Richard III of England

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This article is about the English king. For other uses, see Richard III (disambiguation).
Richard III
The earliest surviving portrait of Richard (c. 1520, after a lost original), formerly belonging the Paston family (Society of Antiquaries, London).
King of England (more...)
Reign 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485 (&00000000000000020000002 years, &000000000000005700000057 days)
Coronation 6 July 1483
Predecessor Edward V
Successor Henry VII
Consort Anne Neville
Issue
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
House House of York
Father Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
Mother Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
Born 2 October 1452(1452-10-02)
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire
Died 22 August 1485 (aged 32)
Bosworth Field, Leicestershire
Burial Greyfriars (Franciscan Friary), Leicester[1]

Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England for two years, from 1483 until his death in 1485 during the battle of Bosworth. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field was the decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses and is sometimes regarded as the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the central character of a well-known play by William Shakespeare.

When his brother Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord protector of the realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-old King Edward V. As the new king travelled to London from Ludlow, Richard met him and escorted him to London where he was lodged in the Tower. Edward V's brother Richard later joined him there.

A publicity campaign was mounted condemning Edward IV's marriage to the boys' mother Elizabeth Woodville as invalid, making their children illegitimate and ineligible for the throne. On 25 June an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed these claims. The following day Richard III officially began his reign. He was crowned in July. The two young princes disappeared in August and there were a number of accusations that the boys were murdered by Richard.

There were two major rebellions against Richard. The first, in 1483, was led by staunch opponents of Edward IV and most notably Richard's ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. The revolt collapsed and Buckingham was executed at Salisbury near the Bull's Head Inn. In 1485 there was another rebellion against Richard, headed by Henry Tudor, 2nd Earl of Richmond (later King Henry VII) and his uncle Jasper. The rebels landed troops, composed mainly of mercenaries, and Richard fell in the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last English king to die in battle (and the only king to die in battle on English soil since Harold II, at the Battle of Hastings in 1066).

Contents

[edit] Childhood

Richard was born at Fotheringhay Castle, the eighth and youngest child, and fourth surviving son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (who was a strong claimant to the throne of King Henry VI) and Cecily Neville. Richard spent several influential years of his childhood at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, under the tutelage of his cousin Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (later known as the "Kingmaker" because of his role in the Wars of the Roses). While Richard was at Warwick's estate, he developed a close friendship with Francis Lovell, a friendship that would remain strong for the rest of his life. Another child in the household was Warwick's daughter Anne Neville, whom Richard would later marry.

At the time of the death of his father and older brother Edmund at the Battle of Wakefield, Richard, who was eight years old, was sent by his mother, the Duchess of York, to the Low Countries, beyond the reach of Henry VI's vengeful Queen, Margaret of Anjou. He was accompanied by his elder brother George (later Duke of Clarence).[2] They returned to England following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton, and participated in the coronation of Richard's eldest brother as King Edward IV. At this time, Richard was named Duke of Gloucester as well as being made a Knight of the Garter and a Knight of the Bath. Richard was then sent to Warwick's estate at Middleham for his knightly training. With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham until early 1465, when he was 12.[3]

Richard became involved in the rough politics of the Wars of the Roses at an early age. Edward appointed him the sole Commissioner of Array for the Western Counties in 1464, when he was 11. By the age of 17, he had an independent command.[4]

At a second time in his youth Richard was forced to seek refuge in the Low Countries which were part of the realm of the Duchy of Burgundy. His sister Margaret had become the wife of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy in 1468. Richard along with his brother, the King, fled to Burgundy in October 1470 after Warwick defected to the side of Margaret of Anjou. Only 18 years old, Richard played crucial roles in two battles which resulted in Edward's restoration to the throne in spring 1471 — Barnet and Tewkesbury.[5]

English Royalty
House of York
Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke
   Anne, Duchess of Exeter
   Edward IV
   Edmund, Earl of Rutland
   Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk
   Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
   George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
   Richard III
Richard III
   Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales


[edit] Reign of Edward IV

During the reign of Edward IV, Richard demonstrated his loyalty and skill as a military commander. He was rewarded with large estates in northern England, and appointed as Governor of the North, becoming the richest and most powerful noble in England. On 17 October 1469, he was made Constable of England. In November he replaced William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings as Chief Justice of North Wales. The following year, he was appointed Chief Steward and Chamberlain of South Wales. On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and Lord High Admiral of England. In contrast, their other surviving brother, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, fell out with Edward and was executed for treason.

Richard controlled the north of England until Edward IV's death. There, and especially in the city of York, he was regarded with much love and affection.[6] He raised the churches at Middleham and Barnard Castle to collegiate status. In 1482 Richard recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed from the Kingdom of Scotland, the last time that the Royal Burgh would change hands between the two realms.

[edit] Accession to the Throne

On the death of Edward IV, on 9 April 1483, the late King's sons (Richard's nephews), Edward V, aged 12, and Richard, Duke of York, aged 9, were next in the order of succession. Richard was named Lord Protector of the young king and as such he quickly moved to keep the family of the Queen mother from exercising power. Elizabeth's brother Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers and others were arrested and taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were later executed under the accusation of having planned to assassinate Richard. He then took Edward and his younger brother to the Tower of London, in accordance with advice given by Baron Hastings.[7]

Shortly afterward, Richard issued a death sentence against Hastings, who was accused of entering into a conspiracy against him with the Woodvilles, at the instigation of Hastings' mistress Jane Shore; another of Shore's lovers was Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset. Hastings was beheaded on 13 June 1483 at the Tower of London, his being the first execution ever performed there. Hastings was not attainted, however, and Richard sealed an indenture which placed his widow Katherine directly under his protection.[8]

On 22 June 1483, outside St. Paul's Cathedral, a statement was read out on behalf of Richard declaring that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was illegitimate and that, in consequence, Richard, not his nephew, was the rightful king.

Parliament then passed the Titulus Regius in support of Richard, on the evidence of a bishop who testified to having married Edward IV to Lady Eleanor Butler, who was still living when Edward married Elizabeth Woodville. On 6 July 1483, Richard was crowned at Westminster Abbey.

The young princes were never seen again. Although Richard III is widely believed to have had Edward V and his brother killed, there is considerable controversy about the actual circumstances of the boys' deaths: see Princes in the Tower.

Richard and his wife Anne endowed King's College and Queens' College, Cambridge, and made grants to the church. He planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster, with over one hundred priests.[9] Richard also founded the College of Arms.

[edit] Rebellion of 1483

In 1483, a conspiracy arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of which were supporters of Edward IV. The conspiracy was led by Richard's former ally Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. They originally planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne. When rumours arose that Edward and his brother (the Princes in the Tower) were dead, Buckingham intervened, proposing instead that Henry Tudor return from exile, take the throne and marry Elizabeth of York. For his part, Buckingham would raise a substantial force from his estates in Wales and the Marches.[10] Henry, in exile in Brittany, enjoyed the support of the Breton prime-minister Pierre Landais who hoped that Henry's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England.[11]

In the event, Henry's ships ran into a storm and had to go back to Brittany. Buckingham's army was greatly troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried to escape in disguise but was turned in for the bounty Richard had put on his head, and he was convicted of treason and beheaded in Salisbury on 2 November. His widow, Catherine, later married Jasper Tudor, who liaised with Henry to organise another rebellion.

Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais' weak regime under duke Francis II in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regent Anne of Beaujeu, who supplied troops for a new invasion in 1485.

[edit] Death at the Battle of Bosworth

On 22 August 1485, Richard met the outnumbered Lancastrian forces of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was astride his white courser.[12] The size of Richard's army has been estimated at 8,000, Henry's at 5,000, but exact numbers cannot be known. During the battle Richard was abandoned by Baron Stanley (made Earl of Derby in October), Sir William Stanley, and Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. The switching of sides by the Stanleys severely depleted the strength of Richard's army and had a material effect on the outcome of the battle. Also the death of John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, his close companion, appears to have had a demoralising effect on Richard and his men. Accounts note that Richard fought bravely and ably during the battle, unhorsing Sir John Cheney, a well-known jousting champion, killing Henry's standard bearer Sir William Brandon and nearly reaching Henry himself before being finally surrounded and killed. Tradition holds that his final words were "treason, treason, treason, treason, treason".[13]

Polydore Vergil, Henry Tudor's official historian, would later record that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies".[14] Richard's naked body was then exposed, possibly in the collegiate foundation of the Annunciation of Our Lady, and hanged by Henry Tudor, now King Henry VII, before being buried at Greyfriars Church, Leicester.[15] In 1495 Henry VII paid £50 for a marble and alabaster monument.[15] According to one tradition, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries his body was thrown into the nearby River Soar, although other evidence suggests that a memorial stone was visible in 1612, in a garden built on the site of Greyfriars.[15] The exact location is now lost due to over 500 years of subsequent development.[16] There is currently a memorial plaque on the site of the Cathedral where he may have once been buried.

According to another tradition, Richard consulted a seer in the town of Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on the ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return." On the ride into battle his spur struck the bridge stone of the Bow Bridge; legend has it that, as his corpse was being carried from the battle over the back of a horse, his head struck the same stone and was broken open.[17]

The Welsh accounts state that Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr killed King Richard III with a poleaxe. The Welsh account reads, "Richard’s horse was trapped in the marsh where he was slain by one of Rhys Thomas’ men, a commoner named Wyllyam Gardynyr."[citation needed] Another account has Rhys ap Thomas himself slaying the king.[18]

Richard III was the last English king to be killed in battle. (The only other two to be so killed were Harold Godwinson and Richard the Lionheart.)

Henry Tudor succeeded Richard to become Henry VII, and sought to cement the succession by marrying the Yorkist heiress, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece.

[edit] Succession

Contemporary illumination (Rous Roll) of Richard III, his queen Anne Neville whom he married at York in 1472, and their son Edward the Prince of Wales

Following the decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard had married the younger daughter of the Earl of Warwick, Anne Neville on 12 July 1472. Anne's first husband had been Edward of Westminster, son of Henry VI.

Richard and Anne had one son, Edward of Middleham, who died not long after being created Prince of Wales. Richard also had two acknowledged illegitimate children: John of Gloucester, also known as 'John of Pontefract', executed by King Henry VII, and a daughter Katherine (d. before 1487) who married William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke in 1483. Michael Hicks and Josephine Wilkinson have suggested that Katharine's mother may have been Katherine Haute, on the basis of the grant of an annual payment of 100 shillings made to her in 1477. The Haute family was related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville's aunt, Joan Woodville to Sir William Haute. One of their children was Richard Haute, Controller of the Prince's Household. They also suggest that John's mother may have been Alice Burgh. Richard visited Pontefract from 1471, in April and October 1473, and in early March 1474 for a week. On 1 March 1474 he granted Alice Burgh £20 a year for life "for certain special causes and considerations". She later received another allowance, apparently for being engaged as nurse for Clarence's son, Edward of Warwick. Richard continued her annuity when he became king.[19]

Both of his illegitimate children survived Richard, but seem to have died without issue. The mysterious Richard Plantagenet is also a possible illegitimate offspring of Richard III and is sometimes referred to as "Richard the Master- Builder".[20]

At the time of his last stand against the Lancastrians, Richard was a widower without a legitimate son. After his son's death, he had initially named his nephew, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Clarence's young son and the nephew of Queen Anne Neville, as his heir. After Anne's death, Richard named as his heir another nephew, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, the son of his older sister Elizabeth. However, he was also negotiating with John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joanna, a pious young woman who had already turned down several suitors because of her preference for the religious life.[21]

[edit] Legacy

Richard's death at Bosworth resulted in the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of Henry II in 1154. The last male Plantagenet, Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of Richard III's brother Clarence) was executed by Henry VII in 1499.

Richard's Council of the North greatly improved conditions for Northern England, as commoners of that region were formerly without any substantial economic activity independent of London. Its descendant position was Secretary of State for the Northern Department.

[edit] Controversy and reputation

Early 16th century portrait in the Royal Collection, showing later alterations to raise the right shoulder and narrow the eyes.

Much that was previously considered fact about Richard III has been rejected by some modern historians. For example, Richard was represented by Tudor writers as being physically deformed- specifically a hunchback with a withered arm- which was regarded as evidence of an evil character. However, the deformities of legend are nowadays believed to be fabrications.

Richard's alleged deformities were mentioned in a history of his reign compiled by Sir Thomas More between 1512 and 1518. More, who had been a child when Richard died and had no family connection to his court, conducted interviews with men who had known Richard. His history may have been based on a work begun by Cardinal Morton, a Yorkist bishop who became Lancastrian during Richard's reign and advanced to cardinal under Henry VII. More did conduct interviews with men who had known Richard III, some of whom had been his enemies and some who had served him, but even those who had been most loyal to Richard would have had ample motive to depict him unfairly to More. The legitimacy of the reign of Henry VIII was derived from his father having gained the crown by conquest, an act he had justified by descent from an illegitimate son (later legitimized) of John of Gaunt, marriage to Elizabeth of York (also illegitimized), and allegations of Richard's tyranny, thus any praise of Richard would likely not have pleased any member of the Tudor dynasty. (Henry VIII's eventual execution of his maternal cousin and Richard's niece Margaret Pole, a death warrant motivated at least in part by her unquestionable legitimacy and rights to the Yorkist claimancy, gives weight to any hesitancy such informants may have had.)

Nevertheless, More's history made a deep impression upon William Shakespeare, and was long taken as the authoritative history of events. Shakespeare's portrayal of Richard as deformed and as a villain in Richard III cemented public perception of him both as a cold blooded murderer and as a hunchback. Shakespeare himself wrote the play under the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, who in addition to being the granddaughter of Henry VII had experienced numerous challenges to the legitimacy of her own rights to the throne.

The Richard III Society was established in the 20th century and has gathered considerable research material about his life and reign. Its aim is summed up by its patron, the present Richard, Duke of Gloucester:

"… the purpose and indeed the strength of the Richard III Society derive from the belief that the truth is more powerful than lies—a faith that even after all these centuries the truth is important. It is proof of our sense of civilised values that something as esoteric and as fragile as reputation is worth campaigning for."

The Society of Friends of King Richard III was also set up in the 20th century in order to rehabilitate Richard's reputation and to honour his memory. The society is based in the city of York, where following his death in 1485 it was proclaimed, "King Richard, late reigning mercifully over us, was.... piteously slain and murdered, to the great heaviness of this city."

Despite all his perceived ills and shortcomings, Richard III appears in the 2002 List of "100 Great Britons" (sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public), though the BBC History Magazine listed him under "doubtful entrants, based on special interest lobbying or 'cult' status", with the comment: "On the list owing to the Ricardian lobby, but a minor monarch".[22]

[edit] Popular culture

Novelists Horace Walpole, Josephine Tey and Valerie Anand are among writers who have argued that Richard III was innocent of death of the Princes. Sharon Kay Penman, in her historical novel The Sunne in Splendour, also portrays Richard III as a just and honest ruler and attributes the death of the Princes to the Duke of Buckingham. In the mystery novel The Murders of Richard III by Elizabeth Peters (1974) the central plot revolves around the debate whether Richard III was guilty of these as well as other crimes. A sympathetic portrayal of Richard III is given in The Founding, the first volume in The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.A Rose for the Crown by Anne Easter Smith, the book is about Kate Haute who is portrayed as the mother of the illegitimate children of the infamous King Richard III.

Perhaps the best known film adaptation of Shakespeare's play Richard III is the 1955 version directed and produced by Sir Laurence Olivier, who also played the lead role. Also notable are the 1995 film version starring Sir Ian McKellen, set in a fictional 1930s fascist England, and Looking for Richard, a 1996 documentary film directed by Al Pacino, who plays the title character as well as himself. In the BBC series based on Shakespeare's history plays, An Age of Kings, Paul Daneman played Richard.

In spite of having died at the age of 32, Richard is often depicted as being considerably older. Basil Rathbone and Peter Cook were both 46 when they played him, Laurence Olivier was 47 (in his 1955 film), Vincent Price was 51, Ian McKellen was 56, and Pacino also 56, in his 1996 film (although Pacino was 39 when he played him on Broadway in 1979 and Olivier was 37 when he played him on-stage in 1944). Ron Cook, then 35, in the 1983 BBC Shakespeare production of the play, was closest in age, and bore some facial resemblance to the Society of Antiquaries portrait.

In a play within a play in Neil Simon's 1977 film The Goodbye Girl, Richard Dreyfuss reluctantly portrays Richard as overtly homosexual at the insistence of an avant-garde director. Dreyfuss' performance won him the 1978 Academy Award for Best Actor.

In the television comedy series The Black Adder, Richard III is portrayed by Peter Cook in an alternative version of history as a doting, kindly man who treats the princes in the tower with affection. He is unintentionally killed by Edmund, the titular "Black Adder" (Rowan Atkinson). His death leads, not to the crowning of Henry Tudor, but to the rule of Richard IV, who in the television series has grown up to be Edmund's father. The series suggests that Henry Tudor was a villain whom, upon becoming king, re-wrote history to suggest Richard III murdered the princes in the tower, and also to have himself become king after beating Richard at the Battle of Bosworth field, thus writing Richard IV's reign out of history.

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms

[edit] Titles, styles and honours

On 1 November 1461, Richard gained the title of Duke of Gloucester; sometime before 4 February 1466, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter. Following the death of King Edward IV, he was made Lord Protector of England. Richard held this office from 30 April 1483 to 26 June 1483 when he made himself king of the realm. As King of England, Richard was styled Dei Gratia Rex Angliae et Franciae et Dominus Hiberniae.

Informally, he may have been known as "Dickon", according to a sixteenth-century legend of a note, warning of treachery, that was sent to the Duke of Norfolk on the eve of Bosworth: "Jack of Norffolke be not to bolde,/For Dyckon thy maister is bought and solde".[23]

[edit] Arms

As Duke of Gloucester, Richard had use of the coat of arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points ermine, on each point canton gules.[24] As sovereign, he had use of the arms of the kingdom undifferenced. His motto was "Loyaulte me lie," "Loyalty binds me"; and his personal device was a white boar.

See adjacent text
Shield as Duke of Gloucester 
See adjacent text
Coat of arms as King Richard III 

[edit] Ancestry

Ancestors of Richard III of England
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16. Edward III of England
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8. Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17. Philippa of Hainault
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. Peter of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. Infanta Isabella of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19. Maria de Padilla
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10. Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21. Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. Anne de Mortimer
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22. Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. Alianore Holland
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23. Alice Fitzalan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Richard III of England
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24. Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25. Alice Audley
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26. Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy of Alnwick
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. Maud Percy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27. Idonea Clifford
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Cecily Neville
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28. Edward III of England (= 16)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29. Philippa of Hainault (= 17)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. Joan Beaufort
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30. Payne de Roet
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15. Katherine Swynford
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Richard III of England

[edit] See also

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] References

  1. ^ Richard was originally buried in the Church of the Greyfriars, but his body was disinterred and lost during the Dissolution of the Monasteries – its current location is unknown
  2. ^ Kendall, Paul Murray (1955). Richard The Third. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0049420488. 
  3. ^ Kendall, Richard The Third, pp. 34-44 & 74
  4. ^ Kendall, Richard The Third, p. 40
  5. ^ Kendall, Richard The Third, pp.87-89
  6. ^ Kendall, Richard The Third, p. 133.
  7. ^ Kendall, pp.162-63
  8. ^ Kendall, pp. 209-210.
  9. ^ Jones, Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle, pp. 96-97
  10. ^ Charles Ross, Richard III, 1981, Methuen, p.105-119
  11. ^ Louisa Stuart Costello, Memoirs of Anne, Duchess of Brittany, Twice Queen of France, 2009 reprint, pp.17-18; 43-4.
  12. ^ Kendall Richard The Third, p. 365
  13. ^ Kendall, Richard The Third, p. 367.
  14. ^ Kendall, Richard The Third p. 368
  15. ^ a b c Baldwin, David (1986). "King Richard's Grave in Leicester". Transactions (Leicester: Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society) 60: 21–22. http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/BaldwinSmPagesfromvolumeLX-5.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-18. 
  16. ^ Baldwin, David (1986). "King Richard's Grave in Leicester". Transactions (Leicester: Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society) 60: 24. http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/BaldwinSmPagesfromvolumeLX-5.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-18. 
  17. ^ "Legends about the Battle of Bosworth". Richard III Society - American Branch Web Site. Richard III Society. http://www.r3.org/bosworth/legends.html. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  18. ^ http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.html
  19. ^ Hicks, Anne Neville, pp. 156-8; Wilkinson, Richard the Young King to Be, pp. 228-9, and 253-4
  20. ^ Allen Andrews, Kings of England and Scotland, Page 90.
  21. ^ Barrie Williams, "The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the 'Holy Princess'", The Ricardian, Vol. 6, No. 90, March 1983.
  22. ^ BBC reveals 100 great British Heroes. Retrieved 2-12-2009.
  23. ^ Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York (1548), in Hall's chronicle : containing the history of England, during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. Carefully collated with the editions of 1548 and 1550 (London, 1809), p. 419.
  24. ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family

[edit] External links

Richard III of England
Cadet branch of the House of Plantagenet
Born: 2 October 1452 Died: 22 August 1485
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