Dieppe Raid
The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe, Operation Rutter or later on Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe on the northern coast of France on 19 August 1942. The assault began at 5:00 AM and by 10:50 AM the Allied commanders had been forced to call a retreat. Over 6,000 infantrymen, predominantly Canadian, were supported by large Royal Navy and Royal Air Force contingents. The objective was to seize and hold a major port for a short period, both to prove it was possible and to gather intelligence from prisoners and captured materials while assessing the German responses. The Allies also wanted to destroy coastal defences, port structures and all strategic buildings.
No major objectives of the raid were accomplished. A total of 3,623 of the 6,086 men who made it ashore were either killed, wounded, or captured (almost 60%). The air force failed to lure the Luftwaffe into open battle, losing 96 aircraft compared to 48 lost by the Luftwaffe, while the Royal Navy lost 34 vessels. The events at Dieppe later influenced preparations for the North African (Operation Torch) and Normandy Landings (Operation Overlord).
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[edit] Background
In the immediate aftermath of the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Forces from Dunkirk, the British started on the development of a substantial raiding force under the umbrella of Combined Operations. This was accompanied by development of techniques and equipment for amphibious warfare. In late 1941 a scheme was put forward for the landing of 12 divisions around Le Havre based on a withdrawal of German troops to counter Soviet success in the East. From this came a proposed test of the scheme in the form of Operation Rutter. Rutter was to test the feasibility of capturing a port in the face of opposition, the investigation of the problems of operating the invasion fleet and testing equipment and techniques of the assault.[1] Dieppe, a coastal town in Normandy, is built along a long cliff that overlooked the English Channel. The River Scie is on the western end of the town and the River Arques flows through the town and into a medium-sized harbour. In 1942, the Germans had demolished some seafront buildings to aid in coastal defence and had set up two large artillery batteries at Berneval and Varengeville. One important consideration for the planners was that Dieppe was within range of the Royal Air Force's fighter aircraft.[2]
[edit] Plan
The Dieppe raid was a major operation planned by Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Combined Operations Headquarters on the French coastal town. The attacking force would consist of around 5,000 Canadians, 1,000 British troops, and 50 United States Rangers. The Royal Navy would supply 237 ships and landing craft, and the Royal Air Force 74 squadrons of aircraft, of which 66 were fighter squadrons.[3]
Originally conceived in April 1942 by Combined Operations Headquarters and code named "Operation Rutter", the Allies planned to conduct a major division size raid on a German held port on the French channel coast and to hold it for the duration of at least two tides. They would effect the greatest amount of destruction of enemy facilities and defences before withdrawing. This original plan was approved by the Chiefs of Staff in May 1942. It included British parachute units attacking German artillery batteries on the headlands on either side of the Canadians who would carry out a frontal assault from the sea.[4] The parachute operation was later cancelled and instead No. 3 Commando and No.4 Commando would land by sea and attack the artillery batteries.[3] In June, the BBC started broadcasting warnings to French civilians of a "likely" war, urging them to quickly evacuate the Atlantic coastal districts of occupied France.[5][6]
The troop were drawn from Combined Operations and South-Eastern Command, under Lieutenant General Bernard Law Montgomery. The plan called for an unimaginative frontal assault, without any heavy preliminary air bombardment. Under pressure from the Canadian government to ensure that Canadian troops saw some action, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, commanded by Major General John Hamilton Roberts, was selected for the main force.[3]
Armoured support was provided by the 14th Armoured Regiment (The Calgary Regiment) with 58 of the new Churchill tanks, to be delivered using the new Landing craft tanks.[7] The tanks had a mixture of armament with QF 2 pounder gun-armed tanks fitted with a close support howitzer in the hull operating alongside QF 6 pounder-armed tanks. In addition, three of the Churchill's were equipped with flame thrower equipment and all had adaptations enabling them to operate in the shallow water near the beach.
Intelligence on the area was sparse, there were dug in German gun positions on the cliffs, but these had not been detected or spotted by air reconnaissance photographers. The planners had assessed the beach gradient and its suitability for tanks only by scanning holiday snapshots, which both led to an underestimation of the German strength and of the terrain.[3]
[edit] German forces
The German forces at Dieppe were on high alert having been warned by French double agents that the British were showing interest in the area. They had also detected increased radio traffic and landing craft being concentrated in the southern British coastal ports.[3]
Dieppe and the flanking cliffs were well defended, although the 1,500 strong garrison from the 302nd German Infantry Division comprised the 570th, 571st and 572nd Infantry Regiments, each of two battalions, the 302nd Artillery Regiment, the 302nd Reconnaissance Battalion, the 302nd Anti-tank Battalion, the 302nd Engineer Battalion and 302nd Signal Battalion. They were deployed along the beaches of Dieppe and the neighbouring towns, covering all the likely landing places. In respect to machine guns, mortars and artillery, the city and port was adequately protected with a concentration on the main approach, (particularly in the myriad of cliff caves), and with a reserve at the rear. The defenders were stationed not only in the towns themselves, but also between the towns in open areas and highlands that overlooked the beaches. The German defence focused on setting up extensive defensive perimeters throughout the area. Elements of the 571st Infantry Regiment defended Dieppe the radar station near Pourville and the artillery battery over the Scie river at Varengeville. To the west the 570th Infantry Regiment were deployed near the artillery battery at Berneval.
The Luftwaffe forces were Jagdgeschwader 2 (JG2) and Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG26), with 200 fighters, mostly the Fw 190 and about 100 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG2), Kampfgeschwader 45 and Kampfgeschwader 77, mostly Dornier 217s.
[edit] Initial landings
The Dieppe landings would take place on four beaches codenamed from east to west Blue, Red, White and Green. The Royal Regiment of Canada would land on Blue beach. The main landings would take place on Red and White beaches by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, The Essex Scottish Regiment, Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, A Commando Royal Marines and the 14th Canadian Armoured Regiment. The South Saskatchewan Regiment and The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada would land on Green beach.[3] The Allied fleet left the south coast of England on the night of 18 August, preceded by minesweepers who cleared paths through the English Channel for them. The fleet included eight destroyers, Motor Gun Boats who escorted the Landing craft and Motor Launches. The initial landings began at 04:50 hours 19 August, with attacks on the two artillery batteries on the flanks of the main landing area. These included Varengeville by No. 4 Commando, Pourville by The South Saskatchewan Regiment and The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, Puys by the Royal Regiment of Canada, and Berneval by No. 3 Commando. On their way in the landing craft and escorts heading towards Puys and Berneval had run into a small German convoy and exchanged fire at 03:48 hours.[3]
[edit] No. 3 Commando
The mission for Lieutenant Colonel John Durnford-Slater and No. 3 Commando was to conduct two landings 8 miles (13 km) east of Dieppe to silence the coastal battery near Berneval. The battery could fire upon the landing at Dieppe some 4 miles (6.4 km) to the west. The three 170 mm and four 105 mm guns of 2/770 Batterie had to be out of action by the time the main force approached the main beach. The craft carrying No. 3 Commando, approaching the coast to the east were not warned of the approach of a German coastal convoy that had been located by British "Chain Home" radar stations at 21:30 hours. German S-boats escorting a German tanker torpedoed some of the landing craft and disabled the escorting Steam Gun Boat 5. Subsequently Motor Launch 346 and Landing Craft Flak 1 combined to drive off the German boats but the Group was dispersed, with some losses, and the enemy's coastal defences were alerted. Only 18 commandos got ashore in the right place. They reached the perimeter of the battery via Bernevall and engaged their target with small arms fire. Although unable to destroy the guns, their sniping for a time managed to distract the battery to such good effect that the gunners fired wildly all over the place and there were no known instance of this battery sinking any of the assault convoy ships off Dieppe. The commandos were eventually forced to withdraw in the face of superior enemy forces.[3][4]
[edit] No. 4 Commando
The mission for Lieutenant Colonel Lord Lovat and No. 4 Commando (including 50 United States Army Rangers) was to conduct two landings 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Dieppe to neutralize the coastal battery near Varengeville. Landing on the right flank in force they climbed the steep slope, and attacked and neutralized their target, the artillery battery of six 150 mm guns. This was the only success of Operation Jubilee.[3] The commando then withdrew at 07:30 hours as planned.[2] Most of No. 4 safely returned to England. This portion of the raid was considered a model for future commando raids. Lord Lovat was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his part in the raid,[8] and Captain Patrick Porteous No. 4 Commando, was awarded the Victoria Cross.[9][10][11]
[edit] Blue beach
The naval engagement between the small German convoy and the craft carrying No. 3 Commando had alerted the German defenders at Blue beach.[2] The landing near Puys by the Royal Regiment of Canada plus three platoons from the Black Watch of Canada and an artillery detachment who were tasked to neutralize machine gun and artillery batteries protecting the Dieppe beach.[2] They were delayed by 20 minutes and the smoke screens that should have hidden their assault had lifted. With the advantage of surprise and darkness lost, the Germans had manned their defensive positions in preparation for the landings.[2] The well-emplaced German forces held the Canadian forces that did land on the beach. As soon as they reached the shore, the Canadians found themselves pinned against the seawall and unable to advance.[2] The Royal Regiment of Canada was annihilated. Of the 556 men in the regiment, 200 were killed and 264 captured.[2]
[edit] Green beach
On Green beach at the same time that No. 4 Commando had landed, the South Saskatchewan Regiment was headed towards Pourville. They beached at 04:52 hours without having been detected. The regiment managed to leave their landing craft before the Germans could open fire. Unfortunately on the way in some of the landing craft had drifted off course and most of the battalion found themselves west of the Scie River rather than east of it. Because they had been landed in the wrong place, the regiment, whose objective was the hills east of the village, had to enter Pourville to cross the river by the only bridge.[2] Before the Saskatchewans managed to reach the bridge the Germans had positioned machine guns and anti-tank guns there which stopped their advance. With the regiment's dead and wounded piling up on the bridge, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cecil Ingersoll Merritt, the commanding officer, stepped forward and shouted to his men: "Come on over — there's nothing to it!" The assault resumed but again failed to gain any ground. The South Saskatchewans and the Cameron Highlanders of Canada, who had landed beside them, were unable to reach their target.[2][3] While the Camerons did manage to penetrate further inland than any other troops that day, they were also soon forced back as German reinforcements rushed to the scene.[3] With time running out, both regiments suffered more losses as they withdrew; only 341 men were able to reach the landing craft and embark, and increasing pressure meant that the rest were left to surrender. For his part in the battle, Lieutenant Colonel Merritt was awarded the Victoria Cross.[9]
[edit] Pourville radar station
One of the objectives of the Dieppe Raid was to discover the importance and accuracy of a German radar station on the cliff-top to the east of the town of Pourville. To achieve this, RAF Flight Sergeant Jack Nissenthall, a radar specialist, was attached to the South Saskatchewan Regiment. He was to attempt to enter the radar station and learn its secrets, accompanied by a small unit of 11 men of the Saskatchewans as bodyguards. Nissenthall volunteered for the mission fully aware that, due to the highly sensitive nature of his knowledge of Allied radar technology, his Saskatchewan bodyguard unit were under orders to kill him if necessary to prevent him being captured. He also carried a cyanide pill as a last resort. Nissenthall and his bodyguards failed to enter the radar station due to strong defences, but Nissenthall was able to crawl up to the rear of the station under enemy fire and cut all telephone wires leading to it. This forced the crew inside to resort to radio transmissions to talk to their commanders, transmissions which were intercepted by listening posts on the south coast of England. The Allies were able to learn a great deal about the arrays of German radar stations along the channel coast thanks to this one simple act, which helped to convince Allied commanders of the importance of developing radar jamming technology. Of this small unit only Nissenthall and one other returned safely to England.[12][13].
[edit] Main Canadian landings
Preparing the ground for the main landings, four destroyers were bombarding the coast as landing craft approached. At 05:15 hours, they were joined by five RAF Hurricane squadrons who bombed the coastal defences and set a smoke screen to protect the assault troops. Between 05:20 and 05:23, thirty minutes after the initial landings the main frontal assault by the Essex Scottish and the Hamilton Light Infantry started. Their infantry were meant to be supported by Churchill tanks of the 14th Canadian Armoured Regiment landed at the same time but they arrived on the beach late. As a result the two infantry regiments had to attack without artillery support and were slaughtered on the beach by hidden machine gun nests on the cliffs as they were unable to clear the obstacles and scale the seawall.[2][3] When the tanks eventually landed only 29 had made it and two of them sank in deep water.[2] Of the remaining 27 tanks only 15 did not become bogged down on the shingle beach and made it up to, and across, the seawall.[2] The tanks that had crossed the seawall were then confronted by tank obstacles that blocked their way into the town. Forced to return to the beach they provided fire support for the now retreating infantry. All the tank crews that landed were captured; not one returned to England.[2]
Unaware of the situation on the beaches, because of a smoke screen laid by the supporting destroyers Major General Roberts sent in the two reserve units: the Fusiliers Mont-Royal and the Royal Marines. At 07:00 the Fusiliers under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Dollard Ménard in 26 landing craft sailed towards their beach. They were heavily engaged by the Germans, who hit them with heavy machine-gun, mortar and grenade fire, and were destroyed; only a few men managed to reach the town.[2] Those men were then sent in towards the centre of Dieppe and became pinned down under the cliffs and Roberts ordered the Royal Marines to land in order to support them. Not being prepared to support the Fusiliers the Royal Marines had to transfer from their gunboats and motor boat transports onto landing craft. The Royal Marine landing craft were heavily engaged on their way in with many destroyed or disabled. Those Royal Marines that did reach the shore were either killed or captured. As he became aware of the situation the Royal Marine commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Phillipps, stood up on the stern of his landing craft and signalled for the rest of his men to turn back. He was killed a few moments later.[3]
During the raid, a mortar platoon[14] from the Calgary Highlanders commanded by Lt. F.J. Reynolds was attached to the landing force, but stayed offshore after the tanks on board (code-named Bert and Bill) landed. Sergeants Lyster and Pittaway[15] were Mentioned in Despatches for their part in shooting down two German aircraft, and one officer of the regiment was killed while ashore with a brigade headquarters.[16]
At 11:00 under heavy fire, the withdrawal from the main landing beaches began and was completed by 14:00.[3]
[edit] Aftermath
The casualties from the Dieppe raid included 3,367 Canadians killed, wounded or taken prisoner, and 275 British commandos. The Royal Navy lost one destroyer and 33 landing craft, suffering 550 dead and wounded. The RAF lost 106 aircraft to the Luftwaffe's 48. The German army casualties were 591.[3]
Three Victoria Crosses were awarded for the operation: to Captain Porteous, No. 4 Commando; the Reverend John Weir Foote, padre to Royal Hamilton Light Infantry; and Lieutenant Colonel Merritt of the South Saskatchewan Regiment. Both Foote and Merritt became prisoners of war. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division would eventually liberate Dieppe in 1944, Major General Roberts, their commander, had by then been transferred to command reinforcement units in the United Kingdom.
General Montgomery went on to command the 21st Army Group and initially controlled all ground forces during the Normandy landings in June 1944.[17] In October 1943, Admiral Mountbatten was appointed the Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia Command.[18] Mountbatten later justified the raid by arguing that lessons learned at Dieppe in 1942 were put to good use later in the war. He later claimed, “I have no doubt that the Battle of Normandy was won on the beaches of Dieppe. For every man who died in Dieppe, at least ten more must have been spared in Normandy in 1944."[19] The amphibious assaults during North Africa were only three months away and the more successful Normandy Landings took place two years later.
Following the disaster at Dieppe, the British developed a whole range of specialist armoured vehicles which allowed their engineers to perform many of their tasks protected by armour, most famously Hobart's Funnies.[3] The disaster also identified a need for much heavier naval fire power in future raids and it was recognised that this should include aerial bombardment.[3] The operation showed major deficiencies in RAF ground support techniques, and this led to the creation of a fully integrated Tactical Air Force to support major ground offensives.[20]
[edit] POW policies
Brigadier William Southam brought ashore his copy of the assault plan, classified as a secret document. Although he attempted to bury it under the pebbles at the time of his surrender, he was spotted and the plan retrieved by the Germans. The plan, later criticised for its size and needless complexity, contained orders to shackle prisoners.[citation needed] The Germans later also received reports of the bodies of German prisoners with their hands tied washing ashore after the Canadian withdrawal. When this was brought to Hitler's attention he ordered the shackling of Canadian prisoners, which led to a reciprocating order by Canadian authorities for German prisoners in Canada. Both orders quickly lost momentum in prison camps and were abandoned after intercession by the Swiss. It is however believed[by whom?] to have contributed to Hitler's decision to issue the Commando Order later that year.
The Germans decided to reward the town for not helping in the raid by freeing POWs from Dieppe in their custody, and did not bother to verify the long list given to them by the city officials. Thus hundreds of French prisoners were allowed to go free after the raid, many of whom had never even been to Dieppe.[citation needed]
[edit] Debate over German foreknowledge
First-hand accounts and memoirs of many Canadian veterans who documented their experiences on the shores of Dieppe remark about the preparedness of the German defences as if they knew of the raid ahead of time. Commanding officer Lt. Colonel Labatt testified to having seen markers used for mortar practice, which appeared to have recently been placed, on the beach.[21] Furthermore, upon touching down on the Dieppe shore, the landing ships were immediately shelled with the utmost precision as troops began exiting. The recent target practice and subsequent precision shelling is indicative of a well-prepared army. In another instance, Major C. E. Page, while interrogating a German soldier, found out that four machine gun battalions were brought in "specifically" in anticipation of a raid. However, the most compelling information supporting German foreknowledge resides with the numerous accounts of interrogated German prisoners, German captors, and French citizens who all conveyed to Canadians that the Germans had been preparing for the anticipated Allied landings for weeks.[22][23]
[edit] Daily Telegraph crossword
On 17 August 1942, the clue "French port (6)" appeared in the Daily Telegraph crossword (compiled by Leonard Dawe), followed by the solution "Dieppe" the next day; on 19 August, the raid on Dieppe took place.[24] The War Office suspected that the crossword had been used to pass intelligence to the enemy and called upon Lord Tweedsmuir, then a senior intelligence officer attached to the Canadian Army, to investigate the crossword. Tweedsmuir, the son of John Buchan the author, later commented:
"We noticed that the crossword contained the word "Dieppe", and there was an immediate and exhaustive inquiry which also involved MI5. But in the end it was concluded that it was just a remarkable coincidence – a complete fluke".[25]
[edit] Dieppe War Cemetery
The soldiers who were killed during the Dieppe raid were buried by the Germans, creating a unique layout in the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery - the headstones have been placed back-to-back in double rows, the norm for a German war cemetery, but unlike any other Commonwealth War Graves Commission site. When the Allies liberated Dieppe as part of Operation Fusilade in 1944, the grave markers were replaced but the layout was left unchanged to avoid disturbing the remains.
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Buckingham 2004, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Dieppe raid." Canada in World War II, 7 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Thompson, Julian. "The Dieppe Raid." BBC (World Wars in Depth series), 6 June 2010.
- ^ a b "OperationJubilee." Combined Operations, 7 June 2010.
- ^ "Warning by Radio: Notice of 'Likely' War Moves Given Civilians in Nazi-Held Zone." The New York Times, 9 June 1942. Retrieved: 9 September 2010.
- ^ Beattie, Edward W. "Big Commando Attack Due, England Hints." Pittsburgh Press, 8 June 1942. Retrieved: 9 September 2010.
- ^ Henry 1993, p. 6.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35729, p. 4328, 2 October 1942. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35729, pp. 4323–4324, 2 October 1942. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35730, p. 4339, 2 October 1942. Retrieved 17 April 2008.
- ^ Dunning 2003, pp. 65–87.
- ^ Goldstein, Ron. "Jack Nissenthall: The VC Hero Who Never Was (Part 1a)." BBC (WW2 People's Story series), 2004. Retrieved: 30 April 2009.
- ^ Leasor, James. Green Beach: The True Story of One Man's Courageous Mission that Changed the Course of World War II. London: Corgi Books, 1976. ISBN 0-552-10245-8.
- ^ "Mortar platoon." calgaryhighlanders.com. Retrieved: 8 April 2010.
- ^ "Lyster and Pittaway." Harry Palmer Gallery. Retrieved: 8 April 2010.
- ^ Casualty Details—Insinger, Theodor Marie, Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
- ^ Taylor 1976, p. 193.
- ^ Allason, James. The Hot Seat. London: Blackthorn, 2006. ISBN 0-900-91376-2.
- ^ Pagtakhan, Rey D. "Speaking notes: Ceremony at Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery." Veterans Affairs Canada, 19 August 2002.
- ^ "RAF timeline 1942." Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), 7 June 2010 via raf.mod.uk. Retrieved: 11 September 2010.
- ^ Stacey 1944, paragraph 43.
- ^ Poolton and Poolton-Turney 1998, p. 46.
- ^ Whitaker 1992, p. XV.
- ^ "Mystery of the D-day crosswords, Part 1." Daily Record7 June 2010.
- ^ Gilbert 2008, pp. 19–20.
- Bibliography
- Alexander, Joseph H. Storm Landings: Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1557500328.
- Buckingham, William. D-Day: The First 72 hours. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-75242-842-X.
- Churchill, Sir Winston. The Second World War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1953.
- Dunning, James. The Fighting Fourth. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7509-3095-0.
- Gilbert, Val. A Display of Lights (9): The Lives and Puzzles of the Telegraph's Six Greatest Cryptic Crossword Setters. London: Macmillan (Telegraph Group Limited), 2008. ISBN 978-0230714465.
- Henry, Hugh G. "Dieppe Through the Lens of the German War photographer." London: After the Battle, 1993. ISBN 0-900-91376-2. A Canadian historian covers the actions of each one of the 29 tanks disembarked on the raid with photos, oral history and primary sources. The author later did his PhD dissertation on the raid.
- Leasor, James. Green Beach. London: Corgi Books, 1976. ISBN 0-552-10245-8.
- Poolton, Jack with Jayne Poolton-Turney. Destined to Survive: A Dieppe Veteran's Story. Toronto: Dundurn Press 1998. ISBN 1-55002-311-X.
- Stacey, Colonel C.P. "The Lessons of Dieppe." Report No. 128: The Lessons of Dieppe and their Influence on the Operation Overlord. Ottawa, Canada: Department of National Defence Canadian Forces, 1944.
- Taylor, A.J.P. The Second World War: An Illustrated History. London: Penguin Books, 1976. ISBN 0-14004-135-4.
- Villa, Brian Lorring. Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19540-679-6.
- Whitaker, Denis and Shelagh. Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph. Whitby, Ontario: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1993. ISBN 0-07-551641-1.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dieppe Raid |
- London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38045, pp. 3823–3828, 12 August 1947. Retrieved 10 January 2008. Operation Jubilee Official despatch and narrative submitted by Naval Force Commander Captain John Hughes-Hallett on 30 August 1942.
- Canadians and Dieppe - Photos, Video, Information and more
- Juno Beach Centre - The Dieppe Raid
- Raid on Dieppe
- CBC Digital Archives - The Contentious Legacy of Dieppe
- The Dieppe Raid
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