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Presidential election, 2024

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2024 Presidential Election
Date: November 5, 2024
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Presidential candidatesList of registered 2024 presidential candidatesElectoral College in the 2024 presidential electionPrediction marketsPresidential debatesTimeline of announcementsImportant datesPresidential election by stateCampaign financeEndorsementsLogos and slogansKey staffersVice presidential candidatesPolicy positions
Democratic nomination
Democratic National Convention, 2024Delegate rules

Republican nomination
Republican National Convention, 2024Delegate rulesCampaign travelDebates

Minor party nominations
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Use the dropdown menu below to read more about noteworthy candidates

Ballotpedia's presidential election coverage
202420202016

The United States will hold its 60th presidential election on November 5, 2024. The winner of the 2024 presidential election will be sworn into office on January 20, 2025.

Joe Biden (D) and Donald Trump (R) became the presumptive Democratic and Republican nominees on March 12, 2024. The Democratic Party will make an official presidential nomination at the Democratic National Convention in August 2024, and the Republican Party will make an official presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in July 2024.

Click here for more information about the 2020 presidential election.

Click the links below to navigate to:

Upcoming dates

See also: Important dates in the 2024 presidential race


This section is updated weekly on Fridays, and provides dates upcoming in the next two weeks.




Notable declared candidates and exploratory committees

See also: Defining noteworthy presidential candidates (2024), How we order candidate lists

The following noteworthy candidates have filed to run for president with the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Click here to view a full list of all candidates who have filed with the FEC.


Joe Biden (D)

Marianne Williamson (D)

Donald Trump (R)

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)


List of noteworthy candidates

  • Joe Biden (D), incumbent president of the United States, announced he would run for re-election on April 25, 2023.[2]
  • Marianne Williamson (D), 2020 presidential candidate and author, announced her candidacy on February 23, 2023.[3] She withdrew from the race on February 7, 2024, and re-entered the race on February 28.[4][5]
  • Donald Trump (R), former U.S. President, announced his candidacy on November 15, 2022.[6]
  • Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I), an author and lawyer, announced he would run as an independent on October 9, 2023. He initially announced a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 5, 2023.[7]

Other candidates

Withdrawn candidates

  • Dean Phillips (D), a U.S. representative from Minnesota, announced his candidacy on October 26, 2023. He withdrew from the race on March 6, 2024.[13][14]
  • Ryan Binkley (R), a businessman and pastor, announced his candidacy on April 23, 2023.[15] Binkley withdrew from the race on February 27, 2024.[16]
  • Doug Burgum (R), the governor of North Dakota, announced his candidacy on June 7, 2023.[17] Burgum withdrew from the race on December 4, 2023.[18]
  • Chris Christie (R), former governor of New Jersey, announced his candidacy on June 6, 2023.[19] Christie withdrew from the race on January 10, 2024.[20]
  • Ron DeSantis (R), the governor of Florida, announced his candidacy on May 24, 2023.[21] DeSantis withdrew from the race on January 21, 2024.[22]
  • Nikki Haley (R), former U.N. Ambassador and South Carolina Governor, announced her candidacy on February 14, 2023. She withdrew from the race on March 6, 2024.[23][24]
  • Asa Hutchinson (R), former Arkansas Governor, announced his candidacy on April 2, 2023.[25] Hutchinson withdrew from the race on January 16, 2024.[26]
  • Larry Elder (R), a talk radio host and 2021 California gubernatorial candidate, announced his candidacy on April 20, 2023.[27] Elder suspended his campaign on October 26, 2023.
  • Will Hurd (R), former U.S. Representative from Texas, announced his candidacy on June 22, 2023.[28] Hurd suspended his campaign on October 9, 2023.[29]
  • Perry Johnson (R), a business owner and author, announced his candidacy on March 2, 2023.[30] Johnson suspended his campaign on October 20, 2023.[31]
  • Mike Pence (R), former vice president of the United States, announced his candidacy on June 7, 2023.[32] Pence withdrew from the race on October 28, 2023.[33]
  • Vivek Ramaswamy (R), entrepreneur and political commentator, announced his candidacy on February 21, 2023.[34] Vivek withdrew from the race on January 15, 2024.[35]
  • Tim Scott (R), a United States senator from South Carolina, announced his candidacy on May 22, 2023.[36] Scott withdrew from the race on November 12, 2023.[37]
  • Corey Stapleton (R), former Montana Secretary of State, announced his candidacy on November 11, 2022.[38] Stapleton withdrew from the race on October 13, 2023.[39]
  • Francis Suarez (R), the Mayor of Miami, announced his candidacy on June 15, 2023.[40] Suarez suspended his campaign on August 29, 2023.[41]

To view a list of politicians and public figures discussed in the media as potential candidates, click here.

Presidential election competitiveness

Race ratings

The map below displays presidential race ratings in each state. These ratings are generated by averaging the ratings from The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:

  • Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
  • Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
  • Lean and Tilt ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.
  • Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.

Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[42][43][44]

Polling

The section below displays national polling averages for the 2024 presidential election from RealClearPolitics.

Prediction markets

The section below displays national PredictIt share prices and RealClearPolitics prediction market averages for the 2024 presidential election.

What is a prediction market?

Prediction markets allow users to purchase shares relating to the outcome of events using real money. Each event, such as an election, has a number of contracts associated with it, each correlating to a different outcome. For instance, an election contested between four candidates would be represented by eight separate contracts, with each contract correlating to a particular candidate winning or losing the election.

The share price in each individual forecast rises and falls based on market demand. Once the event's outcome is decided, holders of shares that correlate with the correct outcome receive a payout for each share they held.

For example, a user buys 10 shares at 20 cents each in a presidential primary saying Candidate A will win. If Candidate A wins the election, the user earns $10. If the candidate loses, the user earns no money and loses his original $2 investment.

Why do prediction markets matter?

Prediction markets can be used to gain insight into the outcome of elections. Microsoft Research economist David Rothschild argued that they are better suited to the task than polls: "I can create a poll that can mimic everything about a prediction market...except markets have a way of incentivizing you to come back at 2 a.m. and update your answer."[45][46][47]

PredictIt


The chart below shows 2024 presidential general election open share prices over time.[48]

RealClearPolitics prediction market averages


Campaign finance

See also: Presidential election campaign finance, 2024


Fundraising

The following chart displays noteworthy general election presidential candidates' overall fundraising over time through the April 2024 campaign finance reports. Note that the chart only displays data for principal campaign committees, not candidate-affiliated PACs or joint fundraising committees. Hover over each line for more specific figures.

Spending

The following chart displays noteworthy general election presidential candidates' overall spending over time through the April 2024 campaign finance reports. Note that the chart only displays data for principal campaign committees, not candidate-affiliated PACs or joint fundraising committees. Hover over each line for more specific figures.

Cash on hand

The following chart displays cash on hand—a measurement of how much money a campaign has currently available in its campaign accounts—for noteworthy general election presidential candidates as of each reporting deadline during the 2024 campaign cycle. Note that the chart only displays data for principal campaign committees, not candidate-affiliated PACs or joint fundraising committees.

General election debates

See also: Presidential debates, 2024

The following table provides an overview of the date, location, and host in each scheduled 2024 general election debate.

2024 general election debates
Debate Date Location Host
First presidential debate June 27, 2024 Atlanta, Georgia CNN
Second presidential debate September 10, 2024 TBD ABC News


Policy positions

See also: Presidential candidates on the issues, 2024

Click on any of the following links to read statements from the 2024 presidential candidates on a range of domestic, economic, and foreign policy issues. These statements were primarily compiled from each candidate's official campaign website.

Abortion

Administrative state

Coronavirus response

Criminal justice

Economy

Education

Election policy

Energy and environmental issues

Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)

Federalism

Foreign policy

Government ethics

Gun regulation

Healthcare

Sex and gender issues

Immigration

Impeachment

Infrastructure

Opioids and drug issues

Trade

Veterans


Presidential election key staff

See also: Presidential election key staffers, 2024

Campaign staff plays an important role in presidential elections. The makeup of a candidate's staff can signal the strength of their support from influential party activists and whether they are aligning with a particular faction or group within the party. Eric Appleman of Democracy in Action describes candidates' efforts to hire staffers as a "race for talent, both nationally and in key early states." He adds, "The goal is to assemble a team of top talent that can work together effectively to mobilize resources, boost the candidate and his or her message, and ultimately secure the party's nomination."[49]

Presidential candidates will typically have a national staff, which is overseen by a campaign manager and assisted by political consultants, senior advisors, professional polling firms, and key stakeholders such as interest group leaders and major financial supporters. They also build organizations in individual states that are overseen by state directors and staffed by party activists and political professionals well-versed in the particular politics of the area. Candidates often appoint elected officials and other important figures in their party's coalition as chairs of their national campaign and state-level campaigns.[49]

Click here for an overview of key staff by presidential campaign.

Timeline of campaign announcements


  • March 8, 2024: No Labels Party delegates voted to approve the decision to run a No Labels candidate in the 2024 presidential election. As of the vote, the party had not selected a nominee.[53]
  • March 6, 2024: Dean Phillips (D) withdrew from the presidential race.[14]
  • March 6, 2024: Nikki Haley (R) withdrew from the presidential race.[24]
  • February 28, 2024: Marianne Williamson (D) re-entered the presidential race.[5]
  • February 27, 2024: Ryan Binkley (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[54]
  • February 7, 2024: Marianne Williamson (D) suspended her presidential campaign.[4]
  • January 21, 2024: Ron DeSantis (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[22]
  • January 16, 2024: Asa Hutchinson (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[26]
  • January 15, 2024: Vivek Ramaswamy (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[35]
  • January 10, 2024: Former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[20]
  • December 4, 2023: North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[18]
  • November 12, 2023: Tim Scott (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[37]
  • November 9, 2023: Jill Stein (G), the 2016 Green Party presidential nominee, announced her candidacy for the Green Party nomination.[55]
  • October 28, 2023: Former Vice President Mike Pence (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[56]
  • October 26, 2023: U.S. Rep. Dean Phillips (D-Minn.) announced his candidacy.[57]
  • October 26, 2023: Talk radio host and 2021 California gubernatorial candidate Larry Elder (R) suspended his campaign.[58]
  • October 20, 2023: Perry Johnson (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[31]
  • October 13, 2023: Corey Stapleton (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[39]
  • October 12, 2023: Cenk Uygur (D), a media commentator and founder of The Young Turks, announced his candidacy. At the time of the announcement, it was not clear that Uygur met the natural born citizen requirement in Article II, Section 1, of the United States Constitution.[59]
  • October 9, 2023: Will Hurd (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[29]
  • October 9, 2023: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. withdrew from the Democratic primary and announced he would run as an independent.[7]
  • August 29, 2023: Miami Mayor Francis Suarez (R) suspended his presidential campaign.[41]
  • June 22, 2023: Former U.S. Representative Will Hurd (R) announced his candidacy.[60]
  • June 15, 2023: Miami Mayor Francis Suarez (R) announced his candidacy.[40]
  • June 7, 2023: Former Vice President Mike Pence (R) announced his candidacy.[61]
  • June 7, 2023: North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum (R) announced his candidacy.[62]
  • June 6, 2023: Former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie (R) announced his candidacy.[19]
  • June 5, 2023: Philosopher Cornel West (G) announced his candidacy.[12]
  • May 24, 2023: Florida Governor Ron DeSantis (R) announced his candidacy.[21]
  • May 22, 2023: Senator Tim Scott (R-S.C.) announced his candidacy.[36]
  • May 1, 2023: Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin (R) said he did not plan to declare a presidential candidacy in 2023.[63]
  • April 25, 2023: President Joe Biden (D) announced his re-election campaign.[2]
  • April 23, 2023: Businessman and pastor Ryan Binkley (R) announced his candidacy.[64]
  • April 20, 2023: Talk radio host and 2021 California gubernatorial candidate Larry Elder (R) announced his candidacy.[27]
  • April 14, 2023: Former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo (R) declined to run for the Republican presidential nomination in 2024.[65]
  • April 12, 2023: U.S. Senator Tim Scott (R-S.C.) announced he had launched a presidential exploratory committee.[66]
  • April 5, 2023: Author and lawyer Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (D) announced his candidacy.[67]
  • April 4, 2023 Chase Oliver (L), a candidate in the 2022 Georgia U.S. Senate race, announced his candidacy.[9]
  • April 2, 2023: Former Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson (R) announced his candidacy.[25]
  • March 5, 2023: Former Maryland Governor Larry Hogan (R), a possible presidential candidate, declined to run for the Republican presidential nomination in 2024.[68]
  • March 2, 2023: Perry Johnson (R), a business owner and author, announced his candidacy.[30]
  • February 23, 2023: 2020 presidential candidate and author Marianne Williamson (D) announced her candidacy.[3]
  • February 21, 2023: Entrepreneur and political commentator Vivek Ramaswamy (R) announced his candidacy.[34]
  • February 14, 2023: Former U.N. Ambassador and South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley (R) announced her candidacy.[23]
  • January 31, 2023: The Post and Courier reported that former South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley (R) planned to announce a presidential campaign on February 15.[69]
  • November 15, 2022: Former President Donald Trump (R) announced his candidacy.[6]
  • November 11, 2022: Former Montana Secretary of State Corey Stapleton (R) announced his candidacy.[38]


Electoral College

See also: Electoral College in the 2024 presidential election

The Electoral College is the process by which the states and District of Columbia elect the president of the United States. Each state is represented by a number of electors equal to the size of its congressional delegation. There are 538 electors in total. To win the Electoral College, a candidate must receive a majority—at least 270—electoral votes.[70]

Thirteen states gained or lost electoral votes following the 2020 Census:[71]

  • Texas gained two votes.
  • Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon each gained one.
  • California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia each lost one.

Although there is no constitutional provision or federal law requiring electors to vote in accordance with the election results in their state, electors typically vote for their state's popular vote winner. Some states have provisions permitting the disqualification and replacement of an elector whose vote deviates from the state's popular vote. There were no faithless electors in 2020.[72]

The following map shows the number of electoral votes per state in the 2024 presidential election.

Democratic presidential primary

See also: Democratic presidential nomination, 2024

The Democratic Party will select its presidential nominee at the 2024 Democratic National Convention, which will take place from August 19-22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois. Joe Biden (D) crossed the majority delegate threshold necessary to win the Democratic nomination on March 12, 2024, making him the presumptive Democratic nominee.

Prior to the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries are held to allocate convention delegates. To read more about the 2024 primary schedule click here. These delegates, along with superdelegates who come from the party leadership, vote at the convention to select the nominee.

Ballotpedia has identified the following noteworthy candidates actively seeking the Democratic nomination:


Estimated delegate allocation

This section displays an overview of estimated Democratic delegate allocation.

Democratic presidential primaries 2024
 
Candidate
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Official_portrait_of_Vice_President_Joe_Biden.jpg
Joe Biden 3,534
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DEAN_PHILLIPS_RESIZE.jpg
Dean Phillips 4
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/palmer24pres.jpg
Jason Palmer 3
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/3HaJVw3AYyXBdF9iSRPp977CBFrGCMDhc1w2rHKAC1yEKppTQoGMxtNCjAfntRbE3vPfKMrXcV5x6tsZ7rfuCzeUq2zG7qQsmao4URt.jpeg
Marianne Williamson 0

Total pledged delegates: 3,541

Democratic primary debates

The Democratic Party said it did not plan to hold presidential primary debates.

Campaign finance in the Democratic presidential primary

The following charts display noteworthy Democratic primary candidates' overall fundraising through the April 2024 monthly campaign finance reports. Note that the chart only displays data for principal campaign committees, not candidate-affiliated PACs or joint fundraising committees. The charts below include campaign finance reports beginning at the point the FEC started classifying the committee as a presidential candidate's principal campaign finance committee and ending after candidates withdrew from the primary.

Republican presidential primary

See also: Republican presidential nomination, 2024

The Republican Party will select its presidential nominee at the 2024 Republican National Convention, which will take place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from July 15-18, 2024. Before the convention, each state, Washington, D.C., and five U.S. territories will hold a primary, caucus, or convention to decide how to allocate delegates at the national convention. These nominating events typically begin in February of an election year, though 2024 primary dates are still uncertain.

The Republican National Committee began holding primary debates in August 2023, with the first debate taking place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[73]

Donald Trump (R) crossed the majority delegate threshold necessary to win the Republican nomination on March 12, 2024, making him the presumptive Republican nominee.


Estimated delegate allocation

This section displays an overview of estimated Republican delegate allocation.

Republican presidential primaries 2024
 
Candidate
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/473px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Donald_Trump.jpg
Donald Trump 2,142
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Nikki_Haley_official_Transition_portrait.jpg
Nikki Haley 97
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ron_DeSantis__Official_Portrait__113th_Congress-7_fixed.jpg
Ron DeSantis 9
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/ramaswamy24.jpg
Vivek Ramaswamy 3

Total pledged delegates: 2,251

Republican primary debates

See also: Republican presidential primary debates, 2024

The following table provides an overview of the date, location, host, and number of participants in each scheduled 2024 Republican presidential primary debate.

2024 Republican presidential primary debates
Debate Date Location Host Number of participants
First Republican primary debate August 23, 2023 Milwaukee, Wisconsin[74] Fox News[75] 8
Second Republican primary debate September 27, 2023 Simi Valley, California[76] Fox Business, Univision 7
Third Republican primary debate November 8, 2023 Miami, Florida[77] NBC News, Salem Radio Network 5
Fourth Republican primary debate December 6, 2023 Tuscaloosa, Alabama[78] NewsNation, The Megyn Kelly Show, the Washington Free Beacon 4
On December 7, 2023, CNN reported the RNC would lift its ban on non-RNC sanctioned debates.[79]
Fifth Republican primary debate January 10, 2024 Des Moines, Iowa[79] CNN 2
Sixth Republican primary debate January 18, 2024 Manchester, New Hampshire[80] ABC News, WMUR-TV, New Hampshire Republican State Committee Cancelled
Seventh Republican primary debate January 21, 2024 Goffstown, New Hampshire[79] CNN Cancelled

Campaign finance in the Republican presidential primary

See also: Presidential election campaign finance, 2024

The following charts display noteworthy Republican primary candidates' overall fundraising through the April 2024 monthly campaign finance reports. Note that the charts only display data for principal campaign committees, not candidate-affiliated PACs or joint fundraising committees. The charts below include campaign finance reports beginning at the point the FEC starts classifying the committee as a presidential candidate's principal campaign finance committee, and ending after the campaign withdrew from the primary.


Endorsements in the Republican presidential primary

See also: Presidential election endorsements, 2024

The following chart shows the total number of noteworthy endorsements each Republican presidential candidate has received.

Presidential election results by party, 1900-2020

See also: Presidential voting history by state

This table lists presidential election results by party for each state in every presidential election held between 1900 and 2020.


See also

Footnotes

  1. The filing deadline was estimated based on the Idaho Republican Party rule that said, "For a candidate to be placed on the official ballot for the Idaho Republican Presidential Caucus, he or she shall submit a $50,000.00 filing fee and declaration of candidacy to the Idaho Republican Party no later than 90 days prior to the caucus date."
  2. 2.0 2.1 YouTube, "Joe Biden Launches His Campaign For President: Let's Finish the Job," April 25, 2023
  3. 3.0 3.1 The Hill, "Marianne Williamson confirms she will run for president in 2024," February 23, 2023
  4. 4.0 4.1 Twitter, "Williamson on February 7, 2024," accessed February 8, 2024
  5. 5.0 5.1 Twitter, "Williamson on February 28, 2024
  6. 6.0 6.1 The New York Times, "Trump, ignoring the midterms’ verdict on him, announces a 2024 run, November 15, 2022"
  7. 7.0 7.1 Associated Press, "Robert F. Kennedy Jr. will run for president as an independent and drop his Democratic primary bid," accessed October 9, 2023
  8. PR Newswire, "Jason Palmer Announces Bid to Join 2024 Presidential Race," November 10, 2023
  9. 9.0 9.1 Twitter, "Chase Oliver on April 4, 2023," accessed October 4, 2023
  10. Twitter, "Stein on November 9, 2023," accessed November 9, 2023
  11. Constitution Party, "Randall Terry Wins The Constitution Party Nomination On The First Ballot," accessed May 9, 2024
  12. 12.0 12.1 Twitter, "Cornel West on June 5, 2023," accessed June 14, 2023
  13. The New York Times, "Dean Phillips Will Run Against Biden," October 26, 2023
  14. 14.0 14.1 Twitter, "Phillips on March 6, 2024," accessed March 6, 2024
  15. The Hill, "Ryan Binkley, Texas CEO and pastor, announces 2024 Republican presidential run," April 24, 2023
  16. Twitter, "Binkley on February 27, 2024," accessed February 27, 2024
  17. AP, "In Fargo, North Dakota, Gov. Doug Burgum jumps into crowded Republican race for president," June 7, 2023
  18. 18.0 18.1 NBC News, "Doug Burgum suspends presidential campaign," December 4, 2023
  19. 19.0 19.1 The New York Times, "Chris Christie Formally Enters ’24 Race, as He Takes Square Aim at Trump," June 6, 2023
  20. 20.0 20.1 YouTube, "Town Hall with Chris Christie in Windham, New Hampshire," January 10, 2024
  21. 21.0 21.1 Federal Election Commission, "Statement of Organization," accessed May 24, 2023
  22. 22.0 22.1 Twitter, "DeSantis on January 21, 2024," accessed January 21, 2024
  23. 23.0 23.1 Twitter, "Nikki Haley on February 14, 2023," accessed February 14, 2023
  24. 24.0 24.1 USA Today, "Nikki Haley speech livestream: Watch Republican deliver remarks as she drops out of 2024 race," March 6, 2024
  25. 25.0 25.1 Politico.com, "Asa Hutchinson announces presidential bid, says Trump should withdraw from race," April 2, 2023
  26. 26.0 26.1 CNN, "Hutchinson suspends presidential campaign," January 16, 2024
  27. 27.0 27.1 Associated Press, "Larry Elder announces bid for 2024 Republican presidential nomination," April 20, 2023
  28. CBS News, "Republican Will Hurd announces he's running for president," June 22, 2023
  29. 29.0 29.1 NPR, "Former Texas Rep. Will Hurd suspends GOP 2024 presidential bid, endorses Nikki Haley," October 10, 2023
  30. 30.0 30.1 AP, "Businessman Perry Johnson announces 2024 presidential bid," March 3, 2023
  31. 31.0 31.1 Twitter, "Johnson on October 20, 2023," accessed October 20, 2023
  32. YouTube, "Mike Pence officially announces 2024 presidential bid," June 7, 2023
  33. CBS News, "Former Vice President Mike Pence drops out of 2024 presidential race," October 31, 2023
  34. 34.0 34.1 Politico, "Vivek Ramaswamy announces he will run for president," February 21, 2023
  35. 35.0 35.1 Associated Press, "Vivek Ramaswamy suspends his 2024 Republican presidential bid and endorses rival Donald Trump," January 16, 2024
  36. 36.0 36.1 C-SPAN, "Sen. Tim Scott Announces Presidential Campaign," May 22, 2023
  37. 37.0 37.1 The New York Times, "Tim Scott Suspends ’24 Campaign, as His Sunny Message Failed to Resonate," accessed November 12, 2023
  38. 38.0 38.1 CBS 17, "Former Montana Secretary of State Corey Stapleton Says 'Pay It Forward', Announces Bid for U.S. President 2024," November 11, 2022
  39. 39.0 39.1 Newswire, "U.S. Presidential Candidate Corey Stapleton Bows Out of Race," October 13, 2023
  40. 40.0 40.1 The Washington Post, "Miami Mayor Francis Suarez announces GOP presidential bid," June 15, 2023
  41. 41.0 41.1 Twitter, "Suarez on August 29, 2023," accessed August 29, 2023
  42. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
  43. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
  44. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
  45. Nature, "The power of prediction markets," October 18, 2016
  46. Politico, "Meet the 'stock market' for politics," October 31, 2014
  47. U.S. Presidential General Election Results, "2008 Electoral Map Based on the Intrade Prediction Market," accessed January 25, 2018
  48. PredictIt, "Who will win the 2024 US presidential election?" accessed December 16, 2022
  49. 49.0 49.1 Democracy in Action, "Building Campaign Organizations (2019)," accessed May 10, 2019
  50. West's campaign website, "Independent Presidential Candidate Dr. Cornel West Announces Dr. Melina Abdullah as 2024 Vice Presidential Running Mate on The Tavis Smiley Show," April 10, 2024
  51. Politico, "No Labels packs it up, won’t put forth a presidential ticket," April 4, 2024
  52. Twitter, "Kennedy on March 26, 2024," accessed March 26, 2024
  53. Politico, "No Labels delegates vote to move forward with presidential ticket," March 8, 2024
  54. Twitter, "Binkley on February 27, 2024," accessed February 27, 2024
  55. Twitter, "Stein on November 9, 2023," accessed November 9, 2023
  56. NBC, "Former Vice President Mike Pence suspends his 2024 presidential bid", accessed October 28, 2023
  57. The New York Times, "Dean Phillips Will Run Against Biden," October 26, 2023
  58. Twitter, "Elder on October 26, 2023," accessed October 27, 2023
  59. Axios, "Young Turks founder Cenk Uygur to run for president in 2024 as Democrat," October 11, 2023
  60. CBS News, "Republican Will Hurd announces he's running for president," June 22, 2023
  61. YouTube, "Mike Pence officially announces 2024 presidential bid," June 7, 2023
  62. AP, "In Fargo, North Dakota, Gov. Doug Burgum jumps into crowded Republican race for president," June 7, 2023
  63. Politico, "Glenn Youngkin says he’s not running for president ‘this year’," May 1, 2023
  64. The Hill, "Ryan Binkley, Texas CEO and pastor, announces 2024 Republican presidential run," April 24, 2023
  65. The Hill, "Pompeo won’t run for president in 2024," accessed April 14, 2023
  66. Twitter, "Tim Scott on April 12, 2023," accessed April 12, 2023
  67. CNN, "Robert F. Kennedy Jr. files paperwork to run for president as a Democrat," April 5, 2023
  68. Washington Post, "Larry Hogan, former Maryland governor and Trump critic, won’t run for president," March 5, 2023
  69. The Post and Courier, "It’s official: Nikki Haley running for president. Formal announcement Feb. 15," January 31, 2023
  70. National Archives, "Electoral College," accessed September 3, 2020
  71. 270 to Win, "Census Apportionment Results Released; 13 States See a Change in Congressional Seats," April 26, 2021
  72. National Archives, "Electors," accessed September 3, 2020
  73. The Hill, "RNC votes to hold first presidential debate in Milwaukee," February 23, 2023
  74. The Hill, "RNC votes to hold first presidential debate in Milwaukee," February 23, 2023
  75. Fox News, "Fox News will host first 2024 Republican presidential primary debate in Milwaukee," April 12, 2023
  76. The Hill, "McDaniel announces California will host second GOP debate for 2024," April 20, 2023
  77. Reuters, "Third Republican primary debate to be in Miami in early November," September 14, 2023
  78. Associated Press, "Qualification markers grow even tougher for next month’s 4th GOP presidential debate, in Alabama," November 3, 2023
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