Atabeg
- For the village in Azerbaijan, see Atabəy.
Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin,[1] indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince. First instance of the title's appearance was with early Seljuqs bestowrds on the Persian vizier Nizam al-Molk[2] It later became used in the Kingdom of Georgia, first with the Armeno-Georgian family of Zakarid-Mxargrzeli as a military title.[3]
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[edit] Title origins and meanings
The word atabeg is a compound of two Turkic words:[4] from ata, "ancestor", and beg[5] or bey, "leader, prince".[6] When a Seljuk prince died, leaving minor heirs, a guardian would be appointed to protect and guide the young princes. These guardians would often marry their ward's widowed mothers, thus assuming a sort of surrogate fatherhood.
The title of Atabeg was common during the Seljuk rule of the Near East starting in the 12th century. It was also common in Mesopotamia (Iraq).
Amongst the Turkmen tribes, as in Persia, the rank was senior to a Khan.
The title atabeg was also in use for officers in Mameluk Egypt; some of them even were proclaimed Sultan before the incorporation into the Ottoman empire. After the end of Seljuk rule, the title was used only intermittently.
When describing the Atabegs of the Azerbaijan, the Ildeniz (Ildegoz) dynasty, the title Atabeg-e-Azam (Great Atabeg) was used, to denote their superior standing, power and influence on the Seljuk Sultans.
In Persian, the style Atabeg-e-Azam ('Great Atabeg) was occasionally used as an alternative title for the Shah's Vazir-e-Azam (Grand Vizier), notably in 1834-35 for Mirza Abolghasem Farahani, Gha'em Magham, in 1848-51 for Mirza Mohammed Taghi Khan, Amir-e Kabir, in 1906-07 for Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, Amin-ol Soltan, and finally in 1916 for a Qajar prince, Major-General Shahzadeh Sultan 'Abdu'l Majid Mirza, Eyn-ol Douleh.
[edit] List of Atabeg dynasties and other dynasties who used the title
- Ahmadilis (Atabegs of Maragha) (of Kypchaq Turkish origin)
- Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan) (of Kypchaq Turkish origin)
- Salghurids (Atabegs of Fars) (of Oghuz Turkish origin)
- Hazaraspids (Atabegs of Luristan) (of Iranian origin)
- Atabegs of Yazd (of Iranian origin)
- Zengids (Atabegs of Mosul) (of Turkish origin)
[edit] Atabeg dynasties
[edit] In the Near East
Beginning in the twelfth century the atabegs formed a number of dynasties, and displaced the descendants of the Seljukid emirs in their various principalities. These dynasties were founded by emancipated Mamluks, who had held high office at court and in camp under powerful emirs. When the emirs died, they first became stadtholders for the emirs' descendants, and then usurped the throne of their masters. There was an atabeg dynasty in Damascus founded by Toghtekin (1103–1128).
Other atabeg "kingdoms" sprang up to the north east, founded by Sokman (Sökmen), who established himself at Kaifa in Diyarbakır about 1101, and by his brother Ilghazi. The city of Mosul was under Mawdud ibn Altuntash, and was later ruled by atabegs such as Aksunkur and Zengi. Zengi became Atabeg of Mosul in 1128 and soon established himself as an independent ruler of much of northern Mesopotamia and Syria (including Aleppo).
The northern part of Luristan, formerly known as Lurikuchik ('Little Luristan'), was governed by independent princes of the Khurshidi dynasty, styled atabegs, from the beginning of the 17th century when the last atabeg, Shah Verdi Khan, was removed by Persian Shah Abbas I and the government of the province given to Husain Khan, the chief of a rival tribe. Husain, however, was given the gubernatorial title of vali instead of atabeg. The descendants of Husain Khan retained the title.
Great Luristan, in the southern part of Luristan, was an independent state under the Fazlevieh atabegs from 1160 until 1424[citation needed]. Its capital was Idaj, now only represented by mounds and ruins at Malamir, 100 km south east of Shushtar.
[edit] In the Caucasus
In the Kingdom of Georgia, atabeg (Georgian: ათაბაგი, atabagi) was one of the highest court titles created by Queen Tamar of Georgia in 1212 for her powerful subjects of the Mkhargrdzeli (Zachariad) family. The atabeg of Georgia was a vizier and a Lord High Tutor to Heir Apparent. Not infrequently, the office of atabeg was combined with that of amirspasalar (commander-in-chief). In 1334, the title became hereditary in the Jaqeli family who ruled the Principality of Samtskhe. Therefore, this entity came to be denominated as Samtskhe-Saatabago, the latter part of this portmanteau meaning "of the atabags".[7]
[edit] Notes
- ^ René Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970, p. 158
- ^ Atabak, Encyclopedia Iranica. Accessed February 1, 2007. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f8/v2f8a071.html
- ^ The Turco-Mongol Invasions, Reactions of the Armenian Lords, Mongol Control Techniques
- ^ "atabeg.". Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atabeg. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ There are different theories on the ultimate etymology of the word beg, please refer to bey article for further information.
- ^ "bey.". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1967). Studies in Christian Caucasian History, p. 438, n. 1. Georgetown University Press.
[edit] References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. (passim; details not yet worked in)- Amin Maalouf. Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984
- Royal Ark - Qajar dynasty in Iran
- Inanu Khatun, Encyclopedia Iranica
- Atabak, Encyclopedia Iranica
- Atabakan-e Adarbayjan, Encyclopedia Iranica
- http://www.selcuklular.com/?
