Israel and the apartheid analogy

Arab citizens of Israel
عرب إسرائيل (العرب الإسرائيليون)‏
ערבים אזרחי ישראל
Total population
	over 1,144,000; over 270,000 in East Jerusalem; and the Golan Heights (2008); 20% of Israeli population
Languages
	Palestinian Arabic and Hebrew
Religion
	Islam 83% (mostly Sunni), Christianity 8.5% and Druze 8.3%

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The State of Israel's treatment of the Palestinians has been compared by United Nations investigators, human rights groups and critics of Israeli policy to South Africa's treatment of non-whites during its apartheid era. Israel has also been accused of committing the crime of apartheid.^[2]^[3]^[4] During the apartheid era, some South African officials and newspapers compared the two states and said that Israel also practiced apartheid.^[5]^[6]^[7] Critics of Israeli policy say that "a system of control" including separate roads, discriminatory marriage law, the West Bank barrier, use of Palestinians as cheap labour, Palestinian West Bank enclaves, inequities in infrastructure, legal rights, and access to land and resources between Palestinians and Israeli residents in the Israeli-occupied territories resembles some aspects of the South African apartheid regime, and that elements of Israel's occupation constitute forms of colonialism and of apartheid, which are contrary to international law.^[8] Some commentators extend the analogy, or accusation, to include Arab citizens of Israel, describing their citizenship status as second-class.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Critics of the analogy argue that Israeli law guarantees Arab citizens of Israel the same rights as other Israeli citizens without distinction of race, creed or sex.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] They also note that Israel's Arab citizens can run in elections and become ministers in the Israeli government.^[21] Regarding the Israeli-occupied territories, some opponents of the analogy state that the West Bank and Gaza are not part of sovereign Israel and are governed by the Palestinian Authority, so cannot be compared to the internal policies of apartheid South Africa, and that restrictions are only imposed on those territories by Israel for reasons of security.^[22]^[23] Some opponents consider the analogy defamatory and reflecting a double standard when applied to Israel and not neighboring Arab countries, whose policies towards their own Palestinian minority has been described as racist and discriminatory.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] Some opponents of the analogy say it is a manifestation of anti-semitism.^[17]^[32]

1 Crime of apartheid and Israel
2 Marriage law as example of apartheid
3 Political rights, voting and representation, judiciary
- 3.1 In Israel
- 3.2 In Gaza and the West Bank
4 Segregation of Arabs and Jews in Israel
5 National identification cards
6 Land and infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
7 Travel and movement
- 7.1 The West Bank barrier
8 Education
9 Support for Israeli apartheid analogy
10 Criticism of the apartheid analogy
11 See also
12 Further reading
13 References
14 External links

[edit] Crime of apartheid and Israel

[edit] Marriage law as example of apartheid

The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law^[42] was passed by the Knesset on 31 July 2003, during the second Palestinian uprising. The law does not enable the acquisition of Israeli citizenship or residency by a Palestinian from the West Bank or Gaza Strip via marriage.^[43] The law does allow children from such marriages to live in Israel until age 12, at which age they are required to emigrate.^[44] This applies equally to a Palestinian spouse of any Israeli citizen, whether Arab or Jewish, but in practice more Israeli Arabs than Israeli Jews marry Palestinians. The law was originally intended to be temporary but has since been extended annually.^[45] ^[46] In formulating the law, the government cited security concerns "that the terrorist organizations try to enlist Palestinians who have already received or will receive Israeli documentation and that the security services have a hard time distinguishing between Palestinians who might help the terrorists and those who will not ^[47] A representative for the State, said in court that "In the past two years, 27 people who had applied for permission to join their spouses in Israel were directly involved in attempted or actual attacks." ^[45]

In the Israeli Supreme Court decision on this matter, Deputy Chief Justice Mishael Cheshin argued that, "Israeli citizens [do not] enjoy a constitutional right to bring a foreign national into Israel... and it is the right—moreover, it is the duty—of the state, of any state, to protect its residents from those wishing to harm them. And it derives from this that the state is entitled to prevent the immigration of enemy nationals into it—even if they are spouses of Israeli citizens—while it is waging an armed conflict with that same enemy."^[48]

The law was upheld in May 2006, by the Supreme Court of Israel on a six to five vote. Israel's Chief Justice, Aharon Barak, sided with the minority on the bench, declaring: "This violation of rights is directed against Arab citizens of Israel. As a result, therefore, the law is a violation of the right of Arab citizens in Israel to equality."^[49] Zehava Gal-On, a founder of B'Tselem and a Knesset member with the Meretz-Yachad party, stated that with the ruling "The Supreme Court could have taken a braver decision and not relegated us to the level of an apartheid state."^[50] The law was also criticized by Amnesty International^[51] and Human Rights Watch.^[52] In 2007, the restriction was expanded to citizens of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.^[45]

Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley cite the marriage law as an example of how Arab Israelis "resemble in many ways 'Colored' and Indian South Africans."^[10] They write: "Both Israeli Palestinians and Colored and Indian South Africans are restricted to second-class citizen status when another ethnic group monopolizes state power, treats the minorities as intrinsically suspect, and legally prohibits their access to land or allocates civil service positions or per capita expenditure on education differentially between dominant and minority citizens."

In June 2008 after the law was renewed, Amos Schocken, the publisher of the Israeli daily Ha'aretz, wrote that the law "severely discriminates when comparing the rights of young Israeli Jewish citizens and young Israeli Arab citizens" who marry, and that "Its existence in the law books turns Israel into an apartheid state."^[53]

Ilan Tzion, a lawyer for Fence for Life, explained his support for the law to a reporter for the BBC."If the law is overturned, eventually Israel will become 'a Muslim state', he says, 'the Jewish people will become a minority in their own country', and thus be 'exterminated'. 'Israel is not like any other country; it was founded on the idea that it will be place for all the Jews in the world as a refuge place.'" Danny Danon, a Likud member of the Knesset, said "I don't think it's a racist law. But we have to make sure Israel stays a Jewish democratic country."^[45]

[edit] Political rights, voting and representation, judiciary

[edit] In Israel

Israel's Declaration of Independence called for the establishment of a Jewish state with equality of social and political rights, irrespective of religion, race, or sex.^[54] The rights of citizens are guaranteed by a set of basic laws (Israel does not have a written constitution).^[55] Although this set of laws does not explicitly include the term "right to equality", the Israeli Supreme Court has consistently interpreted "Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty"^[56] and "Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)"^[57] as guaranteeing equal rights for all Israeli citizens.^[58]

Dr. Tashbih Sayyed, a Shi'ite Pakistani scholar, has visited Israel in attempt to "see if there was any truth in the media allegations that Israel was an apartheid state". He concluded that Israeli Arabs are protected by Israel's democratic principles, the Muslim Arab citizens of Israel are afforded all the rights and privileges of Israeli citizenship. He noted that Israel is one of the few countries in the Middle East where Arab women can vote. In contrast to the non-Israeli Arab world, Arab women in Israel enjoy the same status as men, and have the right to vote and to be elected to public office. Muslim women, according to Sayyed, are in fact are more liberated in Israel than in any Muslim country, since Israeli law prohibits polygamy, child marriage, and female sexual mutilation.^[59]

The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that "Arab Israelis are citizens of Israel with equal rights" and states that the "only legal distinction between Arab and Jewish citizens is not one of rights, but rather of civic duty". However a number of official sources acknowledge that Arab citizens of Israel experience systematic discrimination in many aspects of life. Israeli High Court Justice (Ret.) Theodor Or chaired the Or Commission, which noted that discrimination against the country's Arab citizens had been documented in a large number of professional surveys and studies, had been confirmed in court judgments and government resolutions, and had also found expression in reports by the state comptroller and in other official documents. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert criticised in 2008 what he called "deliberate and insufferable" discrimination against Arabs at the hands of the Israeli establishment.^[60] According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, Israel maintained the full range of normal equal rights found in Western liberal democracies, and in specific issues "generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas," and the government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens."^[61] Some observers have accused Israeli officials of partiality, for example being more lenient on Jews who kill Arabs in Israel, as compared to Israeli Arabs who kill Jews in Israel.^[62]

[edit] In Gaza and the West Bank

Arabs living in Gaza, the West Bank, and some of those in East Jerusalem (areas occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six Day War and deemed to be occupied territory under international law and are mostly governed by the Palestinian Authority) are not Israeli citizens. However, Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem have permanent residency rights in the city.^[63] They carry Palestinian identity cards issued by the Palestinian Authority with Israeli permission and elect members of the governing Palestinian Authority.

In the occupied territories, Palestinians and Israelis are subject to different criminal laws leading to prolonged detention and harsher punishments for Palestinians than for Israelis for the same offences.^[64] Amnesty International has reported that in the West Bank, Jewish settlers and Israeli soldiers who engage in abuses against Palestinians, including unlawful killings, enjoy "impunity" from punishment and are rarely prosecuted. However Palestinians detained by Israeli security forces may be imprisoned for prolonged periods of time, and reports of their torture and other ill-treatment are not credibly investigated.^[65]^[66]^[67]

[edit] Segregation of Arabs and Jews in Israel

According to Amnon Be'eri Sulitzeanu, director of the Abraham Fund Initiatives. several gated communities in the Negev and the Galilee were founded by the Jewish Agency and the Jewish National Fund for the purpose of "Judaizing" the areas. Some of these communities have established bylaws effectively barring Arabs from moving in. In 2010 the Knesset's Constitution, Law and Justice Committee finalized a bill intended to bypass previous rulings of the High Court of Justice which had ordered acceptance committees of communal villages of Katzir and Rakefet to accept Arab citizens of Israel as members. The amendment would enable committees of communal villages the authority to limit residency in their towns exclusively to Jews. Sulitzeanu says that it will not be possible to describe the new legislation as anything other than an apartheid law^[68] Arab lawmakers criticised the proposal, saying it would prevent Arabs from joining Israeli towns and comparing it to racist laws in Europe during World War II.^[69]

Within the city of Lod, a three meter-high wall has been erected to separate Jewish districts from Arab ones. Arab suburbs have been restricted from growing, while the Israeli government has encouraged building in Jewish areas. Some municipal services, such as street lighting and rubbish collection, are only provided to Jewish areas.^[70]

Jewish residents claim the Arabs are a security threat, while Arabs describe the Jewish newcomers as settlers.^[70] A program designed to halt the increasing rate of crime among Arab residents will receive 10 million NIS. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has pledged to prevent the city from becoming a "Wild West." The Israeli government has promised 3 million NIS to support education in Arab neighborhoods and the welfare system in the city will be bolstered by 4 million additional Shekels per year. More Arab-speaking city social workers will be employed.^[71]

[edit] National identification cards

Prior to 2002 Israeli Identity Cards included a reference to the bearer's ethnic group (such as Jewish, Arab, Druze or Circassian) but the reference was removed in 2002. Since 2002, if the bearer of the identification card is Jewish the Hebrew calendar birth date is included on the card, but if the bearer is non-Jewish, it is omitted.^[72] Chris McGreal, The Guardian's former chief Israel correspondent, reports that the ID system determines "where [Arabs and Jews] are permitted to live, access to some government welfare programmes, and how they are likely to be treated by civil servants and policemen."^[73] In the same article McGreal, also the chief South Africa correspondent during the apartheid years, compared Israel's Population Registry Law of 1965, which calls for the gathering of ethnic data, to South Africa's Apartheid-era Population Registration Act.^[73]^[74]

[edit] Land and infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yossi Paritzky, a former Israeli minister, has used the apartheid analogy to describe a proposed bill that banned non-Jewish citizens of Israel from purchasing land privately owned by the JNF.^[13] The JNF has long insisted that its lands be sold only to Jews, due to the fact that the land was purchased with money from Jewish donors for the purpose of settling Jews in Israel.

In 2006, Chris McGreal of The Guardian stated that as a result of the government's control over most of the land in Israel, the vast majority of land in Israel is not available to non-Jews.^[73] In 2007 in response to a 2004 petition filed by Adalah, the Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ruled that the policy was discriminatory, it has been ruled that the JNF must sell land to non-Jews, and will be compensated with other land for any such land to ensure that the overall amount of Jewish-owned land in Israel remains unchanged.^[75]

Representative of a Palestinian view is that of Leila Farsakh, associate professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston, according to whom, after 1977, "the military government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) expropriated and enclosed Palestinian land and allowed the transfer of Israeli settlers to the occupied territories: they continued to be governed by Israeli laws. The government also enacted different military laws and decrees to regulate the civilian, economic and legal affairs of Palestinian inhabitants. These strangled the Palestinian economy and increased its dependence and integration into Israel." Farsakh holds that "[m]any view these Israeli policies of territorial integration and societal separation as apartheid, even if they were never given such a name."^[76] Along similar lines, B'Tselem wrote in 2004 that "Palestinians are barred from or have restricted access to 450 miles of West Bank roads, a system with 'clear similarities' to South Africa's former apartheid regime".^[77]

Henry Siegman, a former national director of the American Jewish Congress, has stated that the network of settlements in the West Bank has created an "irreversible colonial project" aimed to foreclose the possibility of a viable Palestinian state. According to Siegman, in accomplishing this Israel has "crossed the threshold from "the only democracy in the Middle East" to the only apartheid regime in the Western world". Siegman argues that denial of both self-determination and Israeli citizenship to Palestinians amounts to a "double disenfranchisement", which when based on ethnicity amounts to racism. Siegman continues to state that reserving democracy for privileged citizens and keeping others "behind checkpoints and barbed wire fences" is the opposite of democracy.^[78]

In October 2005 the Israel Defense Force stopped Palestinians from driving on Highway 60, as part of a plan for a separate Road Network for Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank. The road had been sealed after the fatal shooting of three settlers near Bethlehem. As of 2005, no private Palestinian cars where permitted on the road although public transport was still allowed. B'Tselem described this as a first step towards "total 'road apartheid'".^[79] Criticism of Israeli policies on similar grounds has arisen from, among others, Haggai Alon, a senior defence advisor.^[80] On December 29, 2009 Israel's High Court of Justice accepted the Association for Civil Rights in Israel's petition against an IDF order barring Palestinians from driving on Highway 443. The ruling should come into effect five months after being issued, allowing Palestinians to use the road.^[81] According to plans laid out by the Israeli Defence Forces to implement the court's ruling, Palestinian use of the road is seen to remain limited.^[82]

Mustafa Barghouti, a Palestinian legislator and former presidential candidate, said that apartheid was the only word to describe Israel's creation of separate roads for Palestinians, its discrimination in allocation of water, ongoing settlement construction, and differences in per capita income between Israelis (both Jewish and non-Jewish) and Palestinians. He also asserted that the US-sponsored peace process gave Israel time to "continue settlements building, to continue having the checkpoints and restrictions, to continue creating this apartheid system".^[83] The World Bank found in 2009 that Israeli settlements in the West Bank (which amount to 15% of the population of the West Bank) are given access to over 80% of its fresh water resources, despite the fact that the Oslo accords call for "joint" management of such resources. This has created, according to the Bank, "real water shortages" for the Palestinians.^[84]

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel concluded in 2008 that a segregated road network in the West Bank, expansion of Jewish settlements, restriction of the growth of Palestinian towns and discriminatory granting of services, budgets and access to natural resources are "a blatant violation of the principle of equality and in many ways reminiscent of the Apartheid regime in South Africa". The group reversed its previous reluctance to use the comparison to South Africa because “things are getting worse rather than better”, according to spokeswoman Melanie Takefman. ^[85]

[edit] Travel and movement

Palestinians living in the non-annexed portions of the West Bank do not have Israeli citizenship or voting rights in Israel, but are subject to movement restrictions of the Israeli government. Israel has created roads and checkpoints in the West Bank with the stated purpose of preventing the uninhibited movement of suicide bombers and militants in the region. The human rights NGO B'Tselem has indicated that such policies have isolated some Palestinian communities.^[86] The International Court of Justice stated that the fundamental rights of the Palestinian population of the occupied territories are guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and that Israel could not deny them on the grounds of security.^[87] Marwan Bishara, a teacher of international relations at the American University of Paris, has claimed that the restrictions on the movement of goods between Israel and the West Bank are "a defacto apartheid system".^[88]

Huwwara Checkpoint, one of many Israeli checkpoints and closures that restrict the movement of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and have been compared to the apartheid pass laws.^[89]^[90]

A permit and closure system was introduced in 1990. Leila Farsakh maintains that this system imposes "on Palestinians similar conditions to those faced by blacks under the pass laws. Like the pass laws, the permit system controlled population movement according to the settlers’ unilaterally defined considerations." In response to the al-Aqsa intifada, Israel modified the permit system and fragmented the WBGS [West Bank and Gaza Strip] territorially. "In April 2002 Israel declared that the WBGS would be cut into eight main areas, outside which Palestinians could not live without a permit."^[76] John Dugard has said these laws "resemble, but in severity go far beyond, apartheid's pass system".^[90]

[edit] The West Bank barrier

Main article: West Bank Barrier

In 2003, a year after Operation Defensive Shield, the Israeli government announced a project of "fences and other physical obstacles" to prevent Palestinians crossing into Israel.^[91]^[92] Several figures, including Mohammad Sarwar, John Pilger, and Mustafa Barghouti and others have described the resultant West Bank barrier as an "apartheid wall".^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]

The barrier has been called an "apartheid wall"^[99] by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network. Israeli officials describe the barrier, constructed in 2002, as a security fence, limiting the ability of Palestinian terrorist organizations to enter Israel and make it difficult for them to carry out suicide bombings. ^[100]

Supporters of the West Bank barrier consider it to be largely responsible for reducing incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005.^[101]^[102] Israel's foreign minister, Silvan Shalom, stated in 2004 that the barrier is not a border but a temporary defensive measure designed to protect Israeli civilians from terrorist infiltration and attack, and can be dismantled if appropriate.^[103] The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the barrier is defensive and accepted the government's position that the route is based on security considerations.^[104]

The International Court of Justice ruled in 2004 in an advisory opinion that the wall is illegal where it extends beyond the 1967 Green Line into the West Bank. Israel disagreed with the ruling, but it's supreme court subsequently ordered the barrier to be moved in sections where it's route was seen to cause more hardship to Palestinians than security concerns could motivate.^[105]

In January 2004, Ahmed Qureia, then the Palestinian Prime Minister, said that the building of the West Bank barrier, and the associated Israeli absorption of parts of the West Bank, constituted "an apartheid solution to put the Palestinians in cantons."^[106] Colin Powell, then U.S. Secretary of State, commented on Queria's statements by affirming U.S. commitment to a two-state solution while saying, "I don't believe that we can accept a situation that results in anything that one might characterize as apartheid or Bantuism."^[107]

[edit] Education

[edit] Support for Israeli apartheid analogy

A number of groups and individuals said there are similarities between Israel policies and apartheid, including:

Hendrik Verwoerd, then prime minister of South Africa and the architect of South Africa's apartheid policies.^[5]^[6]
J.J. Fouche, South African Minister of Defence during the apartheid era.^[6]
Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and other South African anti-apartheid leaders.^[118]
Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States,^[119]
Irish Nobel peace laureate Máiread Maguire.^[120]
Former United States National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski ^[121]
The government of South Africa said that Israel's expansion of Gilo is "reminiscent of apartheid"^[122]
Noam Chomsky, American professor of linguistics and political activist.^[123]^[124]
President of the UN General Assembly Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann ^[125]
Israeli journalists Meron Benvenisti and Akiva Eldar^[126]^[127]
Israel's attorney-general from 1993 to 1996, Michael Ben-Yair ^[128]
The Syrian Government^[129]
The Congress of South African Trade Unions^[130]
Pro-Palestinian student groups in the UK, U.S., and Canada^[131]
The Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa ^[132]
The Canadian Union of Public Employees^{[citation needed]}
Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem^[133]
Author Naomi Klein ^[134]
Henry Siegman, former national director of the American Jewish Congress.^[78]
Boaz Okon, retired Israeli judge and legal commentator for the daily Yedioth Ahronoth.^[135]
Palestinian chief negotiator Saeb Erakat.^[136]
Clare Short, minister for international aid in Tony Blair's government.^[137]
Yitzhak Laor, an Israeli poet, author and journalist.^[138]
Geoffrey Wheatcroft, British journalist.^[139]
Uri Davis, an academic and Fatah-member.^[140]
Heribert Adam, professor emeritus of political sociology of Simon Fraser University.^[141]
Kogila Moodley of the University of British Columbia
John Dugard, a South African professor of international law and an ad hoc Judge on the International Court of Justice, serving as the Special Rapporteur for the United Nations on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories.^[142]
University of Chicago political science professor John Mearsheimer.^[143]
Yakov Malik, the Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations.^[144]
Raja G. Khouri, a member of the Ontario Human Rights Commission and former president of the Canadian Arab Federation.^[145]
Adrian Guelke, Professor of Comparative Politics at Queen's University Belfast and Director of the Centre for the Study of Ethnic Conflict.^[146]
Farid Esack, a writer who is currently William Henry Bloomberg Visiting Professor at Harvard Divinity School.^[147] Ronnie Kasrils,^[148] Winnie Madikizela-Mandela,^[149] Dennis Goldberg,^[150] and Arun Ghandhi,^[151]
Shulamit Aloni, former Israeli minister of education.^[152]
Jamal Zahalka, an Israeli-Arab member of the Knesset.^[153]
Amira Hass, Israeli journalist.^[154]
Electronic Intifada, a pro-Palestinian advocacy organization.^{[citation needed]}
In November 2010 a group of 100 Norwegian artists and cultural figures published a petition accusing Israel of apartheid, and calling for an artistic and cultural boycott of Israel. ^[155]

Some commentators including Brockmann,^[125] Klein^[134] and UK MP Gerald Kaufman have suggested sanctions against Israel along the South African model to ultimately improve the situation.^[156] Clare Short said of sanctions against Israel that "the boycott worked for South Africa, it is time to do it again".^[157]

[edit] In relation to the Israeli disengagement plan

[edit] By notable authors

Geoffrey Wheatcroft has noted that, historically, Israeli officials had mulled the possibility of adopting the South African apartheid model as one that the state of Israel itself might emulate. In the late 1970s "(t)hey didn't wish to copy what was once called 'petty apartheid', the everyday harassment of black South Africans, but 'grand apartheid', the Nationalists' attempt to conjure away the problem of minority rule by dividing the country into supposedly autonomous cantons or 'homelands'."^[139]

Uri Davis wrote in 1987 that apartheid in Israel is a legal reality, even though it has a different legal structure than in the Republic of South Africa. He asserts that where the Republic of South Africa had an official value system of apartheid and made a key legal distinction between "white", "coloured", "Indian" and "black", Israel has an official value system of Zionism and makes a key legal distinction between "Jew" and "non-Jew". He suggests that this distinction is made in a two-tier structure that had concealed Israeli apartheid legislation for "almost four decades" at the time when he wrote.^[140]

Uri Avnery applies parts of the analogy to "the reality in the occupied Palestinian territories" which he describes as "in many respects similar to reality under the apartheid regime," but warns that there are also important differences between the two conflicts.^[163]

According to Hirsh Goodman, David Ben-Gurion said on Israeli radio after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War that Israel would become an apartheid state if it did not "rid itself of the territories and their Arab population as soon as possible".^[164]

[edit] By Adam and Moodley

Heribert Adam of Simon Fraser University and Kogila Moodley of the University of British Columbia, in their 2005 book-length study Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians, apply lessons learned in South Africa to resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. They divide academic and journalistic commentators on the analogy into three groups:^[141]

"The majority is incensed by the very analogy and deplores what it deems its propagandistic goals."
"'Israel is Apartheid' advocates include most Palestinians, many Third World academics, and several Jewish post-Zionists who idealistically predict an ultimate South African solution of a common or binational state."
A third group which sees both similarities and differences, and which looks to South African history for guidance in bringing resolution to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.^[10]

Adam and Moodley also suggest that political actors such as former Israeli Prime Ministers Ariel Sharon and Ehud Barak used the analogy "self-servingly in their exhortations and rationalizations" and that such actors "have repeatedly deplored the occupation and seeming 'South Africanization' but have done everything to entrench it."^[10]

Adam and Moodley argue that notwithstanding universal suffrage within Israel proper "if the Palestinian territories under more or less permanent Israeli occupation and settler presence are considered part of the entity under analysis, the comparison between a disenfranchised African population in apartheid South Africa and the three and a half million stateless Palestinians under Israeli domination gains more validity."^[165]

In part, analysts like Adam and Moodley argue, this controversy over terminology arises because Israel as a state is unique in the region. Israel is perceived as a Western democracy and is thus likely to be judged by the standards of such a state. Western commentators, too, may feel "a greater affinity to a like minded polity than to an autocratic Third World state."^[166] Israel also claims to be a home for the worldwide Jewish diaspora^[166] and a strategic outpost of the Western world which "is heavily bankrolled by U.S. taxpayers" who can be viewed as sharing a collective responsibility for its behaviors.^[166] Radical Islamists, according to some analysts, "use Israeli policies to mobilize anti-Western sentiment",^[166] leading to a situation in which "(u)nconditional U.S. support for Israeli expansionism potentially unites Muslim moderates with jihadists."^[166] As a result of these factors, according to this analysis, the West Bank Barrier — nicknamed the "apartheid wall" — has become a critical frontline in the War on Terrorism.^[166]

At the same time, Adam and Moodley note that Jewish historical suffering has imbued Zionism with a subjective sense of moral validity that the whites ruling South Africa never had: "Afrikaner moral standing was constantly undermined by exclusion and domination of blacks, even subconsciously in the minds of its beneficiaries. In contrast, the similar Israeli dispossession of Palestinians is perceived as self-defense and therefore not immoral."^[167] They also suggest that academic comparisons between Israel and apartheid South Africa that see both dominant groups as "settler societies" leave unanswered the question of "when and how settlers become indigenous," as well as failing to take into account that Israeli's Jewish immigrants view themselves as returning home.^[168] "In their self-concept, Zionists are simply returning to their ancestral homeland from which they were dispersed two millennia ago. Originally most did not intend to exploit native labor and resources, as colonizers do." Adam and Moodley stress that "because people give meaning to their lives and interpret their worlds through these diverse ideological prisms, the perceptions are real and have to be taken seriously."^[169]

Adam and Moodley also argue that "apartheid ideologues" who justified their rule by claiming self-defense against "African National Congress(ANC)-led communism" found that excuse outdated after the collapse of the Soviet Union, whereas "continued Arab hostilities sustain the Israeli perception of justifiable self-defense."^[170]

Adam and Moodley contend that the relationship of South African apartheid to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been misinterpreted as "justifying suicide bombing and glorifying martyrdom." They argue that the ANC "never endorsed terrorism," and stress that "not one suicide has been committed in the cause of a thirty-year-long armed struggle, although in practice the ANC drifted increasingly toward violence during the latter years of apartheid."^[171]

[edit] By the United Nations

Article 3 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ^[172] says "States Parties particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction." A review of Israel's country report by the experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination took issue with the establishment of Jewish-only settlements and stated "The status of the settlements was clearly inconsistent with Article 3 of the Convention which, as noted in the Committee's General Recommendation XIX, prohibited all forms of racial segregation in all countries. There was a consensus among publicists that the prohibition of racial discrimination, irrespective of territories, was an imperative norm of international law.^[173]^[174] In 2007 the CERD addressed a number of concerns regarding situations involving separation and segregation in Israel and the Occupied Territories and applied article 3 to violations of human rights generated by the construction of the Wall and its associated regime.^[64]^[175]

John Dugard, a South African professor of international law and an ad hoc Judge on the International Court of Justice, serving as the Special Rapporteur for the United Nations on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories described the situation in the West Bank as "an apartheid regime ... worse than the one that existed in South Africa."^[176] In 2007, in advance of a report from the United Nations Human Rights Council, Dugard wrote that "Israel's laws and practices in the OPT [occupied Palestinian territories] certainly resemble aspects of apartheid." Referring to Israel's actions in the occupied West Bank, he wrote, "Can it seriously be denied that the purpose [...] is to establish and maintain domination by one racial group (Jews) over another racial group (Palestinians) and systematically oppressing them? Israel denies that this is its intention or purpose. But such an intention or purpose may be inferred from the actions described in this report."^[142]^[177]

In October 2010 Richard A. Falk reported to the General Assembly Third Committee "It is the opinion of the current Special Rapporteur that the nature of the occupation as of 2010 substantiates earlier allegations of colonialism and apartheid in evidence and law to a greater extent than was the case even three years ago. The entrenching of colonialist and apartheid features of the Israeli occupation has been a cumulative process. The longer it continues, the more difficult it is to overcome and the more serious is the abridgement of fundamental Palestinian rights."^[38]

The current President of the United Nations General Assembly, Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, reported the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz, "likened Israel's policies toward the Palestinians to South Africa's treatment of blacks under apartheid. ... Brockmann stressed that it was important for the United Nations to use the heavily-charged term since it was the institution itself that had passed the International Convention against the crime of apartheid."^[178]^[179]^[180]

[edit] By Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States, Camp David Accords negotiator, Nobel Peace Prize winner, and author of the 2006 book entitled Palestine Peace Not Apartheid, maintained in that book that Israel's options included a "system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights. This is the policy now being followed ..."^[181] Carter has also argued that the Israeli system is in some cases more onerous than that of the apartheid government of South Africa.^[182] Carter's use of the term "apartheid" has been calibrated to avoid specific accusations of racism against the government of Israel, and has been carefully limited to the situation in Gaza and the West Bank. For instance, in a news release, Carter described discussing his book and his use of the word "apartheid" with the Board of Rabbis of Greater Phoenix, and noted, "I made clear in the book's text and in my response to the rabbis that the system of apartheid in Palestine is not based on racism but the desire of a minority of Israelis for Palestinian land and the resulting suppression of protests that involve violence."^[183]^[184]

President Carter has frequently reiterated the point that his "use of 'apartheid' does not apply to circumstances within Israel."^[184] Regarding the title of his book Carter has said:

"It's not Israel. The book has nothing to do with what's going on inside Israel which is a wonderful democracy, you know, where everyone has guaranteed equal rights and where, under the law, Arabs and Jews who are Israelis have the same privileges about Israel. That's been most of the controversy because people assume it's about Israel. It's not.^[185]

"I've never alleged that the framework of apartheid existed within Israel at all, and that what does exist in the West Bank is based on trying to take Palestinian land and not on racism. So it was a very clear distinction."^[186]

In his review of Carter's book Joseph Lelyveld notes that South Africa's Apartheid policy was also about land as much as racism, and comments that the use of "apartheid" by Carter is "basically a slogan, not reasoned argument".^[187]

[edit] By notable academic, political and media figures

Zbigniew Brzezinski, former National Security Advisor to President Carter, commented that the absence of a resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict is likely to produce a situation which de facto will resemble apartheid.^[121]

University of Chicago political science professor John Mearsheimer stated in June 2008 that, "Five, 10 or 15 years ago, it was unthinkable to mention 'apartheid' in relation to Israel. Now [Jimmy] Carter has used it in the title of his book, Palestine Peace Not Apartheid". Mearsheimer added, "Israel is, in effect, creating an apartheid state."^[143]

Yakov Malik, the Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations accused Israel—an ally of the US in the Cold War against the Soviets—of promulgating a "racist policy of apartheid against Palestinians" following the imposition of Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip after the Six-Day War of 1967.^[188] Israel accused the Soviet Union of publishing anti-Zionist tracts.^[144]

Raja G. Khouri, a member of the Ontario Human Rights Commission and former president of the Canadian Arab Federation, supports the apartheid analogy, and holds that the Israeli policies in question are not motivated by racism.^[145]

American academic Norman Finkelstein defends Carter's analysis in Palestine Peace Not Apartheid as both historically accurate and non-controversial outside the United States: "After four decades of Israeli occupation, the infrastructure and superstructure of apartheid have been put in place. Outside the never-never land of mainstream American Jewry and U.S. media[,] this reality is barely disputed."^[189]

Adrian Guelke, Professor of Comparative Politics at Queen's University Belfast and Director of the Centre for the Study of Ethnic Conflict wrote that "Comparison of Israel's policies with the South African policy of apartheid has become a very common theme of Palestinian discourse at both an analytical and polemical level and, it should be noted, use of the analogy is by no means confined to Palestinians." Since the breakdown of the peace process in 2000, he observed, "the use of this analogy has mushroomed."^[146]

Fifty-three Stanford University faculty from various fields other than Middle East, Palestine or Israel studies, as well as staff from Stanford's conservative think tank, the Hoover Institution signed a letter expressing the view that "Israel is not an Apartheid State" and that "the State of Israel has nothing in common with apartheid"; that within its national territory Israel is a liberal democracy in which Arab citizens of Israel enjoy civil, religious, social, and political equality. They alleged that likening Israel to apartheid South Africa was a "smear," part of a campaign of "malicious propaganda."^[190]

Ian Buruma has argued that even though there is social discrimination against Arabs in Israel and that "the ideal of a Jewish state smacks of racism", the analogy is "intellectually lazy, morally questionable and possibly even mendacious", as "[n]on-Jews, mostly Arab Muslims, make up 20% of the Israeli population, and they enjoy full citizen's rights" and "[i]nside the state of Israel, there is no apartheid".^[191]

An early example of the use of the word is a full-page advertisement placed in the New York Times in March 1988 by hundreds of intellectuals, academics, and activists declaring Israel to be "an apartheid state, founded on pillage and predicated on exclusivity".^[192]

Jamal Dajani of Link TV has asked "How long can Israelis live in this denial and pretend that apartheid-like conditions do not exist?"^[193]

On 17 October 2010, Lebanese Prime Minister Sa'ad Hariri, compared the Israeli loyalty oath bill to practices in apartheid-era South Africa.^[194]

In 2010 Dr Barry Morgan, Archbishop of Wales, compared circumstances in the Gaza strip to Israel and concluded that the situation resembled South African apartheid since infrastructure and educational opportunities in Gaza were substantially inferior to those in Israel.^[195]

[edit] By notable Jews in diaspora

On 24 November 2010, Mick Davis, chairman of the U.K. Jewish community and executive of the Jewish Leadership Council, publically criticizing Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for the waning peace talks at the London Jewish Cultural Center speech before 160 attendees, he stated: "Israel could become an apartheid stateunless there was a two-state solution with the Palestinians, "because we then have the majority going to be governed by the minority".^[196]

[edit] By South Africans

[edit] By the government of South Africa

Hendrik Verwoerd, then prime minister of South Africa and the architect of South Africa's apartheid policies, said in 1961 that "The Jews took Israel from the Arabs after the Arabs had lived there for a thousand years. Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state."^[73]^[197]^[198]

Former deputy mayor of Jerusalem Meron Benvenisti relates in his 1986 book Conflicts and Contradictions that during the 1970s, an official of the South African apartheid government compared Israeli-Palestinian relations to South African policy for the Transkei in a meeting. The Israeli officials present expressed shock at the comparison, and the South African official said "I understand your reaction. But aren't we actually doing the same thing? We are faced with the same existential problem, therefore we arrive at the same solution. The only difference is that yours is pragmatic and ours is ideological."^[199]

On November 24, 2009, the South African government responded to Israeli plans to expand the settlement of Gilo in East Jerusalem by condemning it harshly, stating that "We condemn the fact that Israeli settlement expansion in East Jerusalem is coupled with Israel's campaign to evict and displace the original Palestinian residents from the City." The South African government drew a parallel between Israel's actions in Jerusalem and forced removals of persons effected as part of the South African apartheid regime.^[122]

On 21 April 2010, the South African government expressed "the greatest concern" over Israeli Infiltration Order 1650, saying that the order has a broad definition of "infiltrator" and unclear terms as to which permits would allow a person to reside in the West Bank, as well as how valid residency might be proven. The South African government said the terms of the order are "reminiscent of pass laws under apartheid South Africa".^[200]

[edit] By South African individuals or organizations

In 2002 Anglican Archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu wrote a series of articles in major newspapers,^[118] comparing the Israeli occupation of the West Bank to apartheid South Africa, and calling for the international community to divest support from Israel until the territories were no longer occupied.^[118] In an April 2010 open letter to the University of Berkeley, Tutu wrote "I have been to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and I have witnessed the racially segregated roads and housing that reminded me so much of the conditions we experienced in South Africa under the racist system of Apartheid. I have witnessed the humiliation of Palestinian men, women, and children made to wait hours at Israeli military checkpoints routinely when trying to make the most basic of trips to visit relatives or attend school or college, and this humiliation is familiar to me and the many black South Africans who were corralled and regularly insulted by the security forces of the Apartheid government."^[201]

Other prominent South African anti-apartheid activists have used apartheid comparisons to criticize the occupation of the West Bank, and particularly the construction of the separation barrier. These include Farid Esack, a writer who is currently William Henry Bloomberg Visiting Professor at Harvard Divinity School,^[147] Ronnie Kasrils,^[148] Winnie Madikizela-Mandela,^[149] Dennis Goldberg,^[150] and Arun Ghandhi,^[202]

In a letter to the President of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), Ontario, Willie Madisha, the President of COSATU wrote, "As someone who lived in apartheid South Africa and who has visited Palestine I say with confidence that Israel is an apartheid state. In fact, I believe that some of the atrocities committed against the South Africans by the erstwhile apartheid regime in South Africa pale in comparison to those committed against the Palestinians."^[203]

On 15 May 2008, 34 leading South African activists published an open letter in The Citizen, under the heading "We fought apartheid; we see no reason to celebrate it in Israel now!". The signatories, who included Kasrils and several other government ministers, COSATU General Secretary Zwelinzima Vavi, Ahmed Kathrada, Sam Ramsamy and Blade Nzimande, wrote "Apartheid is a crime against humanity. It was when it was done against South Africans; it is so when it is done against Palestinians!"^[204]

On 6 June 2008, Mr. Kgalema Motlanthe, the Deputy President of the African National Congress, who had recently visited the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, told a delegation of Arab Knesset members visiting South Africa to study its democratic constitution that conditions for Palestinians under occupation were "worse than conditions were for Blacks under the Apartheid regime."^[205]

In 2008 a delegation of ANC veterans visited Israel and the Occupied Territories, and said that in some respects it was worse than apartheid.^[206]^[207] One member said "The daily indignity to which the Palestinian population is subjected far outstrips the apartheid regime." Another member, human rights lawyer Fatima Hassan, cited the separate roads, different registration of cars, the indignity of having to produce a permit, and long queues at checkpoints as worse than what they had experienced during apartheid. But she also thought the apartheid comparison was a potential "red herring".^[208] Andrew Feinstein, a former ANC parliament member, was shocked to see footage of teenagers heaping abuse on and throwing stones at Palestinian children, especially done in the name of Judaism. The delegation's final formal statement made no mention of comparisons with apartheid and Dennis Davis, a high court judge, said he thought the use of the term in the Middle East context was "very unhelpful".^[206] Davis also noted that "There's no racial superiority here. There's no pervading ideology that confirms the inferiority of Palestinians." and concluded "But I think it's incredibly unhelpful to say you can simply take this to be apartheid and therefore the South African struggle is the same and the South African solution is the same. That's a very lazy form of reasoning."^[209] One of the Jewish members of the delegation said that the comparison with apartheid is very relevant and that the Israelis are even more efficient in implementing the separation-of-races regime than the South Africans were, and that if he were to say this publicly, he would be attacked by the members of the Jewish community.^[207]

In May 2009, The Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa released a legal study with the findings that Israel is practicing both colonialism and apartheid in the occupied Palestinian territories.^[210] According to this study, Israel practices the "three pillars" of apartheid in the occupied territories:

The first pillar "derives from Israeli laws and policies that establish Jewish identity for purposes of law and afford a preferential legal status and material benefits to Jews over non-Jews".

The second pillar is reflected in "Israel's 'grand' policy to fragment the OPT [and] ensure that Palestinians remain confined to the reserves designated for them while Israeli Jews are prohibited from entering those reserves but enjoy freedom of movement throughout the rest of the Palestinian territory. This policy is evidenced by Israel's extensive appropriation of Palestinian land, which continues to shrink the territorial space available to Palestinians; the hermetic closure and isolation of the Gaza Strip from the rest of the OPT; the deliberate severing of East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank; and the appropriation and construction policies serving to carve up the West Bank into an intricate and well-serviced network of connected settlements for Jewish-Israelis and an archipelago of besieged and non-contiguous enclaves for Palestinians".

The third pillar is "Israel's invocation of 'security' to validate sweeping restrictions on Palestinian freedom of opinion, expression, assembly, association and movement [to] mask a true underlying intent to suppress dissent to its system of domination and thereby maintain control over Palestinians as a group."

[edit] By Israelis

Ehud Olmert, then Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, commented in April 2004 that; "More and more Palestinians are uninterested in a negotiated, two-state solution, because they want to change the essence of the conflict from an Algerian paradigm to a South African one. From a struggle against 'occupation,' in their parlance, to a struggle for one man, one vote. That is, of course, a much cleaner struggle, a much more popular struggle – and ultimately a much more powerful one. For us, it would mean the end of the Jewish state."^[211] Olmert made a similar remark in November 2007 as Prime Minister: "If the two-state solution collapses, and we face a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights, then the State of Israel is finished."^[212]^[213]

When speaking in a national security conference in Israel, Ehud Barak warned that unless Israel makes peace with the Palestinians it will be faced with either a state with no Jewish majority or an "apartheid" regime. "As long as in this territory west of the Jordan river there is only one political entity called Israel it is going to be either non-Jewish, or non-democratic," Barak said. "If this bloc of millions of Palestinians cannot vote, that will be an apartheid state." ^[214]

According to former Italian Prime Minister Massimo d'Alema, former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon had described to him "at length" that he felt the "bantustan model" was the most appropriate solution to the conflict in the West Bank.^[215] The term “Bantustan” historically refers to the separate territorial areas designated as homelands under the South African apartheid State.

Shulamit Aloni, who served as Minister for Education under Yitzhak Rabin, discussed Israeli practices in the West Bank in an article published in the Israeli daily Yediot Acharonot. Aloni wrote that "Jewish self-righteousness is taken for granted among ourselves to such an extent that we fail to see what’s right in front of our eyes. It’s simply inconceivable that the ultimate victims, the Jews, can carry out evil deeds. Nevertheless, the state of Israel practises its own, quite violent, form of Apartheid with the native Palestinian population. The US Jewish Establishment’s onslaught on former President Jimmy Carter is based on him daring to tell the truth which is known to all: through its army, the government of Israel practises a brutal form of Apartheid in the territory it occupies.^[152]

Jamal Zahalka, an Israeli-Arab member of the Knesset argued that an apartheid system has already taken shape in that the West Bank and Gaza Strip are separated into "cantons" and Palestinians are required to carry permits to travel between them.^[216] Azmi Bishara, a former Knesset member, argued that the Palestinian situation had been caused by "colonialist apartheid."^[153]

Michael Ben-Yair, attorney-general of Israel from 1993 to 1996 referred to Israel establishing, "an apartheid regime in the occupied territories", in an essay published in Haaretz.^[217]

Some Israelis have compared the separation plan to apartheid, such as political scientist, Meron Benvenisti,^[160] and journalist, Amira Hass.^[154] Ami Ayalon, a former admiral, claiming it "ha[d] some apartheid characteristics."^[218]

A major 2002 study of Israeli settlement practices by the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem concluded: "Israel has created in the Occupied Territories a regime of separation based on discrimination, applying two separate systems of law in the same area and basing the rights of individuals on their nationality. This regime is the only one of its kind in the world, and is reminiscent of distasteful regimes from the past, such as the apartheid regime in South Africa." A more recent B'Tselem publication on the road system Israel has established in the West Bank concluded that it "bears striking similarities to the racist Apartheid regime," and even "entails a greater degree of arbitrariness than was the case with the regime that existed in South Africa."^[219]

Academic and political activist Uri Davis, an Israeli citizen who describes himself as an "anti-Zionist Palestinian Jew",^[220] has written several books on the subject, including Israel: An Apartheid State in 1987.^[5]

Daphna Golan-Agnon, co-founder of B'Tselem and founding director of Bat Shalom writes in her 2002 book Next Year in Jerusalem, "I'm not sure if the use of the term apartheid helps us to understand the discrimination against Palestinians in Israel or the oppression against Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. I'm not sure the discussion about how we are like or unlike South Africa helps move us forward to a solution. But the comparison reminds us that hundreds of laws do not make discrimination just and that the international community, the same international community we want to belong to, did not permit the perpetuation of apartheid. And it doesn't matter how we explain it and how many articles are written by Israeli scholars and lawyers—there are two groups living in this small piece of land, and one enjoys rights and liberty while the other does not."^[221]

In October 2000, a group of Israeli Jews living in London signed a statement, initiated by Moshé Machover, describing Israel's pokicies in the occupied territories as apartheid.^[222] In a later essay, Machover, co-founder of Matzpen, the Israeli Socialist Organization and professor of philosophy in London, warned against "an unthinking use of this misleading analogy between Israeli policy and that of the defunct apartheid regime in South Africa." Accepting that "the two have many features in common", Machover concluded that Zionism, which aimed to "eliminate, exterminate or expel" Palestinians, rather than to exploit them, "is far worse than apartheid. Apartheid can be reversed. Ethnic cleansing is immeasurably harder to reverse; at least not in the short or medium term."^[223]

Retired Israeli judge and legal commentator for the daily Yedioth Ahronoth Boaz Okon wrote in June 2010 that events in Israel, when taken together, constituted apartheid and fascism. Okon used as examples segregated schools and streets, a "minute" proportion of Israeli Arabs employed in the civil service, censorship, limits on foreign workers having children in Israel and the monitoring of cell phones, email and Internet usage.^[135]

Poster for the 2009 Israeli Apartheid Week

Danny Rubinstein, a columnist at Ha'aretz reportedly likened Israel to apartheid South Africa during a United Nations conference at the European Parliament in Brussels on 30 August 2007, stating: "Israel today was an apartheid State with four different Palestinian groups: those in Gaza, East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Israeli Palestinians, each of which had a different status."^[224]

In an article in Haaretz in October 2010, Israeli journalist and academic Zvi Bar'el wrote that "Israel's apartheid movement is coming out of the woodwork and is taking on a formal, legal shape. It is moving from voluntary apartheid, which hides its ugliness through justifications of "cultural differences" and "historic neglect" which only requires a little funding and a couple of more sewage pipes to make everything right - to a purposeful, open, obligatory apartheid, which no longer requires any justification."^[225]

[edit] By activists

An Israeli Apartheid Week has been established to draw attention to the analogy and build support for an international boycott movement against Israel.^[226]^[227]^[228] The Jerusalem Post notes that the annual event began in 2005 in Toronto and now involves "festivities taking place over 14 days in over 40 cities across the globe."^[229]

[edit] Criticism of the apartheid analogy

Those who criticize the analogy argue that Israeli policies have little or no comparison to apartheid South Africa, and that the motivation and historical context of Israel's policies are different. It is argued that Israel itself is a democratic and pluralist state, while the West Bank and Gaza are not part of sovereign Israel and cannot be compared to the internal policies of apartheid South Africa. Others critics of the analogy argue that there are significant differences between the policy of the Israeli government and the apartheid model, and that the analogy is theoretically false and politically harmful.^[223]

Comparisons between Israel and apartheid South Africa has been rejected by groups and individuals, including:

Benjamin Pogrund, a South-African born journalist and author.^[230]
Michael Kinsley, journalist and former co-host of Crossfire (TV series).^[231]
Mangosuthu Buthelezi, former South African Minister of home affairs.^[232]
Irwin Cotler, anti-apartheid activist and former lawyer for Nelson Mandela, currently a Canadian member of parliament.^[233]
Gerald M. Steinberg, professor of Political Studies at Bar Ilan University and founder of NGO monitor.^[17]
Benny Morris, professor of History in the Middle Eastern studies department at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev^[234]
Ishmael Khaldi, Israeli-Arab diplomat and deputy consul.^[235]
Malcolm Hedding, South African minister and anti-apartheid activist.^[236]^[237]
Warren Goldstein, Chief Rabbi of South Africa.^[238]
Irshad Manji, Canadian author, journalist, director of the Moral Courage Project at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University.^[239]
StandWithUs, a pro-Israel advocacy organization.^[22]
John Strawson, professor of international studies at University of East London.^[240]
Tashbih Sayyed, a Shi’ite Pakistani scholar.^[59]
Kenneth Arrow, American economist and Nobel-Prize winner.^[190]
Philippe Buc, Professor of history at Stanford University.^[190]
Larry Diamond, scholar of democracy studies and Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution.^[190]
Stephen D. Krasner, former Director of Policy Planning at United States Department of State and current professor of international relations at Stanford University.^[190]
Richard Cohen, syndicated columnist for the Washington Post.^[241]
Mohammed S. Wattad, Israeli-Arab academic at the Scholars for Peace in the Middle East.^[242]
Alan Dershowitz, American lawyer and Felix Frankfurter professor of law at Harvard University.^[243]
Rhoda Kadalie, former South African Human Rights Commissioner.^[244]
Khaled Abu Toameh, Israeli-Arab journalist for the Jerusalem Post.^[245]
Abe Foxman, director of the Anti-Defamation League.^[246]
Honest Reporting, a pro-Israel watchdog organization.^[247]
Simon Deng, Sudanese human rights activist.^[248]
Beryl P. Wajsman^[249]
Jean-Christophe Rufin, founder of Médecins Sans Frontières and former French ambassador to Senegal.^[250]^[251]
Josef Joffe, political science professor at Stanford University, associated professor at Harvard University, and former publish-editor of Die Zeit.^[252]
Yitzchok Adlerstein^[253]
Moshé Machover, co-founder of Matzpen, the Israeli Socialist Organization and currently a professor of philosophy in London, pointed out some significant differences between the policy of the Israeli government and the apartheid model, and said that drawing a close analogy between Israel and South Africa is not only a theoretical mistake, but a political mistake as well.^[223]
Martin Kramer, American author and scholar at Harvard University.^[254]
Melanie Phillips, British journalist ^[255]

[edit] Differences between Israeli and South African policies

“	the equivalence simply isn't true. Israel is not an apartheid state. Israel's human rights record in the occupied territories, its settlement policy, and its firm responses to terror may sometimes warrant criticism. And Prime Minister Ehud Olmert himself recently warned that Israel could face an apartheid-style struggle if it did not reach a deal with the Palestinians and end the occupation in the West Bank. But racism and discrimination do not form the rationale for Israel's policies and actions. Arab citizens of Israel can vote and serve in the Knesset; black South Africans could not vote until 1994. There are no laws in Israel that discriminate against Arab citizens or separate them from Jews. Unlike the United Kingdom, Greece, and Norway, Israel has no state religion, and it recognizes Arabic as one of its official languages."	”
—Kadalie, Rhoda and Julia Bertelsmann, black South Africans whose families fought against apartheid ^[256]^[257]

Academic Susie Jacobs states that the apartheid analogy is "inadequate", and that it is a rhetoric which skims over substantive differences. She points out that Apartheid was a great deal more than segregation, instead it was a society almost wholly based on racial criteria.^[258]

StandWithUs, a pro-Israel advocacy organization, argues that apartheid in the Republic of South Africa was an official policy of discrimination against blacks enforced through police violence, based on minority control over a majority population who could not vote. They point out that in contrast, Israel is a majority-rule democracy with equal rights for all citizens including Arab citizens of Israel who vote freely. Israel contends with prejudice in its population as all societies do, but such prejudices are opposed by law. They also point out that Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza are not governed by Israel but by the Palestinian Authority.^[22]

Unlike South Africa, where apartheid prevented Black majority rule, within Israel, even when including the occupied territories of East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, there are currently more Jews than Palestinians, although Jews are only 48% of the population as a whole. Moreover, most of the West Bank and all of Gaza are not expected to be controlled by Israel after a final settlement.^[23]^[259]

Benjamin Pogrund, author and member of the Israeli delegation to the United Nations World Conference against Racism, has argued that the petty apartheid which characterized apartheid-era South Africa does not exist within Israel:

"The difference between the current Israeli situation and apartheid South Africa is emphasized at a very human level: Jewish and Arab babies are born in the same delivery room, with the same facilities, attended by the same doctors and nurses, with the mothers recovering in adjoining beds in a ward. Two years ago I had major surgery in a Jerusalem hospital: the surgeon was Jewish, the anaesthetist was Arab, the doctors and nurses who looked after me were Jews and Arabs. Jews and Arabs share meals in restaurants and travel on the same trains, buses and taxis, and visit each other’s homes. Could any of this possibly have happened under apartheid? Of course not."^[230]

In response to increasing inequality between the Jewish and Arab populations, the Israeli government established a committee to consider, among other issues, policies of affirmative action for housing Arab citizens.^[260] According to Israel advocacy group, Stand With Us, the city of Jerusalem gives Arab residents free professional advice to assist with the housing permit process and structural regulations, advice which is not available to Jewish residents on the same terms.^[261]^[262]^[263]

[edit] Differences in motivations

Former US Ambassador to the United Nations (June 1975 - February 1976), Daniel Patrick Moynihan^[264] voicing strong disagreement of the United States with the General Assembly's resolution declaring that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination" in 1975 stated that unlike apartheid, Zionism is clearly is not a racist ideology. He said that racist ideologies such as apartheid favor discrimination on the grounds of alleged biological differences, yet few people are as biologically heterogeneous as the Jews.^[265]

“	In any event, what is racism? Under apartheid it was skin colour. Applied to Israel that's a joke: for proof of that, just look at a crowd of Israeli Jews and their gradations in skin-colour from the "blackest" to the "whitest"... Occupation is brutalising and corrupting both Palestinians and Israelis... [b]ut it is not apartheid. Palestinians are not oppressed on racial grounds as Arabs, but, rather, as competitors — until now, at the losing end — in a national/religious conflict for land.	”
—Benjamin Pogrund^[230]

“	Israel...lacks the features of an apartheid state. The Palestinian, Druze and other minorities in Israel are guaranteed equal rights under the Basic Laws. All citizens of Israel vote in elections on an equal basis. There are no legal restrictions on movement, employment or sexual or marital relations. The universities are integrated. Opponents of Zionism have free speech and assembly and may form political organizations.	”
—John Strawson, professor of international law at the University of East London ^[240]

Michael Kinsley's article "It's Not Apartheid", published in Slate and the Washington Post, states that Carter "makes no attempt to explain [the use of the word 'apartheid']" and refers to Carter's usage of the term as "a foolish and unfair comparison, unworthy of the man who won – and deserved – the Nobel Peace Prize..."^[16]

“	Israel has always had Arab citizens.... No doubt many Israelis have racist attitudes toward Arabs, but the official philosophy of the government is quite the opposite, and sincere efforts are made to, for example, instill humanitarian and egalitarian attitudes in children. That is not true, of course, in Arab countries, where hatred of Jews is a standard part of the curriculum."	”
—Michael Kinsley,"It's Not Apartheid" ^[266]^[267]

“	Calling Israel an 'apartheid state' is absolute nonsense. You might have structures that look like apartheid, but they're not. The barrier fence has nothing to do with apartheid and everything to do with Israel's self-defense. There was no such barrier until the second intifada, when people were being murdered on the highways. And the country does not dehumanize its minority in the sense of apartheid. The issues are totally different."	”
—Malcolm Hedding, a South African minister and fighter against South African apartheid ^[268]

“	Do Israel's Arab citizens suffer from disadvantage? You better believe it. Do African Americans 10 minutes from the Berkeley campus suffer from disadvantage – you better believe it, too. So should we launch a Berkeley Apartheid Week, or should we seek real ways to better our societies and make opportunity more available...Vilification and false labeling is a blind alley that is unjust and takes us nowhere...You deny Israel the fundamental right of every society to defend itself...Your criticism is willfully hypocritical....You are betraying the moderate Muslims and Jews who are working to achieve peace...To the organizers of Israel Apartheid Week I would like to say: If Israel were an apartheid state, I would not have been appointed here, nor would I have chosen to take upon myself this duty.	”
—Ishmael Khaldi, US Pacific Northwest deputy consul of Israel, and Bedouin Muslim, in response to Israel Apartheid Week^[269]

Criticism of the "Israeli apartheid" usage for its inherent implication of racism has been widespread. In 2003, South Africa's minister for home affairs Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi said that "The Israeli regime is not apartheid. It is a unique case of democracy".^[232] According to Fred Taub, the President of Boycott Watch, "[t]he assertion ... that Israel is practicing apartheid is not only false, but may be considered libelous. ... The fact is that it is the Arabs who are discriminating against non-Muslims, especially Jews."^[270] Similarly, in 2004, Jean-Christophe Rufin, former vice-president of Médecins Sans Frontières and president of Action Against Hunger, recommended in a report about anti-Semitism commissioned by French Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin^[271] that charges of apartheid and racism against Israel be criminalized in France, to the extent they're unjustified.^[29] He wrote that the "perverse" and "defamatory" use of the charge of racism against the very people who were victims of racism "to an unparalleled degree" should be penalized. In his view, the accusations of racism, of apartheid, of Nazism carry grave moral implications and can put in danger the lives of French Jewish citizens. He advocated punishment of those who make accusations of racism against groups, utilizing unjustified comparisons with apartheid or Nazism. He maintained that that political opinions that are critical of any government are perfectly legitimate.^[29]

Irwin Cotler, a Canadian MP and anti-apartheid activist who was once a lawyer for Nelson Mandela said "The second manifestation [of anti-semitism] is the indictment of Israel as an apartheid state [involving] more than the simple indictment of Israel as an apartheid state. It involves a call for dismantling Israel" He links this to other forms of delegitimization of the Jewish state by Palestinians, such as their attempt to deny any Jewish historical or religious links to the Holy Land as such, and especially to Jerusalem itself.^[233]

The idea that "Israeli apartheid" implies a policy of racial or other discrimination against Arabs or Muslims has been rejected by other figures. In 2004's The Trouble with Islam Today, Irshad Manji argues that the allegation of apartheid in Israel is deeply misleading, noting that there are in Israel several Arab political parties; that Arab-Muslim legislators have veto powers; and that Arab parties have overturned disqualifications. She also points to Arabs like Emile Habibi, who have been awarded prestigious prizes. She also observes that Israel has a free Arab press; that road signs bear Arabic translations; and that Arabs live and study alongside Jews. She also claims that Palestinans commuting from the West Bank are entitled to state benefits and legal protections.^[239]

In an op-ed for the Jerusalem Post, Gerald Steinberg, Professor of Political Studies at Bar Ilan University, argued that "Black labor was exploited in slavery-like conditions under apartheid; in contrast, Palestinians are dependent on Israeli employment due to their own internal corruption and economic failures."^[272]

Gideon Shimoni, professor emeritus of Hebrew University, has said that while apartheid was characterized by racially based legal inequality and exploitation of Black Africans by the dominant Whites within a common society, the Israel-Palestinian conflict reflects "separate nationalisms," in which Israel refuses exploitation of Palestinians and on the contrary seeks separation and "divorce" from Palestinians for legitimate self-defense reasons.^[273] Alon Liel, former Israeli Ambassador to South Africa and former Director General of the Israel Foreign Ministry, argues that Israel is presently both Jewish and democratic but that ongoing demographic trends, if occurring within a single state embracing both peoples, would create a future situation in which a Jewish minority would rule over a Palestinian majority, as in political apartheid, so this explains and justifies the security fence separating the two peoples physically, and the desire by Israel for two separate states with firm borders.^[274] Benny Morris, a historian of the Arab-Israeli conflict, has said that those that promote the equation of Israeli efforts to separate the two populations to apartheid are effectively trying to undermine the legitimacy of any peace agreement based on a two-state solution.^[234]

Some critics of the apartheid analogy have considered "delegitimization" to be the key intention behind the apartheid accusations against Israel.^[243]

[edit] Criticism by South Africans

Malcolm Hedding, a South African minister who worked against South African apartheid, believes the barrier fence has nothing to do with apartheid and everything to do with Israel's self-defense. He said that Israel has proven its desire to reach an accommodation with the Palestinians while granting political rights to its own Arab citizens within a liberal democratic system, but that the Palestinians remain committed to Israel's destruction. By contrast, he says, it was a tiny minority in South Africa that held power and once democracy came, the Nationalist Party that had dominated the masses disappeared.^[268]

South African academics Julia I. Bertelsmann and Rhoda Kadalie disagree with the analogy, and believe it is motivated by politics. They say that Israel has been ranked "free" consistently in Freedom House's Freedom in the World rankings, unlike South Africa was during apartheid.^[244]^[275]

Former South African President F.W. de Klerk, who with Nelson Mandela, played a key role in ending apartheid, when asked in an interview with France24 about apartheid South Africa being compared to Israel and the Palestinian territories, answered "I think comparisons are odious. I think it’s dangerous. It’s not a direct parallel, but there are some parallels to be drawn. Why did the old vision of so many separate states in South Africa fail? Because the whites wanted to keep too much land for themselves. Why will it fail, if it fails in Israel and Palestine? Because Palestine is maybe not offered an attractive enough geographical area to say 'this is the country of Palestine'".^[276]

Warren Goldstein, Chief Rabbi of South Africa, in "An Open Letter to Tutu," deplored the "outrageous falsehood" of the apartheid accusation, and listed the key laws and practices that were characteristic of South African apartheid, none of which are found in Israel: "In the State of Israel all citizens – Jew and Arab – are equal before the law. Israel has no Population Registration Act, no Group Areas Act, no Mixed Marriages and Immorality Act, no Separate Representation of Voters Act, no Separate Amenities Act, no pass laws or any of the myriad apartheid laws. Israel is a vibrant liberal democracy with a free press and independent judiciary, and accords full political, religious and other human rights to all its people, including its more than 1 million Arab citizens, many of whom hold positions of authority including that of cabinet minister, member of parliament and judge at every level - including that of the Supreme Court. All citizens vote on the same roll in regular, multiparty elections; there are Arab parties and Arab members of other parties in Israel’s parliament. Arabs and Jews share all public facilities, including hospitals and malls, buses, cinemas and parks. And, archbishop, that includes universities and opera houses."^[277]

[edit] Criticism by Palestinians

In the Durban Review Conference of 2009, the Palestinian journalist Khaled Abu Toameh addressed a panel of Muslim criticized Israeli Arab Knesset members for supporting extremism and calling Israel a "state of apartheid" rather than fighting for the rights of Arab citizens of Israel.

And then they come here to tell us that Israel is a state of apartheid? Excuse me. What kind of hypocrisy is this? What then are you doing in the Knesset? If you are living in an apartheid system, why were you allowed, as an Arab, to run in the election? What are you talking about? We do have problems as Arabs with the establishment here. But to come and say that Israel is an apartheid state is a big exaggeration. I am not here to defend Israel, but I think that Knesset members like this gentleman are doing huge damage to the cause of Israeli Arabs. I want to see the Knesset member sitting in the Knesset, in Jerusalem, and fighting for the rights of Arabs over there.^[278]

He continued by stating, "Israel is a wonderful place to live and we are happy to be there. Israel is a free and open country. If I were given the choice, I would rather live in Israel as a second class citizen than as a first class citizen in Cairo, Gaza, Amman or Ramallah."^[278]^[279]^[280]

Dr. Mohammed Wattad, a Palestinian Israeli Member of the Scholars for Peace in the Middle East, criticized the analogy in a 2010 interview, saying:

“As an Israeli citizen, I belong to a political entity… I have no other home than the State of Israel. I am a proud Israeli citizen but that doesn’t mean I can’t criticize it… At the same time I am a proud Arab national...
“Is there discrimination in Israel? Yes - there is discrimination against women, elderly, Arabs, Russian Jews, Christians,… But the same goes for Canada. Is it good-No? But it means we have to deal with the problem from within…. The existence of discrimination in a state does not mean it is an apartheid state…There is a big difference between apartheid and discrimination,”
“In an apartheid regime, there is no possibility of judicial review, because the judges are appointed by the regime and all serve one ideology. This is not the case in Israel… There is a very strong, independent Supreme Court in Israel. In an apartheid regime [unlike in Israel] there is no place to go to argue against the government,”^[242]

[edit] Criticism by others

British journalist Melanie Phillips has criticized Desmond Tutu for comparing Israel to Apartheid South Africa. Having made the comparison in an article for The Guardian in 2002, Tutu stated that people are scared to say the "Jewish lobby" in the U.S. is powerful. "So what?" he asked. "The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Pinochet, Milosevic and Idi Amin were all powerful, but in the end they bit the dust."^[281] Phillips wrote of Tutu's article: "I never thought that I would see brazenly printed in a reputable British newspaper not only a repetition of the lie of Jewish power but the comparison of that power with Hitler, Stalin and other tyrants. I never thought I would see such a thing issuing from a Christian archbishop ... How can Christians maintain a virtual silence about the persecution of their fellow worshippers by Muslims across the world, while denouncing the Israelis who are in the front line against precisely this terror?"^[255]

In December, 2006, Maurice Ostroff of the Jerusalem Post criticized Tutu for being well-intentioned, but ultimately misguided: "If he took the opportunity during his forthcoming visit to impartially examine all the facts, he would discover – to his pleasant surprise – that accusations of Israeli apartheid are mean-spirited and wrong-headed... He would find that whereas the apartheid of the old South Africa was entrenched in law, Israel's Declaration of Independence absolutely ensures complete equality of social and political rights to all inhabitants, irrespective of religion, race, or gender.^[282]

[edit] See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Israel and the apartheid analogy

Racism in Israel
South Africa under apartheid
Former United States President Jimmy Carter's Palestine Peace Not Apartheid and Commentary on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid

[edit] Further reading

Avi Zer-Aviv – "Israeli Apartheid: Fact or Fiction?" ShalomLife February 16, 2010
"No apartheid in the Middle East" The Guardian February 27, 2007
Adam, Heribert and Kogila Moodley. Seeking Mandela : peacemaking between Israelis and Palestinians. Politics, history, and social change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59213-395-9; 1592133967.
Bard, Mitchell. "Myths & Facts Online. Human Rights in Israel and the Territories", American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
Barghouti, Omar. "Israeli Apartheid – Time for the South African Treatment".
Buruma, Ian. "Do not treat Israel like apartheid South Africa", The Guardian, July 23, 2002.
Carey Ron et al. The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid. Verso, 2001. ISBN 1-85984-377-8
Carter, Jimmy. Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid. Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN 0-7432-8502-6
Collins, Frank. "Israel Prepares The Ground for An Apartheid Autonomy in The Territories" in Washington Report on Middle East Affairs October/November 1995, pg. 10 web archive
Davis, Uri. Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within. Zed Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84277-339-9
Farsakh, Leila: "Israel an apartheid state?", Le Monde diplomatique, November 2003
__________. "Independence, Cantons, or Bantustans: Whither the Palestinian State?" in The Middle East Journal, 59:2, April 2005, pp. 230–245
Herman, Edward "Israeli Apartheid And Terrorism" in Zmag, May 1994
Giraut F., 2004, “Apartheid et Israël/Palestine, enseignements et contresens d’une analogie”, Cybergéo (Revue Européenne en ligne de Géographie) Points Chauds, 20 p,^[283]
Giraut F., 2004, “Apartheid et Israël/Palestine, analogie et contresens”,Outre-Terre 9, pp. 145–154.^[284]
Glaser, D. J. "Zionism and Apartheid: a moral comparison" in Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26:3 2003
Jamjoum, Hazem. Not an Analogy: Israel and the Crime of Apartheid ^[285]
Lewan, Kenneth M. Ist Israel Südafrika? Tossens: Dura-Verlag, 1993. ISBN 3-926703-02-4.
Ornan, Uzi. (Hebrew article on Israel and apartheid laws) in Ha'aretz May 17, 1991
Pogrund, Benjamin. "Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote", MidEastWeb.
Sabel, Robbie. "The Campaign to Delegitimize Israel With the False Claim of Apartheid", The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.^[286]
Shahak, Israel. "Israeli apartheid and the intifada" in Race & Class, 30:1, 1–12 (1988)
Siegel, Jennifer. "Carter Book Slaps Israel With ‘Apartheid’ Tag, Provides Ammo to GOP", The Forward, October 17, 2006.
Shimoni, Gideon. "Deconstructing Apartheid Accusations Against Israel", Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, September 2, 2007.
Tutu, Desmond & Urbina Ian. Against Israeli apartheid.
Yiftachel, O. "From Fragile ‘Peace’ to Creeping Apartheid: Notes on the Recent Politics of Israel/Palestine" Arena Journal (New Series) 16(1), 13–25, 2001 ^[287]
Yiftachel, Oren (2006-06-27). Ethnocracy: land and identity politics in Israel/Palestine. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 081223927X. http://books.google.com/?id=VD082HtsKRsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Ethnocracy%3A%20Land%20and%20Identity%20Politics%20in%20Israel%2FPalestine&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Yiftachel, O. “Between Apartheid and Peace: Can Israel Learn from International Experience?”, Tikkun Magazine, Jan/Feb 2001,^{[dead link]}
Israel/Occupied Territories: Briefing to the committee on the elimination of racial discriminationPDF, United Nations, January 2006.
This Road is for Jews Only. Yes, There is Apartheid in Israel. By SHULAMIT ALONI
"Labor MK Raleb Majadele to be appointed first Arab minister" By Yoav Stern, Haaretz
An Old Story: Anti-Semitism, past and present by Jack Schwartz, NRO December 4 2001
Israeli Apartheid Week 2008
Is Israel an Apartheid State ?
Israel Is Not An Apartheid State
It's Not Apartheid
Cheerleading genocide
'This is like apartheid': ANC veterans visit West Bank
The "Israel Apartheid Week" libel (Jerusalem Post editoral)
David Hoffman, "Zionism is not a 'settler-colonial undertaking'

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Israel in Figures 2008, Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "UN CIVIL SOCIETY CONFERENCE SLAMS 'ISRAELI APARTHEID': Worldwide Activism, Palestinian Grassroots Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign". 10 September 2006. http://stopthewall.org/worldwideactivism/1300.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-31. "The reference is to The International Conference of Civil Society in Support of the Palestinian People
^ See the UN Treaty Organization Media Article on the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, by John Dugard [1] and "Not an Analogy: Israel and the Crime of Apartheid", by Hazeem Jamjoum, Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights
^ The definition of the crime of apartheid includes acts that were never attributed to the South African regime. See "Apartheid", by Johan D. van der Vyver, regarding the lack of intent in South Africa to physically destroy any group [2] and the HSRC study "Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid", page 17 [3]
^ ^a ^b ^c Davis, Uri (2003). Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within. Zed Books. pp. 86–87. ISBN 1842773399.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shimoni, Gideon (1980). Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967. Cape Town: Oxford UP. pp. 310–336. ISBN 0195701798.
^ "Why “Apartheid” Applies to Israeli Policies". US Campaign to End the Israeli Occupation. http://www.endtheoccupation.org/downloads/AAFWhyApartheid.pdf. Retrieved 21 October 2010. "“Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state.” —Former South African President Hendrick Verwoerd, Rand Daily Mail, November 23, 1961"
^ e.g. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, A/HRC/4/17, 29 January 2007, page 3 and 23 [4]
^ Uri Davis, Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within,.Zed Books, London 2004pp. 51f
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and PalestiniansPDF, University College London Press, p.15. ISBN 1-84472-130-2
^ The A Word: Israel, Apartheid and Jimmy Carter, CounterPunch 19 December 2006
^ Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation with Ilan Pappe Logos Journal, vol 3 no 1, Winter 2004
^ ^a ^b "Our Apartheid State". http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3429070,00.html. Paritzky was referring to the law that prevents non-Jews from buying Jewish National Fund land.
^ Sarid, Yossi. "Yes, it is apartheid - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/977947.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
^ "In day-long Security Council meeting, Palestine observer says Israeli security wall involves de facto annexation of occupied land". http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7895.doc.htm. Retrieved 26 March 2010. "How can these Israeli war crimes be appropriately described?" he asked. "Is this classic colonization? We believe it is worse than that. Is this a new apartheid system? We believe it is worse than that. It is a combination that has drawn upon these two ugly phenomena, amounting to the lowest level thinking of racist colonizers."
^ ^a ^b It's Not Apartheid Michael Kinsley, Washington Post, December 12, 2006
^ ^a ^b ^c The Apartheid Propaganda Gerald M. Steinberg
^ Israel has its faults, but apartheid isn't one of them Washington Post Richard Cohen, March 2, 2010
^ "Israel Is Not An Apartheid State". Jewish Virtual Library. 2008. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_&_apartheid.html. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
^ "The Declaration of the State of Israel". MidEast Web. 2009. http://www.mideastweb.org/israeldeclaration.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
^ Khaled Toameh, "For Israel's Arabs It Is Not Apartheid", Hudson New York, 9 March 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c "Truth, Lies & Stereotypes..." (PDF). StandWithUs. http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/english/MythFact.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
^ ^a ^b Bard, Mitchell G.. "Myth and Fact: Apartheid?". Jewish Federation of Greater Santa Barbara / Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishsantabarbara.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=198746. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
^ http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/06/17/lebanon-seize-opportunity-end-discrimination-against-palestinians Lebanon: Seize Opportunity to End Discrimination Against Palestinians
^ http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=66302 Assessment for Palestinians in Jordan
^ http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/20100728140252171 Palestinians in the Arab World: Why the Silence?, Khaled Abu Toameh
^ http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/may2008/pale-m15.shtml
^ Gideon. "Deconstructing Apartheid Accusations Against Israel", presented on September 2007Gideon, Shimoni
^ ^a ^b ^c Rufin, Jean-Christophe. "Chantier sur la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme", presented on October 19, 2004. Cited in Matas, David Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. Dundurn, 2005, p. 54 and p. 243, footnotes 59 and 60.
^ "The poisonous myth of 'Israeli apartheid'". www.nationalpost.com. May 2009. Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20080229015204/http://www.nationalpost.com/opinion/story.html?id=306670. Retrieved 2008-04-20
^ "חדשות nrg – (Israeli Arabs in the trap of self-deception)ערביי ישראל – במלכודת ההונאה העצמית". www.nrg.co.il. http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/564/754.html. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ Jeff Jacoby (November 30, 2008) The U.N.'s Obsession with Demonizing Israel , The Boston Globe
^ ^a ^b Ronald Bruce St John (February 1, 2007). "Apartheid By Any Other Name". Foreign Policy in Focus. http://www.counterpunch.org/stjohn02022007.html. Retrieved 2010-04-26. "In 1973, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid."
^ United Nations (30 November 2006). "International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid". http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3ae6b3c00.pdf. Retrieved 25 April 2010. "For the purpose of the present Convention, the term "the crime of apartheid", which shall include similar policies and practices of racial segregation and discrimination as practised in southern Africa, shall apply to the following inhuman acts..."
^ United Nations (2002). "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Part 2, Article 7". pp. 5–6. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/english/rome_statute(e).pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2010
^ Dugard, John. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard". p. 3. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/105/44/PDF/G0710544.pdf?OpenElement. "The international community has identified three regimes as inimical to human rights – colonialism, apartheid and foreign occupation. Israel is clearly in military occupation of the OPT. At the same time elements of the occupation constitute forms of colonialism and of apartheid, which are contrary to international law. What are the legal consequences of a regime of prolonged occupation with features of colonialism and apartheid for the occupied people, the occupying Power and third States? It is suggested that this question might appropriately be put to the International Court of Justice for a further advisory opinion."
^ ^a ^b Middle East Project of the Democracy and Governance Programme, Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (May 2009). Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid? A re-assessment of Israel’s practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law. Cape Town, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council. pp. 17–22. http://www.hsrc.ac.za/Document-3227.phtml. Retrieved 2010-04-24. "... practices in South Africa are not the test or benchmark for a finding of apartheid elsewhere, as the principal instrument which provides this test lies in the terms of the Apartheid Convention itself."
^ ^a ^b Falk, Richard (30 August 2010). "Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967". A/65/331. United Nations General Assembly. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/65/331. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ MacAllister, Karine (2008). "Applicability of the Crime of Apartheid to Israel". al-Majdal (BADIL) (BDS and the Global Anti-Apartheid Movement). http://www.badil.org/al-majdal/item/72-applicability-of-the-crime-of-apartheid-to-israel
^ Kolliah, Zahir (25 February 2007). "The South African Connection". Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid. http://www.caiaweb.org/southafricanconnection. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Jamjoum, Hazeem (5 April 2009). "Not an Analogy: Israel and the Crime of Apartheid". Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid. http://www.caiaweb.org/node/1315. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Israel Knesset (2003-07-31). "Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law(Temporary Order) – 2003" (PDF). http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/citizenship_law.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. 23.
^ Huggler, Justin (2003-08-01). "Israel Imposes 'Racist' Marriage Law". Jerusalem: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-imposes-racist-marriage-law-588637.html. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Families fight 'racist' Israeli citizenship law Heather Sharp BBC News Tuesday, 9 March 2010
^ "Ban on Family Unification". Adalah. http://www.adalah.org/eng/famunif.php. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
^ DAN IZENBERG (15 May 2006). "High Court upholds law denying Palestinian spouses citizenship". Jerusalem Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1037363061.html?dids=1037363061:1037363061&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+15%2C+2006&author=DAN+IZENBERG&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=01&desc=High+Court+upholds+law+denying+Palestinian+spouses+citizenship. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
^ "Israel’s “Demographic Demon” in Court". Middle East Report Online. 1 June 2006. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero060106.html.
^ Macintyre, Donald (2006-05-15). "'Racist' marriage law upheld by Israel". Jerusalem: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/racist-marriage-law-upheld-by-israel-478291.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
^ Left appalled by citizenship ruling^{[dead link]} at Jerusalem Post by Sheera Claire Frenkel
^ Amnesty. Israel and the Occupied Territories: Torn Apart: Families split by discriminatory policies
^ Human Rights Watch. Israel: Don’t Outlaw Family Life
^ Amos Schocken,Citizenship law makes Israel an apartheid state, Ha'aretz, 27 June 2008
^ "Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948". The Knesset, Israel's parliamentry body. http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/megilat_eng.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
^ Basic Laws – Introduction
^ Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty
^ Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)
^ The Arab Citizens of Israel
^ ^a ^b Tashbih, Sayyed. "A Muslim in a Jewish Land". Muslim World Today. http://www.muslimworldtoday.com/land30.htm. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
^ Stern, Yoav (2010-05-11). "Olmert decries 'deliberate and insufferable' discrimination against Arabs – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1036798.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ Israel and the occupied territories
^ Israel: One law for all? (Al Jazeera, January 13, 2010)
^ "Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2007-05-14. http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/11_07_084b.doc.
^ ^a ^b "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Israel". CERD/C/ISR/CO/13. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 14 June 2007. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=CERD/C/ISR/CO/13. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ Human Rights in STATE OF ISRAEL. "Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories – Amnesty International Report 2008 | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/israeloccupied-palestinian-territories/report-2008. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories | Amnesty International Report 2009". Report2009.amnesty.org. http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/israel-occupied-territories. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "Israel has established a system of segregation and discrimination, in which two populations living in the same area are subject to different systems of law (...) In Africaans they call it apartheid."
^ Segregation of Jews and Arabs in 2010 Israel is almost absolute (Haaretz, Oct. 29, 2010)
^ Knesset panel approves controversial bill allowing towns to reject residents (Haaretz, Oct. 27, 2010)
^ ^a ^b Pulled apart (The Economist, Oct. 14, 2010)
^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-pledges-to-invest-nis-130m-to-save-crime-ridden-lod-1.321614 Netanyahu pledges to invest NIS 130m to save crime-ridden Lod
^ Identity, Security and Democracy: The Wider Social and Ethical Implications, Mordini and Green, p. x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McGreal, Chris. "Worlds apart", The Guardian, February 6, 2006.
^ "Electronic Infitada use of Segregation". http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article9652.shtml.
^ Pfeffer, Anshel; Stern, Yoav (2007-09-24). "High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/906704.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
^ ^a ^b Farsakh, Leila. "Israel an apartheid state?", Le Monde diplomatique, November 2003
^ "Forbidden Roads: The Discriminatory West Bank Road Regime". B'Tselem. August 2004. http://www.btselem.org/english/publications/summaries/200408_forbidden_roads.asp. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
^ ^a ^b Imposing Middle East Peace (The Nation, January 7, 2010)
^ McGreal, Chris. "Israel accused of 'road apartheid' in West Bank", The Guardian, October 20, 2005.
^ In an interview with Haaretz, Haggai Alon, an adviser to the then Israeli defence minister Amir Peretz, claimed that the army was "carrying out an apartheid policy" and was "emptying Hebron of Arabs, setting up roadblocks without anyone knowing where and how many, Judaizing the Jordan Valley and cooperating openly and blatantly with the settlers.">Rapoport, Meron (27 May 2007). "The spirit of the commander prevails". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/861228.html. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
^ Route 443: West Bank road for Israelis only B'Tselem
^ Despite court ruling, Palestinian use of Route 443 likely to be limited (Haaretz, May 10, 2010)
^ "Palestinian Realities" Edited Transcript of Remarks by Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi, 18 June 2008
^ Assessment of restrictions on Palestinian water sector development, Sector Note April 2009, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReport18Apr2009.pdf
^ Civil rights group claim Israeli occupation is "reminiscent of apartheid" (The Independent, Dec. 7, 2008)
^ Forbidden Checkpoints and Roads at B'Tselem
^ see ICJ LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WALL IN THE OCCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY (ADVISORY OPINION) paragraphs 127 and 128
^ Bishara, Marwan. "Israel's Pass Laws Will Wreck Peace Hopes". Retrieved October 21, 2006.
^ Ofﬁce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory (2009). West bank movement and access update: November 2009. United Nations. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_movement_access_2009_november_english.pdf
^ ^a ^b http://www.fairelectionsinternational.org/countries/mideast/palestine/4426.html Israelis adopt what South Africa dropped, John Dugard
^ United Jerusalem – - Historical Perspectives – 4/13/2002
^ 'The Security Fence Facts & Figures Dec 2003' (mfa)
^ "Israel: West Bank Barrier Endangers Basic Rights", Human Rights Watch, October 1, 2003.
^ Alan Blenford, "Degree of separation", The Guardian, 30 September 2003, 14.
^ Mohammad Sarwar, 'No one sees policy as credible', The Independent, 4 August 2006.
^ John Pilger, "John Pilger rejects the Law of Silence", New Statesman
^ Mustafa Barghouti, quoted in Horsley, William. "Europe mulls new role in Middle East", BBC, December 13, 2006.
^ "The Apartheid Wall", Al Jazeera English, December 8, 2003
^ "Anti-Apartheid Wall" Campaign Founded by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network
^ Various aspects of the security fence project on Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs site
^ Wall Street Journal, "After Sharon", January 6, 2006.
^ Boehlert, Eric. "Fence? Security barrier? Apartheid wall?", Salon.com, August 1, 2003. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
^ "Statement by Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom", Israeli Foreign Ministry, March 17, 2004.
^ The Supreme Court Sitting as the High Court of Justice Beit Sourik Village Council vs. The Government of Israel and Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank. (Articles 28–30)
^ At Israeli Barrier, More Sound Than Fury (New York Times, October 8, 2005)
^ Qureia: Israel's unilateral moves are pushing us toward a one-state solution, Haaretz, January 9, 2004. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
^ PMO rejects Palestinian assertion on right to declare state, Haaretz, January 11, 2004. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
^ Worlds apart (The Guardian, February 2, 2006)
^ "חוק זכויות התלמיד באנגלית – Pupils’ Rights Law". Cms.education.gov.il. http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/Zchuyot/ChukimVeamanot/Chukim/PupilsRightsLaw. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ ^a ^b McGreal, Chris (2006-02-06). "Worlds apart". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/06/southafrica.israel. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
^ "DIRASAT expresses deep concern over Ministry of Education report that only 32% of Arab students reached matriculation". DIRASAT. July. http://www.dirasat-aclp.org/Bagrut-July2009.doc.
^ 2005 INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PALESTINIAN ARAB STUDENTS IN ISRAEL (Daphna Golan-Agnon), pp. 201–214.
^ ODS Team. "Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under Article 9 of the Convention". United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.ISR.CO.13.doc. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ ODS Team. "Ods Home Page". Daccess-dds-ny.un.org. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/457/57/PDF/G0845757.pdf?OpenElement. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "Israeli anthem kits in Arab schools – The National Newspaper". Thenational.ae. 2009-07-26. http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090727/FOREIGN/707269849. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ Israeli Arabs to get greater school funding, settlements less, Haaretz, 06.03.07 by Or Kashti
^ Israel's education woes, YNet, 09.21.10, by Tomer Velmer
^ ^a ^b ^c Tutu, Desmond "Apartheid in the Holy Land". The Guardian, April 29, 2002.
- Tutu, D., and Urbina, I. "Against Israeli apartheid", The Nation 275:4–5, posted June 27, 2002 (July 15, 2002 issue).
- [5]
- [6]
  ""It reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa. I have seen the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about. Many South Africans are beginning to recognize the parallels to what we went through."
^ Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'apartheid' policies worse than South Africa's, haaretz.com, 11/12/06.
^ Maguire deportation appeal rejected (The Irish Times, Oct. 5, 2010)
^ ^a ^b Ask the Expert: US policy in the Middle East, Zbigniew Brzezinski, London Financial Times, December 4, 2006.
^ ^a ^b South Africa's response to latest Israeli settlement activities in East Jerusalem (South African Government Information, Nov. 24, 2009)
SA condemns Israeli settlements in Gilo (The Citizen, Nov. 24, 2009)
^ "Interview with Noam Chomsky" Safundi, Volume 5, Issue 1 & 2 April 2004 , pages 1 - 16, by Christopher Lee
^ Chomsky, Noam (27 April 2010). "A Middle East Peace That Could Happen (But Won’t)". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/noam-chomsky/a-middle-east-peace-that_b_554178.html.
^ ^a ^b "UN General Assembly president calls for boycott of Israel – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynet.co.il. 1995-06-20. http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3628618,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ Benvenisti, Meron "Bantustan plan for an apartheid Israel," Guardian, April 26, 2004
^ Eldar, Akiva, "Analysis: Creating a Bantustan in Gaza," Haaretz, April 16, 2004
^ Ben, Michael (2010-05-11). "The war's seventh day – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=136433. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ (UN Doc S/16520 at 2 (1984), quoting from Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987. Edited by Y. Dinstein, M. Tabory, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. ISBN 90-247-3646-3 p.36)
^ The Congress of South African Trade Unions called Israel as an apartheid state and supported the boycott of the Canadian Union of Public Employees ("South African union joins boycott of Irael". ynetnews.com. [2006-08-06]. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3260201,00.html. )
^ "[[University of Oxford|Oxford]^[dead link]] holds 'Apartheid Israel' week"] at Jerusalem Post by Jonny Paul
^ Human Sciences Research Council (2009-05-29). "SA academic study finds that Israel is practicing apartheid and colonialism in the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Hsrc.ac.za. http://www.hsrc.ac.za/Media_Release-378.phtml. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "Israel has created in the Occupied Territories a regime of separation based on discrimination, applying two separate systems of law in the same area and basing the rights of individuals on their nationality. This regime is the only one of its kind in the world, and is reminiscent of distasteful regimes from the past, such as the apartheid regime in South Africa." B'Tselem, Land Grab: Israel's settlement Policy in the West Bank, Jerusalem, May 2002.
^ ^a ^b "January 26, 2009". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090126/klein. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ ^a ^b Yediot’s legal affairs editor on “the emergence of apartheid and fascism” in Israel
(Hebrew original)
^ Meridor, Erekat argue on Washington stage (Ynetnews, June 26, 2010)
^ www.parliament.uk, Daily Hansard - Westminster Hall, 26 Jun 2007 : Column 63WH "Middle East Peace Process"
^ Israel's apartheid is worse than South Africa's (Haaretz, November 8, 2009)
^ ^a ^b Geoffrey Wheatcroft, 'No Fairy Tale:The forgotten history of Zionism,' in Times Literary Supplement Feb.22, 2008 pp.3–5,7–8, p.8
^ ^a ^b Davis, Uri (February 1987). Israel: An Apartheid State. Zed Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-86232-317-7.
^ ^a ^b Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. ix.
^ ^a ^b John Dugard, "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967" PDF (243 KB) (Advance Edited Version), United Nations Human Rights Council, 29 January 2007.
^ ^a ^b Open talks needed on Israel's apartheid, Xpress (UAE), 16 June 2008.
^ ^a ^b Israel – Soviet Union Library of Congress Country Studies
^ ^a ^b e.g. Jimmy Carter, author of Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid, has stated "I have made it clear that the motivation is not racism..." ("Speaking frankly about Israel and Palestine", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2006.) Raja G. Khouri, a member of the Ontario Human Rights Commission and former president of the Canadian Arab Federation, has said "Indeed, the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has always been a political one about land and identity, not about race." (Khouri, Raja G. "Time for Canadian Arabs and Jews to work together", The Globe and Mail, December 13, 2006).
^ ^a ^b Guelke, Adrian, "Israeli Flags Flying Alongside Belfast's Apartheid Walls: A New Era of Comparisons and Connections," in Guy Ben-Porat (editor), The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process?, London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 30–31.
^ ^a ^b "The logic of Apartheid is akin to the logic of Zionism... Life for the Palestinians is infinitely worse than what we ever had experienced under Apartheid... The price they (Palestinians) have had to pay for resistance much more horrendous" http://cjpip.org/0609_esack.html Audio: Learning from South Africa – Religion, Violence, Nonviolence, and International Engagement in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle
^ ^a ^b Rage of the Elephant: Israel in Lebanon. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
^ ^a ^b "Apartheid Israel can be defeated, just as apartheid in South Africa was defeated" Winnie Mandela on apartheid Israel, Independent Online, March 26, 2004. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
^ ^a ^b The Israeli-South African-U.S. Alliance. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
^ Arun Ghandhi.Occupation "Ten Times Worse than Apartheid", Speech, Palestinian International Press Center, August 29, 2004, accessed September 17, 2006.
""When I come here and see the situation [in the Palestinian territories], I find that what is happening here is ten times worse than what I had experienced in South Africa. This is Apartheid"
^ ^a ^b אכן כן, אפרטהייד בישראל (Ynet News, December 31, 2006 (Hebrew)) (English translation)
^ ^a ^b Bishara, Azmi. "Searching for meaning", Al-Ahram, May 13–19, 2004.
^ ^a ^b "An apartheid-like system is when we are talking about two peoples who live in the same territory, between the sea and the river, the Mediterranean and the River of Jordan, two peoples. And there are two sets of laws which apply to each separate people. There are two – there are privileges and rights for the one people, for the Israeli people, and mostly for the Jews among – within – of the Israeli people, and there are restrictions and decrees and military laws which apply to the other people, to the Palestinians." Interview with Amy Goodman, Democracy Now!, April 12, 2005
^ Ayalon: Boycott of Israel is boycott of peace process (Jerusalem Post, Nov. 24, 2010)
^ Kaufman, Gerald (2004-07-12). "The case for sanctions against Israel". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/jul/12/comment. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
^ UN summit: Boycott Israel (Ynet News, August 31, 2007)
^ "Jewish Settlers Receive Hundreds of Thousands in Compensation for Leaving Gaza". Democracy Now. 16 August 2005. http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/08/16/1326221. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
^ Oren Yiftachel, Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Desert (2005) Neither two states nor one: The Disengagement and "creeping apartheid" in Israel/Palestine in The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 8(3): 125–129
^ ^a ^b Meron Benvenisti, "Bantustan plan for an apartheid Israel", The Guardian, April 26, 2005.
^ "Israel's settlers: Waiting for a miracle", The Economist, August 11, 2005.
^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (2004-05-31). "A Reporter At Large: Among The Settlers. Will they destroy Israel?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2010-05-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5pOSQBuTB. Retrieved 2010-05-01. and "Among the settlers"^{[dead link]}
^ Avnery, Uri. "An Eskimo in Bantustan". - Media Monitors Network (MMN). http://world.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/4299/. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ Goodman, Hirsch (2005). Let Me Create a Paradise, God Said to Himself: A Journey of Conscience from Johannesburg to Jerusalem. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 78. ISBN 1-58648-243-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=7Vbw06hpkJUC&pg=PA78.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians (2005) excerptPDF, University College London Press, p.20f. ISBN 1-84472-130-2
Second-class citizenship: "Above all, both Israeli Palestinians and Coloured and Indian South Africans are restricted to second-class citizen status when another ethnic group monopolizes state power, treats the minorities as intrinsically suspect, and legally prohibits their access to land or allocates civil service positions or per capita expenditure on education differently between dominant and minority citizens."
"Mandela's vision succeeded because it evoked a universal morality. Common ideological and economic bonds existed between the antagonists inside South Africa. An outdated racial hierarchy eventually clashed with economic imperatives when the costs exceeded the benefits of racial minority rule in a global pariah state. In the Israeli case, outside support sustains intransigence. Only when the colonial policies of occupation embarrass and threaten their stronger patrons abroad or can no longer be so easily contained inside (as apartheid racial capitalism did in the Cold War competition) can outside pressure on Israel be expected. This turning of the tables will impact the Israeli public as much as outside perception is affected by visionary local leaders and events. Despite gains in global empathy, Palestinians are still at the mercy of a superior adversary in every respect, which even a Mandela would not have been able to overcome. In this impasse, hope is offered by Israeli progressive moral dissent on the Left as well as opportunistic calculations on the Right that the occupation harms the occupier. Israel has the capacity to reach a meaningful compromise, but has yet to prove its willingness. The Palestinian mainstream has the willingness, but lacks the capacity, to initiate a fair settlement."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Heriber, Adam & Moodley, Kogila. op cit. p. xiii.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. xv.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. 22.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. 25.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. xvi.
^ Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. x.
^ "See ICERD Article 3". .ohchr.org. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm#art3. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^ "See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998". Unispal.un.org. http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/89C006EAF4E7FCF585256DEA007480FE. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^ Mac Allister, Karine (1998-2008). "Applicability of the Crime of Apartheid to Israel". Badil.org. p. Endnote 9. http://www.ceia-sc.org/page55/page76/page81/page81.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010. "CERD General Recommendation No. 19, Racial segregation and apartheid (Art. 3) : 18 August 1995. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, states “particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction.” Article 3, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination."
^ "The UN Anti-Racism Committee questions Israel's policy of apartheid". Report, BADIL, 13 March 2007. Electronic Intifada. http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article6664.shtml. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ Benn, Aluf. "UN agent: Apartheid regime in territories worse than S. Africa", Ha'aretz, August 24, 2004.
^ McCarthy, Rory. "Occupied Gaza like apartheid South Africa, says UN report", The Guardian, February 23, 2007.
^ Top UN official: Israel's policies are like apartheid of bygone era
^ Top UN official: Israel's policies are like apartheid
^ "UN official calls Israel 'Apartheid' – President of UN General Assembly urges Israel to be recognized as an Apartheid state (Video)". The Real News. 2008-12-13. http://therealnews.com/t/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=2921&updaterx=2008-12-14+01%3A59%3A14. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
^ "Simon & Schuster: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid (Hardcover) – Read an Excerpt," Simon & Schuster November, 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^ Meet the Press, December 3, 2006 [7] Tim Russert quotes Carter, speaking to the Louisville Courier-Journal, 23 November 2006: "I would say that in many ways the treatment of the Palestinians by the Israeli occupying forces is as onerous – and in some cases more onerous – as the treatment of black people in South Africa by the apartheid government."
^ "Jimmy Carter Issues Letter to Jewish Community on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid" Carter Center, 15 December 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Carter explains "apartheid" reference in letter to U.S. Jews International Herald Tribune, December 15, 2006, accessed 23 April 2007"
The six rabbis...and I...discussed the word "apartheid," which I defined as the forced segregation of two peoples living in the same land, with one of them dominating and persecuting the other. I made clear in the book's text and in my response to the rabbis that the system of apartheid in Palestine is not based on racism but the desire of a minority of Israelis for Palestinian land and the resulting suppression of protests that involve violence...my use of "apartheid" does not apply to circumstances within Israel."
^ Life & Times – Transcript – 12/14/06
^ "CNN.com". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/21/le.01.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
^ Jimmy Carter and Apartheid – The New York Review of Books
^ Summary of news events, New York Times, December 10, 1971.
^ Norman Finkelstein, The Ludicrous Attacks on Jimmy Carter's Book, CounterPunch December 28, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "SPME: 53 Distinguished Stanford Faculty State Publicly, "Israel is Not An Apartheid State!"". Scholars for Peace in the Middle East. http://www.spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=3567. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ Buruma, Ian. "Do not treat Israel like apartheid South Africa",The Guardian, July 23, 2002.
^ "The Times Has Come. End All Aid to Apartheid Israel," The New York Times, Mar. 13, 1988. Signatories included William Kunstler, Linus Pauling, Ralph Schoenman, Kwame Toure (Stokeley Carmichael), and Gore Vidal.[8]
^ Israel: Occupation or Apartheid?
^ Lebanon PM: Israel's loyalty oath akin to South Africa apartheid AP, 21 October 2010
^ Archbishop of Wales compares Gaza problem to apartheid (BBC, Oct. 28, 2010)
^ U.K. Jewish leader's rebuke of Netanyahu sparks ire of British Zionists. Haaret Service.
^ Chris McGreal (2006-02-07). "Brothers in arms – Israel's secret pact with Pretoria". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1704037,00.html.
^ Rand Daily Mail, November 23, 1961
^ Benvenisti, Meron, Conflicts and Contradictions, New York: Villard Books, 1986. p. 112
^ Media Statement: Israeli Infiltration Order 1650 (Issued by the Department of International Relations and Cooperation)
^ Tutu, Desmond (13 April 2010). "Divesting From Injustice". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/desmond-tutu/divesting-from-injustice_b_534994.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
^ Arun Ghandhi.Occupation "Ten Times Worse than Apartheid", Speech, Palestinian International Press Center, August 29, 2004, accessed September 17, 2006.
""When I come here and see the situation [in the Palestinian territories], I find that what is happening here is ten times worse than what I had experienced in South Africa. This is Apartheid"
^ COSATU Weekly newsletter for June 9, 2006^{[dead link]}
^ "End The Occupation South Africa". www.endtheoccupation.org.za. http://www.endtheoccupation.org.za/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
^ Delegation of Arab Political Leaders and Adalah Representatives in South Africa Meet with Lawyers from the Legal Resources Center, Ministers and Government Officials to Discuss Constitution Building and Human Rights, Adalah, 9 June 2008
^ ^a ^b Donald Macintyre (2008-07-11). "'This is like apartheid': ANC veterans visit West Bank". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/this-is-like-apartheid-anc-veterans-visit-west-bank-865063.html.
^ ^a ^b Gideon Levy (2008-07-12). "Twilight Zone / 'Worse than apartheid'". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1000976.html. ^{[dead link]}
^ "... the context is different and the debate on whether this is Apartheid or not deflects from the real issue of occupation, encroachment of more land, building of the wall and the indignity of the occupation and the conduct of the military and police. I saw the check point at Nablus, I met with Palestinians in Hebron, I met the villagers who are against the wall- I met Israeli's and Palestinians who have lost family members, their land and homes. They have not lost hope though ---and they believe in a joint struggle against the occupation and are willing in non-violent means to transform the daily direct and indirect forms of injustice and violence. To sum up – there is a transgression that is continuing unabated– call it what you want, apartheid/separation/closure/security – it remains a transgression".Ngugi, Mukoma Wa (2008-07-23). "What Palestine is to me: An interview with Fatima Hassan". Pambazuka News. Fahamu – Networks For Social Justice. http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/49608. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
^ "World Press Wire". Worldpress.org. 2005-08-24. http://www.worldpress.org/link.cfm?http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43404. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ South African Academic Study Finds that Israel is Practicing Apartheid and Colonialism in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, May, 2009.
^ Is the two-state solution in danger?, Haaretz, April 13, 2004. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
^ Olmert warns of 'end of Israel', BBC News, 29 November 2007, 14:54 GMT.
^ "Olmert to Haaretz: Two-state solution, or Israel is done for". Haaretz. 2007-11-29. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/929439.html. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/03/barak-apartheid-palestine-peace Barak: make peace with Palestinians or face apartheid (Guardian, Feb. 3, 2010)
^ People and Politics / Sharon's Bantustans are far from Copenhagen's hope (Haaretz, May 13, 2003)
^ "New Laws Legalize Apartheid in Israel. Report from a Palestine Center briefing by Jamal Zahalka", For the Record, No. 116, June 11, 2002.
^ The war's seventh day – Haaretz – Israel News
^ "Israel must decide quickly what sort of environment it wants to live in because the current model, which has some apartheid characteristics, is not compatible with Jewish principles."Israel warned against emerging apartheid
^ http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200205_Land_Grab.asp http://www.btselem.org/Download/200408_Forbidden_Roads_Eng.pdf page 3
^ Uri Davis Collection, Archives Hub. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
^ Golan-Agnon, Daphna, Next Year in Jerusalem, New York: The New Press, 2002. p. 206.
^ Moshé Machover (28 October 2000). "UK Israeli Jews deplore outrages perpetrated by Israel". Labournet. http://www.labournet.net/world/0010/ukisrl1.html. Retrieved 23 October 2010. "..the areas left to the Palestinians are mere enclaves, cut off from each other, utterly dependent on Israel. Such enclaves, used to exclude an ethnic population from social and political rights, while keeping them disenfranchised and subservient, have a name: Bantustans. Such a policy also has a name: apartheid."
^ ^a ^b ^c Machover, Moshé (20 November 2004). "Is it Apartheid?". Jews for a Just Peace. http://www.jewsforajustpeace.com/pages/opinion/machover_01.html. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
^ Yaakov Lappin (31 August 2007). "Zionist Federation cancels Haaretz journalist: Columnist Danny Rubinstein reportedly likens Israel to apartheid South Africa". Ynetnews.com. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3444320,00.html#n. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
^ Bar'el, Zvi (31 October 2010). "South Africa is already here". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/south-africa-is-already-here-1.322052. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
^ Protesters gear up to fight Israeli Apartheid Week Jerusalem Post February 3, 1010
^ "About Israeli Apartheid Week | Israeli Apartheid Week 2010". Apartheidweek.org. http://apartheidweek.org/en/about. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ nigelparry.net. "ei: Building international solidarity during Israeli Apartheid Week". Electronicintifada.net. http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article11105.shtml. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ [9] Israel Apartheid Week starts today
^ ^a ^b ^c Pogrund, Benjamin. "Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote", MidEastWeb. First published in Focus 40 (December 2005). Retrieved December 29, 2006.
^ http://www.slate.com/id/2155277 http://www.slate.com/id/2155277
^ ^a ^b S. African Minister: Israel is Not Apartheid by Yossi Melman (Haaretz) September 23, 2003
^ ^a ^b ["Global Antisemitism: Assault on Human Rights," Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism; Working Paper No. 3, 2009, at: http://www.yale.edu/yiisa/irwincotlerworkingpaper10209.pdf.
^ ^a ^b Morris, Benny: One State, Two States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 203-4, n. 1.
^ http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-03-04/opinion/17212680_1_northern-israel-israel-apartheid-week-israeli-society
^ http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=6572
^ http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=170733
^ Warren Goldstein, "An Open Letter to Tutu," Jerusalem Post, November 3, 2010, http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=193904
^ ^a ^b Manji, Irshad. The Trouble with Islam Today: A Muslim's Call for Reform in Her Faith. St. Martin's Griffin, 2005, pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-312-32699-8
^ ^a ^b "Engage – Journal". Engageonline.org.uk. http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=34. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/01/AR2010030102761.html Israel has its faults, but apartheid isn't one of them
^ ^a ^b http://www.spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=6929
^ ^a ^b E.g., see Sabel, Robbie: "The Campaign to Delegitimize Israel with the False charge of Apartheid," at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2009. Global Law Forum, at: http://www.globallawforum.org/ViewPublication.aspx?ArticleId=110; David Matas, Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism (Toronto: The Dunburn Group, 2005), pp. 53-55; Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace (New York: John Wiley, 2009), pp. 20-25, 28-29, 36, 44-48; etc.
^ ^a ^b http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw09/CompHistData/FIW_AllScores_Countries.xls
^ http://www.hudson-ny.org/1102/for-israels-arabs-it-is-not-apartheid For Israel's Arabs It Is Not Apartheid
^ The deadliest lies: the Israel lobby and the myth of Jewish control, pg 181
^ http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Guardian_Promotes_Apartheid_Slur.asp
^ http://www.hudson-ny.org/149/bishop-tutu-and-israeli-apartheid Bishop Tutu and "Israeli Apartheid"
^ http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/9300 Israel Apartheid lies
^ http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/dossiers/rufin/ The diplomatic bag
^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3230786,00.html France: Anti-Israel acts like anti-Semitism
^ http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=144
^ http://www.startribune.com/opinion/commentary/97699864.html Visiting Presbyterians, take note: Israel is not the root of evil
^ http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/tag/gaza/ Gaza Q&A: Palestinians answer
^ ^a ^b Phillips, Melanie. "Christian Theology and the New Antisemitism" in Iganski, Paul & Kosmin, Barry. (eds) A New Anti-Semitism? Debating Judeophobia in 21st century Britain. Profile Books, 2003, p. 197.
^ Kadalie, Rhoda and Julia Bertelsmann. qtd. in Dershowitz.[10]
^ "Franchising “Apartheid”: Why South Africans Push the Analogy". march. http://www.z-word.com/z-word-essays/franchising-%25E2%2580%259Capartheid%25E2%2580%259D%253A-why-south-africans-push-the-analogy.html?page=1. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
^ Engage - Archive
^ "Palestinians on the Verge of a Majority: Population and Politics in Palestine-Israel" Palestine Center Information Brief No. 162 (12 May 2008)
^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2000-02-23). "Israel Government Action in the Arab Sector – February 2000". www.mfa.gov.il. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/2/Israel%20Government%20Action%20in%20the%20Arab%20Sector%20-%20Febr. Retrieved 2008-06-13. "The Director Generals' Committee was assigned the responsibility of devising a program of action for the development and advancement of the Arab sector, and drawing up a cooperation framework involving the various government ministries. This program will include the raising of resources and promotion of investment, while applying an affirmative action policy in the areas of housing, employment, industry, transport, infrastructures, agriculture, and education in the non-Jewish sector."
^ Jerusalem Houses
^ "Israel Government Action in the Arab Sector – Febr". Mfa.gov.il. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/2/Israel%20Government%20Action%20in%20the%20Arab%20Sector%20-%20Febr. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "Report of the Government Ministries- Activities in". Mfa.gov.il. 1998-01-02. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1998/1/report%20of%20the%20government%20ministries-%20activities%20in. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ 'History of USUN Ambassadors'. Ambassador Daniel P. Moynihan. Archive of the US Mission to the UN.
^ "UNITED NATIONS: Zionism Vote: Rage & Discord". Time. 1975-11-24. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913724-2,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
^ Michael Kinsley, "It's Not Apartheid", Slate December 11, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
^ Michael Kinsley, "It's Not Apartheid", The Washington Post December 12, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
^ ^a ^b http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178431592520&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter
^ Khaldi, Ishmael (2009-03-04). "Lost in the blur of slogans". Sfgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/03/03/EDRP168GMT.DTL. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ Presbyterian Church Violates US Antiboycott Laws. General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, USA, votes For Illegal Action at Convention August 1, 2004 (Boycott Watch)
^ "French concern about race attacks", BBC News, October 2004.
^ Steinberg, Gerald M. Abusing 'Apartheid' for the Palestinian Cause, Jerusalem Post, August 24, 2004.
^ Shimoni, Gideon: "Deconstructing Apartheid Accusations Against Israel," Interview with Manfred Gerstenfeld, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, No. 60, 2 September 2007/19 Elul 5767: see http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=253&PID=0&IID=1806&TTL=Deconstructing_Apartheid_Accusations_Against_Israel.
^ Alon Liel, "An Israeli View: Apartheid = Separation?!" in a symposium on bitterlemons.org entitled Democracy and the Conflict": see the August 12, 2002 edition at http://www.bitterlemons.org/previous/bl120802ed30.html
^ rhoda kadalie & julia bertelsmann . "'Z' WORD | Franchising “Apartheid”: Why South Africans Push the Analogy". Z-word.com. http://www.z-word.com/z-word-essays/franchising-%25E2%2580%259Capartheid%25E2%2580%259D%253A-why-south-africans-push-the-analogy.html?page=2. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "F.W. de Klerk, former president of South Africa". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q74GfWOk_JY. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=193904
^ ^a ^b Islam Today, by Khaled Abu Toameh, May 18, 2009
^ Journalist says only truth will set Palestine free, Rebecca Weisser, The Australian. May 15, 2010
^ What Was Not Said, by Khaled Abu Toameh. April 22, 2009.
^ Tutu, Desmond. "Apartheid in the Holy Land, The Guardian, April 29, 2002, cited in Phillips, Melanie. "Christian Theology and the New Antisemitism" in Iganski, Paul & Kosmin, Barry. (eds) A New Anti-Semitism? Debating Judeophobia in 21st century Britain. Profile Books, 2003, p. 196.
^ Archbishop Tutu, please be fair [[Jerusalem Post]^[dead link]] 5 December 2006]
^ "Apartheid et Israël-Palestine : enseignements et contresens d’une analogie – Cybergeo". Cybergeo.eu. http://www.cybergeo.eu/index5454.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ "Apartheid et Israël/Palestine, analogie et contresens". Cairn.info. 2002-09-26. http://www.cairn.info/revue-outre-terre-2004-4-page-145.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ Jamjoum, Hazem. "Not an Analogy: Israel and the Crime of Apartheid". CommonDreams.org. http://www.commondreams.org/view/2009/03/31-15. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
^ http://www.jcpa.org/text/apartheid.pdf
^ "Oren Yiftachel Papers". Geog.bgu.ac.il. http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/members/yiftachel/new_papers_eng/arena-print.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[edit] External links

Endorse the Analogy

Counter the Analogy

Discussion

South Africa, Israel-Palestine, and the Contours of the Contemporary Global Order, Noam Chomsky interviewed by Christopher J. Lee (March 9, 2004)
LinkTV Special: Occupation or Apartheid

[CBS-0] Israel in Figures 2008, Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 2008.

[Stopthewall2006-1] "UN CIVIL SOCIETY CONFERENCE SLAMS 'ISRAELI APARTHEID': Worldwide Activism, Palestinian Grassroots Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign". 10 September 2006. http://stopthewall.org/worldwideactivism/1300.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-31. "The reference is to The International Conference of Civil Society in Support of the Palestinian People

[untreaty.un.org-2] See the UN Treaty Organization Media Article on the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, by John Dugard [1] and "Not an Analogy: Israel and the Crime of Apartheid", by Hazeem Jamjoum, Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights

[3] The definition of the crime of apartheid includes acts that were never attributed to the South African regime. See "Apartheid", by Johan D. van der Vyver, regarding the lack of intent in South Africa to physically destroy any group [2] and the HSRC study "Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid", page 17 [3]

[UriDavis-4] Davis, Uri (2003). Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within. Zed Books. pp. 86–87. ISBN 1842773399.

[Shimoni-5] Shimoni, Gideon (1980). Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910-1967. Cape Town: Oxford UP. pp. 310–336. ISBN 0195701798.

[6] "Why “Apartheid” Applies to Israeli Policies". US Campaign to End the Israeli Occupation. http://www.endtheoccupation.org/downloads/AAFWhyApartheid.pdf. Retrieved 21 October 2010. "“Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state.” —Former South African President Hendrick Verwoerd, Rand Daily Mail, November 23, 1961"

[7] .g. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, A/HRC/4/17, 29 January 2007, page 3 and 23 [4]

[8] Uri Davis, Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within,.Zed Books, London 2004pp. 51f

[Adam20-9] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and PalestiniansPDF, University College London Press, p.15. ISBN 1-84472-130-2

[10] The A Word: Israel, Apartheid and Jimmy Carter, CounterPunch 19 December 2006

[11] Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation with Ilan Pappe Logos Journal, vol 3 no 1, Winter 2004

[Sarid2007-12] "Our Apartheid State". http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3429070,00.html. Paritzky was referring to the law that prevents non-Jews from buying Jewish National Fund land.

[Sarid2008-13] Sarid, Yossi. "Yes, it is apartheid - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/977947.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.

[SC7895-14] "In day-long Security Council meeting, Palestine observer says Israeli security wall involves de facto annexation of occupied land". http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7895.doc.htm. Retrieved 26 March 2010. "How can these Israeli war crimes be appropriately described?" he asked. "Is this classic colonization? We believe it is worse than that. Is this a new apartheid system? We believe it is worse than that. It is a combination that has drawn upon these two ugly phenomena, amounting to the lowest level thinking of racist colonizers."

[Kinsley-15] It's Not Apartheid Michael Kinsley, Washington Post, December 12, 2006

[Propaganda-16] The Apartheid Propaganda Gerald M. Steinberg

[Cohen-17] Israel has its faults, but apartheid isn't one of them Washington Post Richard Cohen, March 2, 2010

[JVRIsraelIsNotAnApartheidState-18] "Israel Is Not An Apartheid State". Jewish Virtual Library. 2008. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/Israel_&_apartheid.html. Retrieved 2008-04-05.

[The_Declaration_of_the_State_of_Israel-19] "The Declaration of the State of Israel". MidEast Web. 2009. http://www.mideastweb.org/israeldeclaration.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-09.

[20] Khaled Toameh, "For Israel's Arabs It Is Not Apartheid", Hudson New York, 9 March 2010

[stand-21] "Truth, Lies & Stereotypes..." (PDF). StandWithUs. http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/english/MythFact.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-29.

[Bard-22] Bard, Mitchell G.. "Myth and Fact: Apartheid?". Jewish Federation of Greater Santa Barbara / Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishsantabarbara.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=198746. Retrieved 8 November 2006.

[23] ttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/06/17/lebanon-seize-opportunity-end-discrimination-against-palestinians Lebanon: Seize Opportunity to End Discrimination Against Palestinians

[24] ttp://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=66302 Assessment for Palestinians in Jordan

[25] ttp://www.tikkun.org/article.php/20100728140252171 Palestinians in the Arab World: Why the Silence?, Khaled Abu Toameh

[26] ttp://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/may2008/pale-m15.shtml

[Gideon-27] Gideon. "Deconstructing Apartheid Accusations Against Israel", presented on September 2007Gideon, Shimoni

[Rufin-28] Rufin, Jean-Christophe. "Chantier sur la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme", presented on October 19, 2004. Cited in Matas, David Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. Dundurn, 2005, p. 54 and p. 243, footnotes 59 and 60.

[29] "The poisonous myth of 'Israeli apartheid'". www.nationalpost.com. May 2009. Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20080229015204/http://www.nationalpost.com/opinion/story.html?id=306670. Retrieved 2008-04-20

[30] "חדשות nrg – (Israeli Arabs in the trap of self-deception)ערביי ישראל – במלכודת ההונאה העצמית". www.nrg.co.il. http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/564/754.html. Retrieved 2008-04-20.

[31] Jeff Jacoby (November 30, 2008) The U.N.'s Obsession with Demonizing Israel , The Boston Globe

[StJohn2007-32] Ronald Bruce St John (February 1, 2007). "Apartheid By Any Other Name". Foreign Policy in Focus. http://www.counterpunch.org/stjohn02022007.html. Retrieved 2010-04-26. "In 1973, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid."

[ICSPCA-33] United Nations (30 November 2006). "International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid". http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3ae6b3c00.pdf. Retrieved 25 April 2010. "For the purpose of the present Convention, the term "the crime of apartheid", which shall include similar policies and practices of racial segregation and discrimination as practised in southern Africa, shall apply to the following inhuman acts..."

[rome_art7-34] United Nations (2002). "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Part 2, Article 7". pp. 5–6. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/english/rome_statute(e).pdf. Retrieved 26 April 2010

[35] Dugard, John. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard". p. 3. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/105/44/PDF/G0710544.pdf?OpenElement. "The international community has identified three regimes as inimical to human rights – colonialism, apartheid and foreign occupation. Israel is clearly in military occupation of the OPT. At the same time elements of the occupation constitute forms of colonialism and of apartheid, which are contrary to international law. What are the legal consequences of a regime of prolonged occupation with features of colonialism and apartheid for the occupied people, the occupying Power and third States? It is suggested that this question might appropriately be put to the International Court of Justice for a further advisory opinion."

[HSRC2009-36] Middle East Project of the Democracy and Governance Programme, Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (May 2009). Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid? A re-assessment of Israel’s practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law. Cape Town, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council. pp. 17–22. http://www.hsrc.ac.za/Document-3227.phtml. Retrieved 2010-04-24. "... practices in South Africa are not the test or benchmark for a finding of apartheid elsewhere, as the principal instrument which provides this test lies in the terms of the Apartheid Convention itself."

[Falk2010-37] Falk, Richard (30 August 2010). "Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967". A/65/331. United Nations General Assembly. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/65/331. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

[MacAllister2008-38] MacAllister, Karine (2008). "Applicability of the Crime of Apartheid to Israel". al-Majdal (BADIL) (BDS and the Global Anti-Apartheid Movement). http://www.badil.org/al-majdal/item/72-applicability-of-the-crime-of-apartheid-to-israel

[39] Kolliah, Zahir (25 February 2007). "The South African Connection". Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid. http://www.caiaweb.org/southafricanconnection. Retrieved 3 March 2010.

[Jamjoum-40] Jamjoum, Hazeem (5 April 2009). "Not an Analogy: Israel and the Crime of Apartheid". Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid. http://www.caiaweb.org/node/1315. Retrieved 3 March 2010.

[41] Israel Knesset (2003-07-31). "Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law(Temporary Order) – 2003" (PDF). http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/citizenship_law.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2006.

[adam23-42] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. 23.

[43] Huggler, Justin (2003-08-01). "Israel Imposes 'Racist' Marriage Law". Jerusalem: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-imposes-racist-marriage-law-588637.html. Retrieved 23 October 2006.

[BBC_Families-44] Families fight 'racist' Israeli citizenship law Heather Sharp BBC News Tuesday, 9 March 2010

[45] "Ban on Family Unification". Adalah. http://www.adalah.org/eng/famunif.php. Retrieved 7 November 2006.

[46] DAN IZENBERG (15 May 2006). "High Court upholds law denying Palestinian spouses citizenship". Jerusalem Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1037363061.html?dids=1037363061:1037363061&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+15%2C+2006&author=DAN+IZENBERG&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=01&desc=High+Court+upholds+law+denying+Palestinian+spouses+citizenship. Retrieved 2006-09-02.

[47] "Israel’s “Demographic Demon” in Court". Middle East Report Online. 1 June 2006. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero060106.html.

[48] Macintyre, Donald (2006-05-15). "'Racist' marriage law upheld by Israel". Jerusalem: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/racist-marriage-law-upheld-by-israel-478291.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010.

[49] Left appalled by citizenship ruling^{[dead link]} at Jerusalem Post by Sheera Claire Frenkel

[50] Amnesty. Israel and the Occupied Territories: Torn Apart: Families split by discriminatory policies

[51] Human Rights Watch. Israel: Don’t Outlaw Family Life

[52] Amos Schocken,Citizenship law makes Israel an apartheid state, Ha'aretz, 27 June 2008

[53] "Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948". The Knesset, Israel's parliamentry body. http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/megilat_eng.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-29.

[54] Basic Laws – Introduction

[55] Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty

[56] Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)

[57] The Arab Citizens of Israel

[Israel-58] Tashbih, Sayyed. "A Muslim in a Jewish Land". Muslim World Today. http://www.muslimworldtoday.com/land30.htm. Retrieved 17 June 2010.

[59] Stern, Yoav (2010-05-11). "Olmert decries 'deliberate and insufferable' discrimination against Arabs – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1036798.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[60] Israel and the occupied territories

[61] Israel: One law for all? (Al Jazeera, January 13, 2010)

[62] "Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2007-05-14. http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/11_07_084b.doc.

[CERD2007-63] "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Israel". CERD/C/ISR/CO/13. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 14 June 2007. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=CERD/C/ISR/CO/13. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

[64] Human Rights in STATE OF ISRAEL. "Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories – Amnesty International Report 2008 | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/israeloccupied-palestinian-territories/report-2008. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[65] "Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories | Amnesty International Report 2009". Report2009.amnesty.org. http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/israel-occupied-territories. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[66] "Israel has established a system of segregation and discrimination, in which two populations living in the same area are subject to different systems of law (...) In Africaans they call it apartheid."

[Sulizeanu-67] Segregation of Jews and Arabs in 2010 Israel is almost absolute (Haaretz, Oct. 29, 2010)

[68] Knesset panel approves controversial bill allowing towns to reject residents (Haaretz, Oct. 27, 2010)

[Econ-69] Pulled apart (The Economist, Oct. 14, 2010)

[70] ttp://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-pledges-to-invest-nis-130m-to-save-crime-ridden-lod-1.321614 Netanyahu pledges to invest NIS 130m to save crime-ridden Lod

[Mordinipx-71] Identity, Security and Democracy: The Wider Social and Ethical Implications, Mordini and Green, p. x.

[McGreal-72] McGreal, Chris. "Worlds apart", The Guardian, February 6, 2006.

[73] "Electronic Infitada use of Segregation". http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article9652.shtml.

[Pfeffer-74] Pfeffer, Anshel; Stern, Yoav (2007-09-24). "High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/906704.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.

[Farsakh-75] Farsakh, Leila. "Israel an apartheid state?", Le Monde diplomatique, November 2003

[76] "Forbidden Roads: The Discriminatory West Bank Road Regime". B'Tselem. August 2004. http://www.btselem.org/english/publications/summaries/200408_forbidden_roads.asp. Retrieved 2 November 2006.

[thenation.com-77] Imposing Middle East Peace (The Nation, January 7, 2010)

[78] McGreal, Chris. "Israel accused of 'road apartheid' in West Bank", The Guardian, October 20, 2005.

[79] In an interview with Haaretz, Haggai Alon, an adviser to the then Israeli defence minister Amir Peretz, claimed that the army was "carrying out an apartheid policy" and was "emptying Hebron of Arabs, setting up roadblocks without anyone knowing where and how many, Judaizing the Jordan Valley and cooperating openly and blatantly with the settlers.">Rapoport, Meron (27 May 2007). "The spirit of the commander prevails". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/861228.html. Retrieved 2007-08-23.

[80] Route 443: West Bank road for Israelis only B'Tselem

[81] Despite court ruling, Palestinian use of Route 443 likely to be limited (Haaretz, May 10, 2010)

[82] "Palestinian Realities" Edited Transcript of Remarks by Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi, 18 June 2008

[83] Assessment of restrictions on Palestinian water sector development, Sector Note April 2009, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WaterRestrictionsReport18Apr2009.pdf

[84] Civil rights group claim Israeli occupation is "reminiscent of apartheid" (The Independent, Dec. 7, 2008)

[btselem-85] Forbidden Checkpoints and Roads at B'Tselem

[86] see ICJ LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WALL IN THE OCCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY (ADVISORY OPINION) paragraphs 127 and 128

[Bishara2-87] Bishara, Marwan. "Israel's Pass Laws Will Wreck Peace Hopes". Retrieved October 21, 2006.

[88] Ofﬁce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory (2009). West bank movement and access update: November 2009. United Nations. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_movement_access_2009_november_english.pdf

[Dugard2006-89] ttp://www.fairelectionsinternational.org/countries/mideast/palestine/4426.html Israelis adopt what South Africa dropped, John Dugard

[90] United Jerusalem – - Historical Perspectives – 4/13/2002

[91] 'The Security Fence Facts & Figures Dec 2003' (mfa)

[92] "Israel: West Bank Barrier Endangers Basic Rights", Human Rights Watch, October 1, 2003.

[93] Alan Blenford, "Degree of separation", The Guardian, 30 September 2003, 14.

[94] Mohammad Sarwar, 'No one sees policy as credible', The Independent, 4 August 2006.

[95] John Pilger, "John Pilger rejects the Law of Silence", New Statesman

[96] Mustafa Barghouti, quoted in Horsley, William. "Europe mulls new role in Middle East", BBC, December 13, 2006.

[97] "The Apartheid Wall", Al Jazeera English, December 8, 2003

[98] "Anti-Apartheid Wall" Campaign Founded by Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

[99] Various aspects of the security fence project on Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs site

[100] Wall Street Journal, "After Sharon", January 6, 2006.

[101] Boehlert, Eric. "Fence? Security barrier? Apartheid wall?", Salon.com, August 1, 2003. Retrieved January 1, 2007.

[FMSSPR-102] "Statement by Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom", Israeli Foreign Ministry, March 17, 2004.

[103] The Supreme Court Sitting as the High Court of Justice Beit Sourik Village Council vs. The Government of Israel and Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank. (Articles 28–30)

[104] At Israeli Barrier, More Sound Than Fury (New York Times, October 8, 2005)

[105] Qureia: Israel's unilateral moves are pushing us toward a one-state solution, Haaretz, January 9, 2004. Retrieved June 26, 2006.

[106] PMO rejects Palestinian assertion on right to declare state, Haaretz, January 11, 2004. Retrieved June 26, 2006.

[107] Worlds apart (The Guardian, February 2, 2006)

[108] "חוק זכויות התלמיד באנגלית – Pupils’ Rights Law". Cms.education.gov.il. http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/Zchuyot/ChukimVeamanot/Chukim/PupilsRightsLaw. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[guardian.co.uk-109] McGreal, Chris (2006-02-06). "Worlds apart". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/06/southafrica.israel. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[110] "DIRASAT expresses deep concern over Ministry of Education report that only 32% of Arab students reached matriculation". DIRASAT. July. http://www.dirasat-aclp.org/Bagrut-July2009.doc.

[111] 2005 INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PALESTINIAN ARAB STUDENTS IN ISRAEL (Daphna Golan-Agnon), pp. 201–214.

[CERD-112] ODS Team. "Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under Article 9 of the Convention". United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.ISR.CO.13.doc. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[113] ODS Team. "Ods Home Page". Daccess-dds-ny.un.org. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/457/57/PDF/G0845757.pdf?OpenElement. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[thenational.ae-114] "Israeli anthem kits in Arab schools – The National Newspaper". Thenational.ae. 2009-07-26. http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090727/FOREIGN/707269849. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[115] Israeli Arabs to get greater school funding, settlements less, Haaretz, 06.03.07 by Or Kashti

[116] Israel's education woes, YNet, 09.21.10, by Tomer Velmer

[Tutu-117] Tutu, Desmond "Apartheid in the Holy Land". The Guardian, April 29, 2002.

Tutu, D., and Urbina, I. "Against Israeli apartheid", The Nation 275:4–5, posted June 27, 2002 (July 15, 2002 issue).

[5]

[6]
""It reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa. I have seen the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about. Many South Africans are beginning to recognize the parallels to what we went through."

[119] Tutu, D., and Urbina, I. "Against Israeli apartheid", The Nation 275:4–5, posted June 27, 2002 (July 15, 2002 issue).

[120] [5]

[121] [6]
""It reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa. I have seen the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about. Many South Africans are beginning to recognize the parallels to what we went through."

[118] Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'apartheid' policies worse than South Africa's, haaretz.com, 11/12/06.

[119] Maguire deportation appeal rejected (The Irish Times, Oct. 5, 2010)

[Brzezinski-120] Ask the Expert: US policy in the Middle East, Zbigniew Brzezinski, London Financial Times, December 4, 2006.

[autogenerated1-121] South Africa's response to latest Israeli settlement activities in East Jerusalem (South African Government Information, Nov. 24, 2009)
SA condemns Israeli settlements in Gilo (The Citizen, Nov. 24, 2009)

[122] "Interview with Noam Chomsky" Safundi, Volume 5, Issue 1 & 2 April 2004 , pages 1 - 16, by Christopher Lee

[123] Chomsky, Noam (27 April 2010). "A Middle East Peace That Could Happen (But Won’t)". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/noam-chomsky/a-middle-east-peace-that_b_554178.html.

[Brockmann-124] "UN General Assembly president calls for boycott of Israel – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynet.co.il. 1995-06-20. http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3628618,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[125] Benvenisti, Meron "Bantustan plan for an apartheid Israel," Guardian, April 26, 2004

[126] Eldar, Akiva, "Analysis: Creating a Bantustan in Gaza," Haaretz, April 16, 2004

[127] Ben, Michael (2010-05-11). "The war's seventh day – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=136433. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[128] (UN Doc S/16520 at 2 (1984), quoting from Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987. Edited by Y. Dinstein, M. Tabory, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. ISBN 90-247-3646-3 p.36)

[129] The Congress of South African Trade Unions called Israel as an apartheid state and supported the boycott of the Canadian Union of Public Employees ("South African union joins boycott of Irael". ynetnews.com. [2006-08-06]. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3260201,00.html. )

[130] "[[University of Oxford|Oxford]^[dead link]] holds 'Apartheid Israel' week"] at Jerusalem Post by Jonny Paul

[131] Human Sciences Research Council (2009-05-29). "SA academic study finds that Israel is practicing apartheid and colonialism in the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Hsrc.ac.za. http://www.hsrc.ac.za/Media_Release-378.phtml. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[132] "Israel has created in the Occupied Territories a regime of separation based on discrimination, applying two separate systems of law in the same area and basing the rights of individuals on their nationality. This regime is the only one of its kind in the world, and is reminiscent of distasteful regimes from the past, such as the apartheid regime in South Africa." B'Tselem, Land Grab: Israel's settlement Policy in the West Bank, Jerusalem, May 2002.

[NaomiKlein-133] "January 26, 2009". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090126/klein. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

[boazokon-134] Yediot’s legal affairs editor on “the emergence of apartheid and fascism” in Israel
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[135] Meridor, Erekat argue on Washington stage (Ynetnews, June 26, 2010)

[136] www.parliament.uk, Daily Hansard - Westminster Hall, 26 Jun 2007 : Column 63WH "Middle East Peace Process"

[137] Israel's apartheid is worse than South Africa's (Haaretz, November 8, 2009)

[Fairy_Tale_pp.3-138] Geoffrey Wheatcroft, 'No Fairy Tale:The forgotten history of Zionism,' in Times Literary Supplement Feb.22, 2008 pp.3–5,7–8, p.8

[Davis_1987_55-139] Davis, Uri (February 1987). Israel: An Apartheid State. Zed Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-86232-317-7.

[AdamIX-140] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. ix.

[flwi.ugent.be-141] John Dugard, "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967" PDF (243 KB) (Advance Edited Version), United Nations Human Rights Council, 29 January 2007.

[xpress4me.com-142] Open talks needed on Israel's apartheid, Xpress (UAE), 16 June 2008.

[Israel_.E2.80.93_Soviet_Union-143] Israel – Soviet Union Library of Congress Country Studies

[latimes.com-144] .g. Jimmy Carter, author of Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid, has stated "I have made it clear that the motivation is not racism..." ("Speaking frankly about Israel and Palestine", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2006.) Raja G. Khouri, a member of the Ontario Human Rights Commission and former president of the Canadian Arab Federation, has said "Indeed, the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has always been a political one about land and identity, not about race." (Khouri, Raja G. "Time for Canadian Arabs and Jews to work together", The Globe and Mail, December 13, 2006).

[Guelke.2C_Adrian_2008.2C_pp._30-145] Guelke, Adrian, "Israeli Flags Flying Alongside Belfast's Apartheid Walls: A New Era of Comparisons and Connections," in Guy Ben-Porat (editor), The Failure of the Middle East Peace Process?, London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 30–31.

[cjpip.org-146] "The logic of Apartheid is akin to the logic of Zionism... Life for the Palestinians is infinitely worse than what we ever had experienced under Apartheid... The price they (Palestinians) have had to pay for resistance much more horrendous" http://cjpip.org/0609_esack.html Audio: Learning from South Africa – Religion, Violence, Nonviolence, and International Engagement in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle

[aljazeerah.info-147] Rage of the Elephant: Israel in Lebanon. Retrieved November 3, 2006.

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[ameu.org-149] The Israeli-South African-U.S. Alliance. Retrieved November 6, 2006.

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""When I come here and see the situation [in the Palestinian territories], I find that what is happening here is ten times worse than what I had experienced in South Africa. This is Apartheid"

[English_translation-151] אכן כן, אפרטהייד בישראל (Ynet News, December 31, 2006 (Hebrew)) (English translation)

[Bishara-152] Bishara, Azmi. "Searching for meaning", Al-Ahram, May 13–19, 2004.

[Interview_with_Amy_Goodman-153] "An apartheid-like system is when we are talking about two peoples who live in the same territory, between the sea and the river, the Mediterranean and the River of Jordan, two peoples. And there are two sets of laws which apply to each separate people. There are two – there are privileges and rights for the one people, for the Israeli people, and mostly for the Jews among – within – of the Israeli people, and there are restrictions and decrees and military laws which apply to the other people, to the Palestinians." Interview with Amy Goodman, Democracy Now!, April 12, 2005

[154] Ayalon: Boycott of Israel is boycott of peace process (Jerusalem Post, Nov. 24, 2010)

[155] Kaufman, Gerald (2004-07-12). "The case for sanctions against Israel". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/jul/12/comment. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[156] UN summit: Boycott Israel (Ynet News, August 31, 2007)

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[158] Oren Yiftachel, Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Desert (2005) Neither two states nor one: The Disengagement and "creeping apartheid" in Israel/Palestine in The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 8(3): 125–129

[Benvenisti-159] Meron Benvenisti, "Bantustan plan for an apartheid Israel", The Guardian, April 26, 2005.

[160] "Israel's settlers: Waiting for a miracle", The Economist, August 11, 2005.

[Goldberg_J.2004-161] Goldberg, Jeffrey (2004-05-31). "A Reporter At Large: Among The Settlers. Will they destroy Israel?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2010-05-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5pOSQBuTB. Retrieved 2010-05-01. and "Among the settlers"^{[dead link]}

[162] Avnery, Uri. "An Eskimo in Bantustan". - Media Monitors Network (MMN). http://world.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/4299/. Retrieved 2008-04-20.

[163] Goodman, Hirsch (2005). Let Me Create a Paradise, God Said to Himself: A Journey of Conscience from Johannesburg to Jerusalem. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 78. ISBN 1-58648-243-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=7Vbw06hpkJUC&pg=PA78.

[autogenerated2-164] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians (2005) excerptPDF, University College London Press, p.20f. ISBN 1-84472-130-2
Second-class citizenship: "Above all, both Israeli Palestinians and Coloured and Indian South Africans are restricted to second-class citizen status when another ethnic group monopolizes state power, treats the minorities as intrinsically suspect, and legally prohibits their access to land or allocates civil service positions or per capita expenditure on education differently between dominant and minority citizens."
"Mandela's vision succeeded because it evoked a universal morality. Common ideological and economic bonds existed between the antagonists inside South Africa. An outdated racial hierarchy eventually clashed with economic imperatives when the costs exceeded the benefits of racial minority rule in a global pariah state. In the Israeli case, outside support sustains intransigence. Only when the colonial policies of occupation embarrass and threaten their stronger patrons abroad or can no longer be so easily contained inside (as apartheid racial capitalism did in the Cold War competition) can outside pressure on Israel be expected. This turning of the tables will impact the Israeli public as much as outside perception is affected by visionary local leaders and events. Despite gains in global empathy, Palestinians are still at the mercy of a superior adversary in every respect, which even a Mandela would not have been able to overcome. In this impasse, hope is offered by Israeli progressive moral dissent on the Left as well as opportunistic calculations on the Right that the occupation harms the occupier. Israel has the capacity to reach a meaningful compromise, but has yet to prove its willingness. The Palestinian mainstream has the willingness, but lacks the capacity, to initiate a fair settlement."

[AdamXIII-165] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Heriber, Adam & Moodley, Kogila. op cit. p. xiii.

[AdamXV-166] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. xv.

[Adam22-167] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. 22.

[autogenerated4-168] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. 25.

[AdamXVI-169] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. xvi.

[AdamX-170] Adam, Heribert & Moodley, Kogila. op. cit. p. x.

[171] "See ICERD Article 3". .ohchr.org. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm#art3. Retrieved 2010-07-22.

[172] "See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998". Unispal.un.org. http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/89C006EAF4E7FCF585256DEA007480FE. Retrieved 2010-07-22.

[173] Mac Allister, Karine (1998-2008). "Applicability of the Crime of Apartheid to Israel". Badil.org. p. Endnote 9. http://www.ceia-sc.org/page55/page76/page81/page81.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010. "CERD General Recommendation No. 19, Racial segregation and apartheid (Art. 3) : 18 August 1995. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, states “particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction.” Article 3, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination."

[174] "The UN Anti-Racism Committee questions Israel's policy of apartheid". Report, BADIL, 13 March 2007. Electronic Intifada. http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article6664.shtml. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

[175] Benn, Aluf. "UN agent: Apartheid regime in territories worse than S. Africa", Ha'aretz, August 24, 2004.

[176] McCarthy, Rory. "Occupied Gaza like apartheid South Africa, says UN report", The Guardian, February 23, 2007.

[haaretz.com-177] Top UN official: Israel's policies are like apartheid of bygone era

[178] Top UN official: Israel's policies are like apartheid

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[181] Meet the Press, December 3, 2006 [7] Tim Russert quotes Carter, speaking to the Louisville Courier-Journal, 23 November 2006: "I would say that in many ways the treatment of the Palestinians by the Israeli occupying forces is as onerous – and in some cases more onerous – as the treatment of black people in South Africa by the apartheid government."

[182] "Jimmy Carter Issues Letter to Jewish Community on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid" Carter Center, 15 December 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.

[IHT-183] Carter explains "apartheid" reference in letter to U.S. Jews International Herald Tribune, December 15, 2006, accessed 23 April 2007"
The six rabbis...and I...discussed the word "apartheid," which I defined as the forced segregation of two peoples living in the same land, with one of them dominating and persecuting the other. I made clear in the book's text and in my response to the rabbis that the system of apartheid in Palestine is not based on racism but the desire of a minority of Israelis for Palestinian land and the resulting suppression of protests that involve violence...my use of "apartheid" does not apply to circumstances within Israel."

[LifeAndTimesTranscript-184] Life & Times – Transcript – 12/14/06

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[192] Israel: Occupation or Apartheid?

[193] Lebanon PM: Israel's loyalty oath akin to South Africa apartheid AP, 21 October 2010

[194] Archbishop of Wales compares Gaza problem to apartheid (BBC, Oct. 28, 2010)

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[198] Benvenisti, Meron, Conflicts and Contradictions, New York: Villard Books, 1986. p. 112

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""When I come here and see the situation [in the Palestinian territories], I find that what is happening here is ten times worse than what I had experienced in South Africa. This is Apartheid"

[202] COSATU Weekly newsletter for June 9, 2006^{[dead link]}

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[LikeApartheidANC-205] Donald Macintyre (2008-07-11). "'This is like apartheid': ANC veterans visit West Bank". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/this-is-like-apartheid-anc-veterans-visit-west-bank-865063.html.

[HaaretzWorse-206] Gideon Levy (2008-07-12). "Twilight Zone / 'Worse than apartheid'". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1000976.html. ^{[dead link]}

[207] "... the context is different and the debate on whether this is Apartheid or not deflects from the real issue of occupation, encroachment of more land, building of the wall and the indignity of the occupation and the conduct of the military and police. I saw the check point at Nablus, I met with Palestinians in Hebron, I met the villagers who are against the wall- I met Israeli's and Palestinians who have lost family members, their land and homes. They have not lost hope though ---and they believe in a joint struggle against the occupation and are willing in non-violent means to transform the daily direct and indirect forms of injustice and violence. To sum up – there is a transgression that is continuing unabated– call it what you want, apartheid/separation/closure/security – it remains a transgression".Ngugi, Mukoma Wa (2008-07-23). "What Palestine is to me: An interview with Fatima Hassan". Pambazuka News. Fahamu – Networks For Social Justice. http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/49608. Retrieved 2008-08-13.

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[211] Olmert warns of 'end of Israel', BBC News, 29 November 2007, 14:54 GMT.

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[Barak_2010-213] ttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/03/barak-apartheid-palestine-peace Barak: make peace with Palestinians or face apartheid (Guardian, Feb. 3, 2010)

[214] People and Politics / Sharon's Bantustans are far from Copenhagen's hope (Haaretz, May 13, 2003)

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[217] "Israel must decide quickly what sort of environment it wants to live in because the current model, which has some apartheid characteristics, is not compatible with Jewish principles."Israel warned against emerging apartheid

[218] ttp://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200205_Land_Grab.asp http://www.btselem.org/Download/200408_Forbidden_Roads_Eng.pdf page 3

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[221] Moshé Machover (28 October 2000). "UK Israeli Jews deplore outrages perpetrated by Israel". Labournet. http://www.labournet.net/world/0010/ukisrl1.html. Retrieved 23 October 2010. "..the areas left to the Palestinians are mere enclaves, cut off from each other, utterly dependent on Israel. Such enclaves, used to exclude an ethnic population from social and political rights, while keeping them disenfranchised and subservient, have a name: Bantustans. Such a policy also has a name: apartheid."

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[228] [9] Israel Apartheid Week starts today

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[230] ttp://www.slate.com/id/2155277 http://www.slate.com/id/2155277

[Buthelezi-231] S. African Minister: Israel is Not Apartheid by Yossi Melman (Haaretz) September 23, 2003

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[Morris-233] Morris, Benny: One State, Two States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 203-4, n. 1.

[234] ttp://articles.sfgate.com/2009-03-04/opinion/17212680_1_northern-israel-israel-apartheid-week-israeli-society

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[delegit-242] E.g., see Sabel, Robbie: "The Campaign to Delegitimize Israel with the False charge of Apartheid," at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2009. Global Law Forum, at: http://www.globallawforum.org/ViewPublication.aspx?ArticleId=110; David Matas, Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism (Toronto: The Dunburn Group, 2005), pp. 53-55; Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace (New York: John Wiley, 2009), pp. 20-25, 28-29, 36, 44-48; etc.

[Kadalie-243] ttp://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw09/CompHistData/FIW_AllScores_Countries.xls

[244] ttp://www.hudson-ny.org/1102/for-israels-arabs-it-is-not-apartheid For Israel's Arabs It Is Not Apartheid

[245] The deadliest lies: the Israel lobby and the myth of Jewish control, pg 181

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[249] ttp://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/dossiers/rufin/ The diplomatic bag

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[251] ttp://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=144

[252] ttp://www.startribune.com/opinion/commentary/97699864.html Visiting Presbyterians, take note: Israel is not the root of evil

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[269] Presbyterian Church Violates US Antiboycott Laws. General Assembly of Presbyterian Church, USA, votes For Illegal Action at Convention August 1, 2004 (Boycott Watch)

[BBCnas-270] "French concern about race attacks", BBC News, October 2004.

[ngo_Jpost-271] Steinberg, Gerald M. Abusing 'Apartheid' for the Palestinian Cause, Jerusalem Post, August 24, 2004.

[272] Shimoni, Gideon: "Deconstructing Apartheid Accusations Against Israel," Interview with Manfred Gerstenfeld, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, No. 60, 2 September 2007/19 Elul 5767: see http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=253&PID=0&IID=1806&TTL=Deconstructing_Apartheid_Accusations_Against_Israel.

[273] Alon Liel, "An Israeli View: Apartheid = Separation?!" in a symposium on bitterlemons.org entitled Democracy and the Conflict": see the August 12, 2002 edition at http://www.bitterlemons.org/previous/bl120802ed30.html

[274] rhoda kadalie & julia bertelsmann . "'Z' WORD | Franchising “Apartheid”: Why South Africans Push the Analogy". Z-word.com. http://www.z-word.com/z-word-essays/franchising-%25E2%2580%259Capartheid%25E2%2580%259D%253A-why-south-africans-push-the-analogy.html?page=2. Retrieved 2010-05-16.

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[durban-277] Islam Today, by Khaled Abu Toameh, May 18, 2009

[278] Journalist says only truth will set Palestine free, Rebecca Weisser, The Australian. May 15, 2010

[279] What Was Not Said, by Khaled Abu Toameh. April 22, 2009.

[280] Tutu, Desmond. "Apartheid in the Holy Land, The Guardian, April 29, 2002, cited in Phillips, Melanie. "Christian Theology and the New Antisemitism" in Iganski, Paul & Kosmin, Barry. (eds) A New Anti-Semitism? Debating Judeophobia in 21st century Britain. Profile Books, 2003, p. 196.

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