action was done to prevent Muslim intervention in the relics removal.

Copts believe that the head of the saint remained in Alexandria. Every year, on the 30th day of the month of Paopi, the Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates the commemoration of the consecration of the church of St. Mark, and the appearance of the head of the saint in the city of Alexandria.


This takes place inside St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria, where the saint's head is preserved.

The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day on April 25.

In 1063, during the construction of a new basilica in Venice, St. Mark's relics could not be found. However, according to tradition, in 1094 the saint himself revealed the location of his remains by extending an arm from a pillar.[21] The newfound remains were placed in a sarcophagus in the basilica.[22]

In June 1968, Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria sent an official delegation to Rome to receive a relic of St. Mark from Pope Paul VI. The delegation consisted of ten metropolitans and bishops, seven of whom were Coptic and three Ethiopian, and three prominent Coptic lay leaders.

The relic was said to be a small piece of bone that had been given to the Roman pope by Giovanni Cardinal Urbani, Patriarch of Venice. Pope Paul, in an address to the delegation, said that the rest of the relics of the saint remained in Venice.

The delegation received the relic on June 22, 1968. The next day, the delegation celebrated a pontifical liturgy in the Church of Saint Athanasius the Apostolic in Rome. The metropolitans, bishops, and priests of the delegation all served in the liturgy. Members of the Roman papal delegation, Copts who lived in Rome, newspaper and news agency reporters, and many foreign dignitaries attended the liturgy.

In the book The Lost Tomb of Alexander, historian Andrew Chugg argues that the relics of St. Mark in Venice are actually those of Alexander the Great. Few historians, however, accept this claim.[citation needed]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ St. Mark http://http://www.copticchurch.net/saints/
  2. ^ [1][dead link]
  3. ^ Ante-Nicean Fathers, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleaveland Coxe, vol. 5 (Peabody MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 255-6
  4. ^ Jack Finegan, Handbook of Biblical Chronology, rev ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998), 374
  5. ^ Bunson, Matthew; Bunson, Margaret; Bunson, Stephen (1998), Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints, Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, p. 401, ISBN 0-87973-588-0 
  6. ^ "St. Mark The Apostle". Copticchurch.net. http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/mark.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  7. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Saint Mark". Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09672c.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  8. ^ Acts of the Apostles 15:36-40
  9. ^ 2 Timothy 4:11
  10. ^ Philemon 24
  11. ^ Senior, Donald P. (1998), "Mark", in Ferguson, Everett, Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (2nd ed.), New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., p. 720, ISBN 0-8153-3319-6 
  12. ^ University of Navarre (1999), The Navarre Bible: Saint Mark's Gospel (2nd ed.), Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 55–56, ISBN 1-85182-092-2 
  13. ^ Senior, Donald P. (1998), "Mark", in Ferguson, Everett, Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (2nd ed.), New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., p. 719, ISBN 0-8153-3319-6 
  14. ^ Papias, Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord, VI. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0125.htm
  15. ^ Harrington, Daniel J. (1990), "The Gospel According to Mark", in Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland E., The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 596, ISBN 0-13-614934-0 
  16. ^ University of Navarre (1999), The Navarre Bible: Saint Mark’s Gospel (2nd ed.), Dublin: Four Court’s Press, p. 172, ISBN 1-85182-092-2 
  17. ^ University of Navarre (1999), The Navarre Bible: Saint Mark’s Gospel (2nd ed.), Dublin: Four Court’s Press, p. 179, ISBN 1-85182-092-2 
  18. ^ a b c H.H. Pope Shenouda III, The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr, Chapter One. http://tasbeha.org/content/hh_books/Stmark/
  19. ^ [|Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States], St. Mark the Apostle, the Founder of the Coptic Church, http://www.suscopts.org/coptic-orthodox/church/saint-mark/, retrieved 2009-05-14 
  20. ^ H.H. Pope Shenouda III. The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr, Chapter Seven. http://tasbeha.org/content/hh_books/Stmark/
  21. ^ Okey, Thomas (1904), Venice and Its Story, London: J. M. Dent & Co. 
  22. ^ "Section dedicated to the recovery of St. Mark's body". Basilicasanmarco.it. http://www.basilicasanmarco.it/WAI/eng/storia_societa/sanmarco/interne/sanmarco_ritrovamento.bsm. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 

[edit] External links

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Preceded by
New creation		 Pope of Alexandria
43–68		 Succeeded by
Anianus
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