Memory hole
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A memory hole is any mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records, such as from a web site or other archive, particularly as part of an attempt to give the impression that something never happened.[1][2][3] The concept was first popularized by George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
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[edit] Origins
In Nineteen Eighty-Four the memory hole is a small chute leading to a large incinerator used for censorship[4]:
In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices. To the right of the speakwrite, a small pneumatic tube for written messages, to the left, a larger one for newspapers; and in the side wall, within easy reach of Winston's arm, a large oblong slit protected by a wire grating. This last was for the disposal of waste paper. Similar slits existed in thousands or tens of thousands throughout the building, not only in every room but at short intervals in every corridor. For some reason they were nicknamed memory holes. When one knew that any document was due for destruction, or even when one saw a scrap of waste paper lying about, it was an automatic action to lift the flap of the nearest memory hole and drop it in, whereupon it would be whirled away on a current of warm air to the enormous furnaces which were hidden somewhere in the recesses of the building.[5]
In the novel, the memory hole is a slot into which government officials deposit politically inconvenient documents and records to be destroyed. Nineteen Eighty-Four's protagonist Winston Smith, who works in the Ministry of Truth, is routinely assigned the task of revising old newspaper articles in order to serve the propaganda interests of the government.
For example, if the government had pledged that the chocolate ration would not fall below the current 30 grams per week, but in fact the ration is reduced to 20 grams per week, the historical record (for example, an article from a back issue of the Times newspaper) is revised to contain an announcement that a reduction to 20 grams might soon prove necessary, or that the ration, then 15 grams, would soon be increased to that number. The original copies of the historical record are deposited into the memory hole.
A document placed in the memory hole is supposedly transported to an incinerator from which "not even the ash remains". However, not all things tossed in make it to the incinerator. A picture Winston throws into one, is produced later during his torture session, if only to be thrown back in an instant later.
[edit] Current usage
A memory hole is seen by some as one of the common tactical and strategic operations of governments, particularly as a method of silencing those whose historical views are out of step with governmental or more popular views. As two seminal quotations note: "Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past." -- Inner Party member O'Brien in 1984; "Every government is run by liars and nothing they say should be believed." -- I. F. Stone[1][6]
[edit] See also
- /dev/null
- Ash heap of history
- Censorship
- Doublethink
- Groupthink
- Revisionism
- Social control
- Spiral of silence
- The Memory Hole, a website whose goal is to preserve documents which are in danger of being lost.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Krugman, Paul (May 10, 2010) Down the Memory Hole New York Times.
- ^ Murphy, Kirk, Memorial Day Memory Hole: After Israel Forgets “Exodus”, White House Forgets “Shores of Tripoli”. Will Obama Remember NATO? May 31, 2010 Firedoglake.com
- ^ Weinstein, Adam, Nevada Tea Partier's Memory Hole June 9, 2010. Mother Jones.
- ^ "Memory Hole", the Newspeak Dictionary.
- ^ pp. 34-35.
- ^ I.F. Stone quotes, Brainy quote.com
- Notes
- George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, first published by Martin Secker & Warburg, London, 1949. This reference, Penguin Books pocket edition, 1954.
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