Outline of anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy.[1][2] It seeks to diminish or even abolish authority in the conduct of human relations.[3] Anarchists may widely disagree on what additional criteria are required in anarchism. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy says, "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold, and those considered anarchists at best share a certain family resemblance."[4]
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism.
Contents |
[edit] Nature of anarchism
Anarchism promotes a rejection of philosophies, ideologies, institutions, and representatives of authority in support of liberty. It asserts that cooperation is preferable to competition in promoting social harmony; that cooperation is only authentic when it is voluntary; and that societies are capable of spontaneous order, rendering government authority unnecessary at best, or harmful at worst. In most cases, anarchism.
- Supports
- Rejects
[edit] Manifestos and expositions
Anarchism is a living project which has continued to evolve as social conditions have changed. The following are examples of anarchist manifestos and essays produced during various time periods, each expressing different interpretations and proposals for anarchist philosophy.
- (1840–1914)
- Anarchist Manifesto (1850) by Anselme Bellegarrigue.
- State Socialism and Anarchism (1886) by Benjamin Tucker.
- The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons.
- Anarchy (1891) by Errico Malatesta.
- "The Soul of Man under Socialism" (1891) by Oscar Wilde.
- Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman & Johann Most.
- (1914–1984)
- Anarchism and Our Times (1925) by Nestor Makhno.
- Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) (1926) by Dielo Truda
- What's Anarchism? (1932) by Hippolyte Havel.
- The Philosophy of Anarchism (1940) by Herbert Read.
- Anarchism: Past and Present (1980) by Murray Bookchin.
- (1985–present)
- Anarchism and Other Impediments to Anarchy (1985) by Bob Black.
- "Listen, Anarchist!" (1987) by Chaz Bufe.
- Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm (1994) by Murray Bookchin.
- Industrial Society and Its Future (1995) by Theodore Kaczynski.
- The Anarchist Tension (1996) by Alfredo M. Bonanno.
- Anarchism, Capitalism, and Anarcho-Capitalism (2004) by Per Bylund.
[edit] Anarchist schools of thought
Anarchism has many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory rule. Anarchist schools are characterized by "the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary", but may differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism.[2] Regardless, some are viewed as being compatible, and it is not uncommon for individuals to subscribe to more than one.
- Agorism
- Anarchism without adjectives
- Anarchist communism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Anarcho-pacifism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Black anarchism
- Buddhist anarchism
- Christian anarchism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Crypto-anarchism
- Free-market anarchism
- Green anarchism
- Illegalism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Mutualism
- Philosophical anarchism
- Platformism
- Post-anarchism
- Post-left anarchy
[edit] Umbrella terms
The following terms do not refer to specific branches of anarchist thought, but rather are generic labels applied to various branches.
- Individualist anarchism
- Infoanarchism
- Left anarchism
- Free market anarchism
- Lifestyle anarchism
- Social anarchism
[edit] General anarchism concepts
See Anarchist terminology, which containt concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. As the anarchist milieu is philosophically heterogeneous, there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.
[edit] History of anarchism
Although social movements and philosophies with anarchic qualities predate anarchism, anarchism as a specific political philosophy began in 1840 with the publication of What Is Property? by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In the following decades it spread from Western Europe to various regions, countries, and continents, impacting local social movements. The success of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia initiated a decline in prominence for anarchism in the mid-20th century,[5] roughly coinciding with the time period referred to by historians as The short twentieth century. Since the late 1980s, anarchism has begun a gradual return to the world stage.
[edit] Global events
- Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)
- 1793 – William Godwin publishes Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, implicitly establishing the philosophical foundations of anarchism.[6]
- 1827 – Josiah Warren opens the Cincinnati Time Store, an early experiment in mutualist economics.
- Classical development and global expansion (1840 – 1917)
- 1840 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property? and becomes history's first self-proclaimed anarchist.
- 1864 – International Workingmen's Association founded. Early seeds of split between anarchists and Marxists begin.
- 1871 – Paris Commune takes place. Early anarchists (mutualists) participate.
- 1872 – IWA meets at the Hague Congress. Anarchists expelled by Marxist branch, beginning the anarchist/Marxist conflict.
- 1878 – Max Hödel fails in assassination attempt against Kaiser Wilhelm I. Ushers in era of propaganda of the deed.
- 1882 – God and the State by Mikhail Bakunin is published.
- 1886 – Haymarket affair takes place. Origin of May Day as a worker's holiday. Inspires a new generation of anarchists.
- 1892 – The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin published. Establishes anarchist communism.
- 1911 – The High Treason Incident leads to the execution of twelve Japanese anarchists; the first major blow against the Japanese anarchist movement.
- Post-WWI decline (1918 – c. 1980s)
- 1917 – The Russian Revolution creates first "socialist state." The combination of a Soviet dictatorship in the east, the Red Scare in the west, and the global Cold War, discourage anarchist revolution throughout the following decades.
- 1919-1921 – The Free Territory, the first major anarchist revolution, is established in the Ukraine.
- 1919-1921 – The Palmer Raids effectively cripple the anarchist movement in the United States.
- 1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded. The anarchist movement in China begins slow decline due to communist repression.
- 1929-1931 – The autonomous Shinmin region, the second major anarchist revolution, is established in Manchuria.
- 1936-1939 – The Spanish Revolution, the third and last major anarchist revolution, is established in Catalonia and surrounding areas.
- 1959 – The Cuban Revolution establishes a communist dictatorship. The Cuban anarchist movement is immediately repressed.
- 1974 – Dallas Accord, libertarian anarchism is tolerated inside Libertarian Party.
- Post-Cold War resurgence (c. 1990s – present)
- 1999 – Anarchists take part in riots which interrupt the WTO conference in Seattle. Is viewed as part of an anarchist resurgence in the United States.
[edit] History of anarchism, by region
- Anarchism in Africa
- Anarchism in the Americas
Brazil — Canada — Cuba — Ecuador — Mexico — United States
- Anarchism in Asia
China — India — Israel — Japan — Korea — Turkey — Vietnam
- Anarchism in Europe
Austria — France — England — Greece — Ireland — Italy — Poland — Russia — Spain (Anarchist Catalonia) — Sweden — Ukraine (The Free Territory)
- Anarchism in Oceania
[edit] Historians
- See also Category: Historians of anarchism
- Historical societies
[edit] Organizations
[edit] Notable organizations
Formal anarchist organizational initiatives date back to the mid-19th century. The oldest surviving anarchist organizations include Freedom Press (est. 1886) of England, the Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905), Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906), Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (est. 1910) of Spain.
- Jura federation (est. 1870)
- Freedom Press (est. 1886)
- Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905)
- Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906)
- Mexican Liberal Party (est. 1906)
- Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910)
- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (est. 1910)
- Black Guards (est. 1917)
- International Workers Association (est. 1922)
[edit] Structures
Anarchist organizations come in a variety of forms, largely based upon common anarchist principles of voluntary cooperation, mutual aid, and direct action. They are also largely informed by anarchist social theory and philosophy, tending towards participation and decentralization.
[edit] Notable anarchists
Prior to the establishment of Anarchism as a political philosophy, the word "anarchist" was used in political circles as an epithet. The first individual to self-identity as an anarchist and ascribe to it positive connotations was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, in 1840. Since then, the label has continued to be used in both of these senses.
Anarchists, with their inherent rejection of authority, have tended not to assign involuntary power in individuals. With few exceptions, forms of anarchist theory and social movements have been named after their organizational forms or core tenets, rather than after their supposed founders. However, there is a tendency for some anarchists to become historical and notable figures by virtue of their impact on the development or propagation of anarchist theory, and/or by taking part in armed rebellion and revolution.
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Alexander Berkman
- Murray Bookchin
- Voltairine de Cleyre
- Lysander Spooner
- Buenaventura Durruti
- David D. Friedman
- Emma Goldman
- Shūsui Kōtoku
- Peter Kropotkin
- John Zerzan
- Élisée Reclus
- Johann Most
- Ricardo Flores Magón
- Nestor Makhno
- Errico Malatesta
- Paul Avrich
- Fernando Tarrida del Mármol
- Benjamin Tucker
- Lucy Parsons
- Rudolf Rocker
- Murray Rothbard
- Liu Shifu
[edit] Notable non-anarchists
The following are individuals who have influenced anarchist philosophy, despite not being self-identified as anarchists:
[edit] Notable scholars
- See also Category: Anarchist academics
[edit] Lists
[edit] See also
[edit] Related philosophies
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Malatesta, Errico. "Towards Anarchism". MAN! (Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco). OCLC 3930443. http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm. Agrell, Siri (2007-05-14). "Working for The Man". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home/. Retrieved 2008-04-14. "Anarchism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285. Retrieved 2006-08-29. "Anarchism". The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 14. 2005. "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.". The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy: Mclaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 59. ISBN 0754661962. Johnston, R. (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 0631205616.
- ^ a b Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
- ^ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Anarchism." The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 31.
- ^ Avrich, Paul (2006). The Russian Anarchists. Stirling: AK Press. pp. 188. ISBN 1904859488.
- ^ Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910
[edit] External links
| Find more about Anarchism on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- "Anarchism", entry from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, (1910) by Peter Kropotkin.
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||
