Jewish Autonomous Oblast

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Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Еврейская автономная область (Russian)
—  Autonomous oblast  —

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: None, Planned competition did not take place[1]
Coordinates: 48°36′N 132°12′E / 48.600°N 132.200°E / 48.600; 132.200Coordinates: 48°36′N 132°12′E / 48.600°N 132.200°E / 48.600; 132.200
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Far Eastern[2]
Economic region Far Eastern[3]
Established May 7, 1934[4]
Administrative center Birobidzhan
Government (as of July 2014)
 • Governor[6] Alexander Levintal[5]
 • Legislature Legislative Assembly[7]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[8]
 • Total 36,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi)
Area rank 61st
Population (2010 Census)[9]
 • Total 176,558
 • Rank 80th
 • Density[10] 4.9/km2 (13/sq mi)
 • Urban 67.6%
 • Rural 32.4%
Population (2016 est.)
 • Total 170,000[11]
Time zone(s) VLAT (UTC+10:00)[12]
ISO 3166-2 RU-YEV
License plates 79
Official languages Russian[13]
Official website

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Russian: Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть, Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast; Yiddish: ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט‎, yidishe avtonome gegnt[14]) is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous oblast) in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Russian Jews are sometimes referred to as "Yevrey".[15] Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan. As of the 2010 Census, JAO's population was 176,558 people,[9] or 0.1% of the total population of Russia. Judaism is practiced by only 0.2% of the population of the JAO.[16] Per Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. Aside from Israel, it is the world's only officially Jewish territory.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

The territory has a monsoonal/anti-cyclonic climate, with warm, wet, humid summers due to the influence of the East Asian monsoon; and cold, dry, windy conditions prevailing in the winter months courtesy of the Siberian high-pressure system.

History[edit]

Pre-establishment of the JAO[edit]

Acquisition of the Amur Region by Russia[edit]

Main article: Amur Acquisition

In 1858, the northern bank of the Amur River, including the territory of today's Jewish Autonomous Oblast, became incorporated into the Russian Empire pursuant to the Treaty of Aigun and Convention of Peking.

Military colonization[edit]

In December 1858, the Russian government authorized formation of the Amur Cossacks to protect the southeast boundary of Siberia and communications on the Amur and Ussuri rivers.[17] This military colonization included settlers from Transbaikalia. During 1858–82, many settlements consisting of wooden houses were founded.[18] It is estimated that as much as 40,000 men from the Russian military moved into the region.[18]

Expeditions of scientists including geographers, ethnographers, naturalists, and botanists such as Venyukov, Leopold von Schrenck, Karl Maximovich, Radde, and Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov promoted research in the area.[17]

Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway[edit]

In 1898, construction began on the Trans-Siberian Railway connecting Chita and Vladivostok. The project produced a large influx of new settlers and the foundation of new settlements. Between 1908 and 1912, stations opened at Volochayevka, Obluchye, Bira, Birakan, Londoko, In, and Tikhonkaya. The railway construction finished in October 1916 with the opening of the 2,590-meter (8,500 ft) Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur at Khabarovsk.

During this time, before the revolution, most local inhabitants were farmers.[17] The only industrial enterprise was the Tungussky timber mill, although gold was mined in the Sutara River, and there were some small railway workshops.[17]

Russian Civil War[edit]

In 1922, during the Russian Civil War, the territory of the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast was the scene of Battle of Volochayevka.[19]

Jewish settlement in the region[edit]

See also: History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the administrative center of Birobidzhan marked

Soviet policies with respect to minorities and Jews[edit]

Although Judaism ran counter to the official state policy of atheism, Vladimir Lenin wanted to appease minority groups to gain their support and provide examples of tolerance.[20]

After the death of Lenin in 1924, Joseph Stalin initially continued such policy and wanted each of the national groups that formed the Soviet Union to receive a territory in which to pursue cultural autonomy in a socialist framework. In such framework, literature and the arts would replace religion as the primary expression of culture. The Soviets envisaged setting up a new "Soviet Zion", where a proletarian Jewish culture could be developed.[17]

The Soviets also wanted to offer an alternative to Zionism, the establishment of Palestine as a Jewish homeland. Socialist Zionists such as Ber Borochov were gaining followers at that time and Zionism was a rival ideology to Marxism among left-wing Jews.[17]

In 1924, the unemployment rate among Jews exceeded 30%, partially as a result of pogroms[21] but also as a result of communism, which prohibited people from being craftspeople and small businessmen.[22] With the goal of getting Jews back to work to be more productive members of society, the government established Komzet, the committee for the agricultural settlement of Jews.[21]

Establishment of the JAO[edit]

Sign on the JAO government headquarters.

Originally the plan was to settle the Jews in Ukraine and Crimea. Two Jewish districts (raiony) were formed in Crimea and three in south Ukraine.[21][23] However, local opposition made the governmental committees look elsewhere.[17]

Birobidzhan, in what is now the JAO, was chosen by the Soviet elite as the site for the Jewish region.[24] The choice of this area was a surprise to Komzet; the area had been chosen for military and economic reasons.[20] This area was often infiltrated by China, while Japan also wanted Russia to lose the provinces of the Soviet Far East. At the time, there were only about 30,000 inhabitants in the area, mostly descendants of Trans-Baikal Cossacks planted there by tsarist authorities, Koreans, Kazakhs, and the Tungusic peoples, a primitive group of tribes.[25] The Russian government wanted to increase settlement in the remote Soviet Far East, especially along the vulnerable border with China.

On March 28, 1928, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee of the USSR passed the decree "On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Far East for settlement of the working Jews."[26] The decree meant "a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of the called region".[17][26]

The new territory was initially called the Birobidzhan Jewish National Raion.[20]

Birobidzhan had a harsh geography and climate: it was mountainous, covered with virgin forests of oak, pine and cedar, and also swamplands, and any new settlers would have to build their lives from scratch. To make colonization more enticing, the Soviet government allowed private land-ownership. This led to many non-Jews settling in the oblast to get a free farm.[27]

In the spring of 1928, 654 Jews arrived to settle in the area; however, by October 1928, 49.7% of them had left because of the severe conditions.[20] In the summer of 1928, there were torrential rains that flooded the crops and an outbreak of anthrax that killed the cattle.[28]

On May 7, 1934, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee accepted the decree on its transformation into the Jewish Autonomous Region within the Russian Federation.[17] In 1938, with formation of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) was included in its structure.[26]

Attempts to encourage settlement in the JAO[edit]

By the 1930s, a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there. The campaign partly incorporated the standard Soviet propaganda tools of the era and included posters and Yiddish-language novels describing a socialist utopia there.[17] In one instance, leaflets promoting Birobidzhan were dropped from an airplane over a Jewish neighborhood in Belarus.[17] In another instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called Seekers of Happiness told the story of a Jewish family that made a new life for itself in Birobidzhan.[17]

Growth of Jewish communities in the early 1930s[edit]

Statue of settlers on the railway station in Birobidzhan.

Early Jewish settlements included Valdgeym, dating from 1928, which included the first collective farm established in the oblast.,[29] Amurzet, which was the center of Jewish settlement south of Birobidzhan from 1929 to 1939,[30] and Smidovich.

By 1930, there were 3 Jewish schools in 9 settlements. By 1932, the State Planning Committee ratified the first estimated figures of the economic plan of the Birobidjan region as a separate economic unit.[31][by whom?]

The Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union, a Jewish Communist organization in North America, successfully encouraged the immigration of some US residents, such as the family of spy George Koval, which arrived in 1932.[17][32] Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan.[17][24]

As the Jewish population grew, so did the impact of Yiddish culture on the region. Settlers established a Yiddish newspaper, the Birobidzhaner Shtern; a theater troupe was created; and streets being built in the new city were named after prominent Yiddish authors such as Sholom Aleichem and I. L. Peretz.[33]

Stalin's anti-Jewish purges and World War II[edit]

In 1936, only 2 years after the JAO was founded, Stalin targeted Jews living in the JAO in purges.[22]

The Jewish population of JAO reached a pre-war peak of 20,000 in 1937.[34]

According to the 1939 population census, 17,695 Jews lived in the region (16% of the total population).[26][35]

After the war ended in 1945, there was renewed interest in the idea of Birobidzhan as a potential home for Jewish refugees. The Jewish population in the region peaked at around 46,000-50,000 Jews in 1948, around 25% of the entire population of the JAO.[36][37]

However, in 1948, Stalin's anti-Jewish purges made living in the JAO unappealing.[37] Jews were no longer able to get jobs or attend graduate school.[22] Stalin died in 1953.

Cold war[edit]

The census of 1959 found that the Jewish population of the JAO had declined by approximately 50%, down to 14,269 persons.[35]

A synagogue opened at the end of World War II but closed in the mid 1960s after a fire left it severely damaged.[38]

In 1980, a Yiddish school was opened in Valdgeym.[39]

According to the 1989 Soviet Census, there were 8,887 Jews living in the JAO, or 4% of the total JAO population of 214,085.[20]

Post-breakup of the Soviet Union[edit]

A giant menorah dominating the main square in Birobidzhan

In 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast moved from the jurisdiction of Khabarovsk Krai to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. However, by that time, most of the Jews had emigrated from the Soviet Union and the remaining Jews constituted fewer than 2% of the local population.[33]

In early 1996, 872 people, or 20% of the Jewish population at that time, emigrated to Tel Aviv via chartered flights.[37]

According to an article published in 2000, Birobidzhan has several state-run schools that teach Yiddish, a Yiddish school for religious instruction and a kindergarten. The five- to seven-year-olds spend two lessons a week learning to speak Yiddish, as well as being taught Jewish songs, dance, and traditions.[40]

As of 2002, 2,357 Jews were living in the JAO.[35]

In 2002, L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!, a documentary on Stalin's creation of the Jewish Autonomous Region and its settlement, was released by The Cinema Guild. In addition to being a history of the creation of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, the film features scenes of contemporary Birobidzhan and interviews with Jewish residents.[41]

A 2004 article stated that the number of Jews in the region "was now growing".[42]

As of 2005, Amurzet had a small active Jewish community.[43]

A 2006 article in The Washington Times stated that Yiddish is taught in the schools, a Yiddish radio station is in operation, and the Birobidzhaner Shtern newspaper includes a section in Yiddish.[44]

An April 2007 article in The Jerusalem Post claimed that, at the time, approximately 4,000 Jews remained in the JAO. The article cited Mordechai Scheiner, the Chief Rabbi of the JAO from 2002 to 2011, who said that, at the time the article was published, Jewish culture was enjoying a religious and cultural resurgence.[45]

By 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were only approximately 1,600 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO (1% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 92.7% of the JAO population.[46]

According to an article published in 2010, Yiddish is the language of instruction in only one of Birobidzhan's 14 public schools. Two schools, representing a quarter of the city's students, offer compulsory Yiddish classes for children aged 6 to 10.[47][48]

As of 2012, the Birobidzhaner Shtern continues to publish 2 or 3 pages per week in Yiddish and one local elementary school still teaches Yiddish.[47]

According to a 2012 article, "only a very small minority, mostly seniors, speak Yiddish", a new Chabad-sponsored synagogue opened at 14a Sholom-Aleichem Street, and The Amur State University named for Sholom Aleichem offers a Yiddish course.[38]

According to a 2015 article, Kosher meat arrives by train from Moscow every few weeks, a Sunday school functions, and there is also a minyan on Friday night and Shabbat.[49]

2013 proposals to merge JAO with neighboring regions[edit]

In 2013, there were proposals to merge JAO with Khabarovsk Krai or with Amur Oblast.[17] The proposals were objected to by residents,[50] as well as the Jewish community of Russia, and led to protests.[17] There are also questions on whether a merger would be allowed pursuant to the Constitution of Russia and whether a merger would require a national referendum.[17] Citizens of the JAO almost all oppose such a merger,[17] yet citizens of neighboring oblasts generally support the prospect of a merger.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Main article: Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Economy[edit]

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is part of the Far Eastern Economic Region; it has well-developed industry and agriculture and a dense transportation network. Its status as a free economic zone increases the opportunities for economic development. The oblast's rich mineral and building and finishing material resources are in great demand on the Russian market. Nonferrous metallurgy, engineering, metalworking, and the building material, forest, woodworking, light, and food industries are the most highly developed industrial sectors.[51]

Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector owing to fertile soils and a moist climate.

Transportation[edit]

The region's well-developed transportation network consists of 530 km of railways, including the Trans-Siberian Railway; 600 km of waterways along the Amur and Tunguska rivers; and 1900 km of roads, including 1600 km of paved roads. The most important road is the Khabarovsk-Birobidzhan-Obluchye-Amur Region highway with ferry service across the Amur. The Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield, in the center of the region, connects Birobidzhan with Khabarovsk and outlying district centers.

Amur Bridge Project[edit]

Main article: Amur Bridge Project

The Amur Bridge is a 19.9 km long, $355 million, bridge under construction that will link Nizhneleninskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with Tongjiang in the Heilongjiang Province of China.[52] The bridge is expected to open in October 2019 and is expected to transport more than 3 million metric tons of cargo and 1.5 million passengers per year.[53]

Current demographics[edit]

Population: 176,558 (2010 Census);[9] 190,915 (2002 Census);[54] 215,937 (1989 Census).[55]

The 2010 Census reported the largest group to be the 160,185 ethnic Russians (92.7%), followed by 4,871 ethnic Ukrainians (2.8%), and 1,628 ethnic Jews (1%).[9] Additionally, 3,832 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[56]

Vital statistics for 2012
  • Births: 2 445 (14.0 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 2 636 (15.1 per 1000)[57]

Total fertility rate:[58]
2009 - 1.67 | 2010 - 1.67 | 2011 - 1.79 | 2012 - 1.84 | 2013 - 1.86 | 2014 - 1.95 | 2015 - 2.02 | 2016 - 1.96(e)

Languages spoken[edit]

Although it is taught in 3 schools in the region, there are almost no Yiddish speakers remaining.[59]

Religion[edit]

Circle frame.svg

Religion in Jewish Autonomous Oblast (2012)[16][60]

  Russian Orthodox Church (22.6%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (9%)
  Other Orthodox Christian (6%)
  Judaism (.2%)
  Spiritual But Not Religious (35%)
  Atheism (22%)
  Other Religions Or Declined To Answer (5.2%)

According to a 2012 official survey[16] 22.6% of the population of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast adhere to Russian Orthodoxy, 6% are Orthodox Christians of other church jurisdictions or Orthodox believers who aren't members of any church, and 9% are unaffiliated or generic Christians. Judaism is practiced by 0.2% of the population. In addition, 35% of the population identify as "spiritual but not religious", 22% profess atheism, and 5.2% follow other religions or declined to answer the question.[16]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Конкурс на гимн Еврейской АО не состоялся из-за низкого уровня представленных работ (The competition for anthem of the Jewish Autonomous Region did not take place because of the low level of the works)
  2. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. ^ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 4
  5. ^ Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Alexander Borisovich Levintal, Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Russian)
  6. ^ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 22
  7. ^ Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 15
  8. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01. 
  9. ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. 
  10. ^ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  11. ^ Masha Gessen (October 20, 2016). "Birobidzhan: Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region is not so Jewish – public's humanity". Russian Writer News. 
  12. ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  13. ^ Official on the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  14. ^ In standard Yiddish: ייִדישע אױטאָנאָמע געגנט, yidishe oytonome gegnt
  15. ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations
  16. ^ a b c d Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Asya Pereltsvaig (October 9, 2014). "Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland". 
  18. ^ a b The Russians on the Amur: its discovery, conquest, and colonization
  19. ^ Anniversary of the Battle of Volochayevka
  20. ^ a b c d e Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast
  21. ^ a b c KOMZET
  22. ^ a b c Masha Gessen (September 7, 2016). "'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland". NPR. 
  23. ^ Yaacov Ro'i (2004). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Frank Cass&Co, Ltd. p. 193. 
  24. ^ a b Arthur Rosen (February 2004). "Birobidzhan - the Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region". 
  25. ^ Nora Levin (1990). The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1. New York University Press. p. 283. 
  26. ^ a b c d Behind Communism
  27. ^ Richard Overy (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. W.W Norton Company, Inc. p. 567. 
  28. ^ Masha Gessen (2016). Where the Jews Aren’t: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Region. 
  29. ^ "Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan". Swarthmore. 
  30. ^ "A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic". Birobidjan, RU: The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-18. 
  31. ^ Michael C. Wiseman (2010). "Birobidjan: The Story of the First Jewish State". 
  32. ^ Michael Walsh (May 2009). "George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked". Smithsonian (magazine). 
  33. ^ a b Henry Srebrnik (July 2006). "Birobidzhan: A Remnant of History" (PDF). Jewish Currents. 
  34. ^ A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
  35. ^ a b c Russian Political Atlas - Political Situation, Elections, Foreign Policy
  36. ^ David Holley (August 7, 2005). "In Russia's Far East, a Jewish Revival". Los Angeles Times. 
  37. ^ a b c James Brook (July 11, 1996). "Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but ...". The New York Times. 
  38. ^ a b Ben G. Frank (April 15, 2012). "A Visit to the 'Soviet Jerusalem'". CrownHeights.info. 
  39. ^ Pinkus, Benjamin (1990). "The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83". The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority. Cambridge University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-521-38926-6. Retrieved 2009-02-18. 
  40. ^ Steen, Michael (January 13, 2000). "Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on". 
  41. ^ Kehr, Dave (January 31, 2003). "FILM REVIEW; When Soviet Jews Sought Paradise in Siberian Swamps and Snow". The New York Times. 
  42. ^ Julius Strauss (August 17, 2004). "Jewish enclave created in Siberia by Stalin stages a revival". The Daily Telegraph. 
  43. ^ "Remote Far East Village Mobilizes for Purim". Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. March 10, 2005. 
  44. ^ Jewish life revived in Russia, The Washington Times, January 7, 2006
  45. ^ HAVIV RETTIG GUR (April 17, 2007). "Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan". The Jerusalem Post. 
  46. ^ "Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region In Siberia 'Ready' To House European Jews.". Radio Free Europe. January 20, 2016. 
  47. ^ a b DAVID M. HERSZENHORN (October 3, 2012). "Despite Predictions, Jewish Homeland in Siberia Retains Its Appeal". New York Times. 
  48. ^ Alfonso Daniels (June 7, 2010). "Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel". Christian Science Monitor. 
  49. ^ Ben G. Frank (May 27, 2015). "A Railway Sign In Yiddish? – Only in Siberia". Jewish Press. 
  50. ^ Ilan Goren (August 24, 2013). "In Eastern Russia, the Idea of a Jewish Autonomy Is Being Brought Back to Life". Haaretz. 
  51. ^ "Jewish Autonomous Region". Kommersant Moscow. Kommersant. Publishing House. March 5, 2004. Retrieved December 22, 2011. 
  52. ^ "Russia, China launch construction of bridge across Amur river". Russia Today. December 25, 2016. 
  53. ^ "Work Starts On First China-Russia Highway Bridge". Radio Free Europe. December 25, 2016. 
  54. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014. 
  55. ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014. 
  56. ^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-19. 
  57. ^ "Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации". Gks.ru. Retrieved 2013-04-19. 
  58. ^ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia
  59. ^ GAL BECKERMAN (August 31, 2016). "A Promised Land in the U.S.S.R.". The New Republic. 
  60. ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.

Sources[edit]

  • №40-ОЗ 8 октября 1997 г. «Устав Еврейской автономной области», в ред. Закона №819-ОЗ от 25 ноября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 19 Устава Еврейской автономной области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Биробиджанская звезда", №125 (15577), 4 ноября 1997 г. (#40-OZ October 8, 1997 Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, as amended by the Law #819-OZ of November 25, 2015 On Amending Article 19 of the Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Effective as of the official publication date.).

Further reading[edit]

  • American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR. New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936.
  • Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919-1941. New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959.
  • Henry Frankel, The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan. New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946.
  • Masha Gessen, Where the Jews Aren’t: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Region, 2016.
  • Ber Boris Kotlerman and Shmuel Yavin, Bauhaus in Birobidzhan. Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center, 2009.
  • Nora Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1. New York: New York University Press, 1988.
  • James N. Rosenberg, How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies. Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925.
  • Anna Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006.
  • Henry Felix Srebrnik, Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2010.
  • Robert Weinberg, Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928-1996. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.

External links[edit]

  Amur Oblast  Khabarovsk Krai  Khabarovsk Krai
Heilongjiang,  China  Khabarovsk Krai
   Jewish Autonomous Oblast  
Heilongjiang,  China Heilongjiang,  China Heilongjiang,  China
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