Arts in Rome

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This article covers the arts and similar forms of culture in the Italian city of Rome.

Contents 1 Architecture 1.1 Palaces 1.1.1 Capitol 1.2 Historical buildings 1.2.1 Institutional palaces 1.2.2 Villas 1.2.3 Theatres and amphitheatres 1.2.4 Fountains and acqueducts 1.2.5 Bridges 2 Art 3 Cinema 4 Music and the Performing Arts 5 Fashion 6 Cuisine 7 Bibliography 8 References

[edit] Architecture

This article has been translated from the article Roma in the Italian Wikipedia, and requires proofreading. If you are confident enough in your fluency of English and Italian, please feel free to join this translation.

Rome has a broad type of architecture, and the cityscape compromises of many styles, going from Ancient Roman and Medieval, to Renaissance, Baroque and Fascist.

[edit] Palaces

[edit] Capitol

The Capitol (Latin Capitolium ^[1]) is the seat of the Municipality of Rome. Nell 'Pantheon Square, designed by Michelangelo, are located on the Senatorial Palace, official seat of the Municipality of Rome, the Palazzo dei Conservatori and New Palace, headquarters of the Capitoline Museums. The Senatorial Palace was rebuilt on the ruins of Tabularium (which housed the public records of the Roman state), the Palace of the Conservatives has medieval origins, while the New Palace was designed by Michelangelo but realized under the direction of Girolamo Rainaldi.

[edit] Historical buildings

Rome is home to many noble palaces, the family seat of the lords and popes who exercise their power in the city. Palazzo Venezia, located between Piazza Venezia and way of plebiscite, was built on commission of the Venetian cardinal Pietro Barbo (future Pope Paul II), over the centuries was the seat Papal Embassy of the Republic of Venice in Rome, headquarters of Austria ca and headquarters of Benito Mussolini, now houses the National Museum of Palazzo Venezia and the Library of Archeology and History of Art.

Palazzo Farnese, 16th-century Renaissance building, is located in the square and was built at the behest of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, future Pope Paul III. Palace of the Chancellery is located in the square, between Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and Campo dei Fiori; hosts the highest courts of the Holy See (the Roman Rota and the Apostolic Signatura). Palazzo Wedekind, located in Piazza Colonna, dating from the second half of 17th century, but was rebuilt in 1838, and currently houses the headquarters of The weather.

Palazzo Chigi-Odescalchi, located in Piazza Santi Apostoli, was owned by households Colonna, Ludovisi, Chigi and Odescalchi. In 1660s was the subject of a significant transformation by the Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The facades of the building is in style Baroque and Renaissance. Palazzo Altieri, located between Via del Plebiscito and Piazza del Gesu, was the residence of the family Altieri, and currently is home to some banks and building.

Palazzo Colonna, documented by 12th century, occupies an entire block between Piazza Santi Apostoli, via Nazionale, via IV Novembre and Via della Pilotta. Was the residence of the noble family of Column, whose members were descended from Counts of Tusculum. Palazzo Corsini, located in the district of Trastevere, was built by Cardinal Corsini Black (grandson of Pope Clement XII) in the first half of 18th century. Looks like a real palace and now houses the Corsini Gallery and the seat of 'Accademia dei Lincei; in the garden is located l' Orto botanico di Roma.

Palazzo Barberini was built between 1625 and 1633. It is located in Via delle Quattro Fontane, near Piazza Barberini. It was the seat of the noble family of Barberini and now houses the National Gallery of Ancient Art and l 'Italian Institute of Numismatics. Palazzo Del Drago Gentili Boccapaduli is located in Via San Nicola in Arcione,^[2] dating back to 18th century and was the residence of the noble families of Boccapaduli, the dragon and the Dear .

[edit] Institutional palaces

Since capital of the province of Rome, the Lazio and capital of the Italian Republic, Rome is home to numerous institutional buildings. Palazzo del Quirinale is home of President of the Republic, was built in the 16th century and was the residence of the Pope. Palazzo Madama is home of the Senate of Italy and was built at the end of the 15th century and was the residence of the family de 'Medici. Palazzo Montecitorio is home of Lower House and was built in the 17th century and was the seat of Papal Curia and Governorate of Rome. Palazzo Chigi is home of the Italian Government and was built in the 16th century and was the residence of the family Aldobrandini and Embassy Spain and the Embassy of the 'Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Palace of the Interior Ministry is home of the Interior Ministry Palazzo della Farnesina is home of the Department of Foreign Affairs Palazzo Piacentini is home of the Department Justice Palace of Agriculture is home of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry Palace Baracchini is home of the Ministry of Defence Palace of Finance is home of the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

Palazzo Valentini, home of the Province of Rome and Prefecture, is located in Via IV Novembre and dates back to 16th century. Palazzo Koch, home of the Bank of Italy, is located in via Nazionale, style Renaissance, was built in the second half 's 19th century. Palace of the Marshals, home of the Superior Council of Magistrates, is located in Independence Square. Palazzo della Consulta, home of Constitutional Court, it was finished building in 1737 Spada Palace, home of the Council of State, is located in Rione Regola back to 16th century, when it was built for Cardinal Girolamo Capodiferro. The Palace of Justice, said Palazzaccio, is the seat of the Supreme Court of Cassation.

[edit] Villas

Villas, public parks and protected areas have a large space in the urban fabric: Rome is not by chance has the primacy of European capital with the highest number of ha reserved for the Green.^[3] These are some of the numbers that certification: more than 90 000 hectares of green, about 68% of its territory, 2 000 km of road trees and a large number of parks and public gardens scattered throughout the city. The most famous part of this green is represented by the large number of villas and gardens belonging to the past of noble residences, the oldest dating back to 16th century, but the tradition of green in the city has much older roots, and can be traced to urban gardens owned by the prominent personalities of ancient Rome (thehorti).

The largest Roman villa is Villa Doria Pamphili, which starts from the Vatican City to get almost to the GRA along the Aurelia, the second villa largest is Villa Ada Savoia along the via Salaria, once a residence and hunting lodge of the Savoy; third is the Villa Borghese, large central park which the Pincio, with Villa Medici (home of the 'French Academy), is the section within the walls. Inside are a collection of Renaissance and Baroque of Borghese Gallery, the Canon, the Bilotti, the Zoo.

The Villa Farnesina, in Lungara houses l 'Accademia dei Lincei: inside the 16th-century palace are some paintings by Raphael; Villa Julia, near Piazzale delle Belle Arti, is home to the National Etruscan Museum; Villa Torlonia, long via Nomentana, was the Roman residence of Benito Mussolini. Houses three buildings, including two in the neoclassical style and one (thecottageof the Owls) in art nouveau. The latter also houses a museum, (Museum of the Casina Owls), while in the casinonobleis allocated on the Museum of the Roman School.

[edit] Theatres and amphitheatres

Throughout its thousand-year history, the city of Rome has been home to hundreds of theater and other buildings used by the show (circus, amphitheatres).

The main theaters of ancient Rome were the Theater of Pompey, the Teatro di Marcello, the Theater of Balbus and Teatro of Ostia Antica, still functioning. The major amphitheaters were the amphitheater Statilius Taurus, the castrensian amphitheater and the Flavius amphitheater, known as the Colosseum and still occasionally used for theatrical performances and concerts.

The main modern theater are: Opera House, the Teatro Argentina, the Teatro Sistina, the Teatro Eliseo, the Teatro Valle, the Teatro Quirino, the Sala Umberto, the Colosseo and Teatro Brancaccio.

[edit] Fountains and acqueducts

The largest Roman fountains are those monumental, most of which were built by Papi at the beginning of 'Modern Age: the Trevi Fountain, the Happy Water Fountain (or the Moses), the Quattro Fontane, the Fountain Barcaccia, the Fountain of the Four Rivers, the Neptune fountain and fountain of the Stepford (the latter, however, built in 1901 at the behest of Mario Rutelli ).

There are also numerous Ornamental fountains: the Fountain of the Triton and Fountain of the Bees, works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, the Fountain Turtle and the fountain of the Baboon, part of the so-calledTalking Statues in Rome.

There are also a number of fountains and springs, or huddled outside the walls or along the path of the aqueducts, some 2,500 drinking fountains scattered throughout the city and newly built fountain (the fountain in the new plaza of Alexandria Roman Aqueduct, the fountain square Capelvenere to Acilia, the new fountain in Piazza San Cosimo Trastevere and the new fountain of Ara Pacis).

Already in Ancient that was built an efficient network of water mains through the construction of many aqueducts: over five centuries, its total length reached measuring about 350 km.

Aqueducts built during Roman times were the Appius, the Vetus Anio, the Aqua Marcia, the Aqua Tepula, the Aqua Iulia, the Aqua Virgo, the Aqua Alsietina, the Aqua Claudia, the Anio Novus, the Aqua Traiana and the Aqua Alexandrina. In the Modern Age, the Popes restored the ancient Roman aqueducts and had more built, such as Happy Water. The aqueduct of Peschiera-Capore and the Alexandria Aqueduct Appio were built in the 20th century.

[edit] Bridges

The first Bridges of Rome, made after the conquest of the left side of the Tiber, were built in Wood, ready to be destroyed in case of enemy attack. The first bridge in masonry, in fact, was realized in 2nd century BC, it is the bridge Milvio, located in the point where three major consular roads north (the Via Flaminia, the Via Cassia and Via Clodia).

The Tiber, the Romans attributed a sacred character, hence also its bridges were something special, so that the builders of bridges,Pontifices(frompontem facere ), had priestly functions (most of Roman bridges were in fact built by the Popes, that is, by Popes).

Today in Rome there are 28 bridges crossing the Tiber, while others were built for crossing the river Aniene.

[edit] Art

Galleries of Rome, by Giovanni Paolo Pannini

Giovanni Paolo Pannini: Gallery of ancient Rome   Giovanni Paolo Pannini: Gallery of modern Rome

Rome has for centuries been one of the most important artistic centres in the world.

The first Roman indigenous art forms, at the stage of the origins and the First Republic, were pretty basic and not very refined. With the contact with Greek civilization, Rome would have an ambivalent attitude towards the "superior" Greek art: appreciate its gradual forms, and will try contempt for authors, artists socially inferior Greeks against Roman conquerors (the same attitude was taken towards Greek philosophers and poets). Over the centuries Greek art will have a growing appreciation, although there are trends indigenous "anti-classic" that will be an element of continuity with the Romanesque style.

The Roman Renaissance was also arguably one of the most important styles in Roman artistic history. The Renaissance period changed Rome's face dramatically, with works like the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartment, all made during Innocent's reign. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medici family. In this twenty-years period Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante, who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one the most famous painters of Italy creating frescos in the Cappella Niccolina, the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. The city's had a fruitful and thriving economy, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins.

Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to Florence, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and Venice. The city was affected greatly by the baroque, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini and Cortona, to name a few.^[4] In the late-18th century and early-19th century, the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour,^[5] when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture, art, philosophy and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes^[6] and museums.

Rome boasts numerous painters and artists, and as a worldwide artistic centre, numerous artists have visited or resided in the city. Examples include Bramante, (1444–1514), Raphael (1483–1520), Perugino (1450–1523), Michelangelo (1475–1564), Benvenuto Cellini (1500–71), Caravaggio (1571–1610), Bernini (1598–1680), Carlo Maderno (1556–1629), Rubens (1577–1640), Angelica Kauffman (1741–1807), Antonio Canova (1757–1821) and Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844).^[7]

[edit] Cinema

The Cinecittà studios are the biggest in Italy, and are believed to be the biggest in Europe. Rome's main studios were and still are amongst the most important in the world, hosting some of the greatest films of all time. They were built in 1937,^[7] and they rose to fame as the Neorealist films of the 1940s, for example Roberto Rosselini's Roma Città Aperta, and Vittorio De Sica Bicycle Thieves.^[7] Possibly Italy's greatest film director, Federico Fellini, was often associated with Cinecitta and Roman cinema, with his classic films La Dolce Vita of 1960, and Rome in 1971.^[7] Pier Paolo Pasolini was also a highly controversial director associated with the studios, with famous films such as Il Decamerone in 1971. The studios and the city have also been the settings for several foreign movies, such as Ben Hur, Gladiator, The Gangs of New York, Quo Vadis, Spartacus and The Roman Holiday.

[edit] Music and the Performing Arts

The city is also an important centre for music, and it has an intense and thriving performing arts scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.

Rome has also held several renowned composers and musicians, such as Giovanni Luigi da Palestrina (1525–94) and Gregorio Allegri, who composed Miserere

[edit] Fashion

Rome is widely recognized as a world fashion capital. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the world's 4th most important center for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan, New York and Paris, and beating London.^[8] Major luxury fashion houses and jewelry chains, such as Bulgari, Fendi,^[9] Laura Biagiotti and Brioni (fashion), just to name a few, are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Chanel, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti.

Via del Babuino and Via Margutta are also high-end shopping streets in the city. The Sorelle Fontana have a studio in Rome, which bgan in the 1930s and became a symbol of Rome's high fashion in the 1950s. Via Frattina and Via Borgognona are also fashionable streets which have a reputation of selling more modern clothes, and leather handbags.

[edit] Cuisine

Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during Ancient Rome. Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning, the differences between social classes were not very great, but disparities developed with the empire's growth. Later, during the Renaissance, Rome became well-known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time, worked for the popes. An example of this could be Bartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef, working for Pius IV in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a fork.^[10] Today, the city is home to numerous formidable and traditional Italian dishes A Jewish influence can be seen, as Jews have lived in Rome since the 1st century BCE. Vegetables, especially globe artichokes, are common.^[11] Examples of these include "Saltimbocca alla Romana" - a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "Carciofi alla giudia" - artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; Carciofi alla romana - artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "Spaghetti alla carbonara" - spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino, and "Gnocchi di semolino alla romana" - semolina dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.

There is also a wide selection of drinks which are associated with the city. The area around Rome is one of the most significant wine-producing areas in Europe,^[12] and its history spans 2,000 years. Today, red wine is drunk along with main meals, whilst white wine is usually drunk alongside desserts. There are also several different types of popular Roman aperitifs and different digestifs, including several renowned coffees.

[edit] Bibliography

• Rome. DK. 2006. ISBN 1405310901. 

[edit] References

1. ^ the noun derived from this Italian term capital and chapters the English noun, "building that houses the administration of a government" .
2. ^ ((cite web | url = http://www.info.roma.it/monumenti_dettaglio.asp?ID_schede=2085%7Ctitolo=Palazzo Dear Boccapaduli Del Drago | accessdate = 22/09/2009))
3. ^ Source: www.romaperkyoto.org
4. ^ Trincoll.edu
5. ^ About.com
6. ^ Trincoll.edu
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg. 56 - 57
8. ^ "The Global Language Monitor » Fashion". Languagemonitor.com. 2009-07-20. http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 
9. ^ "FENDI". Fendi. http://www.fendi.com/. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 
10. ^ (Rolland 2006, p. 273).
11. ^ Piras, 291.
12. ^ Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg. 314-315