Written by Eric Ladd and Jim O'Donnell with
Jerry Ablan, Tobin Anthony, Donald Doherty, Jeffry Dwight, Mike Ellsworth, Michael Erwin, Simeon Greene, John Jung, Greg Knauss, Tom Lockwood, Mike Morgan, Robert Niles, Bernie Roehl, Paul Santa Maria, Ryan Sutter
Copyright© 1996 by Que ® Corporation.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Making copies of any part of this book for any purpose other than your own personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws. For information, address Que Corporation, 201 W. 103rd Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46290. You may reach Que's direct sales line by calling 1-800-428-5331.
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| President | Roland Elgey | Publisher | Joseph B. Wikert |
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| Product Directors | Benjamin Milstead, Mark Cierzniak, Jácquelyn D. Eley, Stephen L. Miller, Steven M. Schafer, Jon Steever | ||
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| Indexer | Brad Herriman, Craig Alan Small | ||
Eric Ladd (erl1@access.digex.net) is an Internet/World Wide Web consultant in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. He currently works (by day) for Advanced Technology Systems in McLean, Virginia. By night, he toils endlessly for Macmillan Computer Publishing, contributing to such titles as Running a Perfect Netscape Site, Special Edition Using Internet Explorer 3, and Special Edition Using the World Wide Web.
Eric earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in mathematics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, where he also taught calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, and complex variables for six years.
Outside of work and writing, Eric enjoys running, hitting the gym, reading, and chatting on IRC. He lives in Washington, DC, with his Boxer puppy Zack.
Jim O'Donnell was born on October 17, 1963, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After a number of unproductive years, he began his studies in electrical engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He liked that so much that he spent eleven years there getting three degrees, graduating for the third (and final) time in the summer of 1992. He now lives deep in the heart of Dupont Circle and can be found plying his trade at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. He's not a rocket scientist, but he's close.
Jim's first experience with a "personal" computer was in high school with a Southwest Technical Products computer using a paper tape storage device, quickly graduating up to a TRS-80 Model II. His fate as a computer geek was sealed when Rensselaer gave him an Atari 800. After a long struggle, Jim finally chucked his Atari and joined the Windows world. When he isn't writing or researching for Que or talking on IRC (Nick: JOD), Jim likes to run (25-45 miles a week), row (starboard/counterstroke), play hockey (defense... no slapshot to speak of, though), collect comic books (favorite is currently Strangers in Paradise) and PEZ dispensers (104 and counting), and play the best board game ever, Cosmic Encounter.
Jerry Ablan (munster@mcs.net) is a Senior Software Engineer at the Chicago Board Options Exchange and has been involved in computers since 1982. He has worked on and owned a variety of microcomputers as well as programmed in many languages. Jerry lives in a Chicago suburb with his wife Kathryn.
Tobin Anthony holds a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and works at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. He spends what little free time he has with his wife Sharon and three small children. Tobin has authored several journal articles as well as a book on constructing intranets. He can be reached at tobin@pobox.com; his Web site is at http://www.pobox.com/~tobin.
Dr. Donald Doherty is a neuroscientist and a computer expert. He received his Ph.D. from the Department of Psychobiology at the University of California, Irvine. Don's computer experience includes programming large scale computer models of brain systems. He's written on a wide range of computer topics. You can reach him by e-mail at Brainstage@sprintmail.com or visit his home page at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Brainstage/ddoherty.htm.
Jeffry Dwight is CEO of Greyware Automation Products, a consulting firm specializing in custom applications and Internet-related utilities. Jeffry is a certified engineer with expertise in dozens of operating systems and programming languages. He lives in Dallas, Texas.
Mike Ellsworth is Development Manager, Advanced Technology and the Webmaster for A.C. Nielsen Company. He established the corporate Web site and has developed two information delivery services for Nielsen: BrokerNet and SalesNet. While developing these Web services, he did extensive CGI programming, including interfacing with legacy systems. He holds a degree in psychology from Duke University and received writing training at the University of Denver. Mike and his family live in Minnesota.
Michael Erwin is a monthly columnist in Boardwatch Magazine, Mike has been a featured speaker at ONE BBSCON, where he has helped numerous others to become Internet service and Web space providers. Mike also currently works in the IT department of INCO Alloys International, Inc. He's also a partner in eve, Inc., an ISP consulting firm, which has also given him the opportunity to publish "The WebMasters Resource" CD-ROM series. You can find Michael on the Web at http://www.eve.net/~mikee or you can e-mail him at mikee@eve.net.
Simeon Greene is the Internet Project Coordinator for Data-Core Systems (http://www.dclgroup.com) in Philadelphia. Simeon can be reached at smgree@dclgroup.com or http://www.well.com/~smgree.
John Jung has been a contributing author for almost half a dozen books. When he's not working on books, he has a day job that he thoroughly enjoys. As a professional systems administrator for a worldwide information services company, he's around computers all day. You can reach John at jjung@netcom.com.
Greg Knauss lives in Los Angeles with his wife, Joeanne, and works as a UNIX and Windows programmer. He graduated from the University of California, San Diego with a degree in Political Science but has beeen programming and writing about computers for over fifteen years. He has previously worked on Using HTML for Que.
Tom Lockwood has twelve years experience as a technical writer and marketing specialist with several computer graphic companies. He is currently employed at Cinebase Software where he championed the development of their Web site. Tom is also a freelance writer, a softball coach, and, most proudly, an Aries. He can be reached at tom.lockwood@cinesoft.com or via his personal Web site at http://www.cris.com/~tlockwoo.
Michael Morgan is founder and President of DSE, Inc., a full-service Web presence provider and software development shop. The DSE team has developed software for such companies as Intellect, Magnavox, DuPont, the American Biorobotics Company and Satellite Systems Corporation, as well as for the Government of Iceland and the Royal Saudi Air Force. The author of over twenty technical papers and presentations on various aspects of information technology, he is the co-developer of the Project Unit Costing Method, which allows project managers to construct justifications for information technology projects based on cost savings and cost avoidance. He lives in Virginia Beach with his wife, Jean, and their six children.
Robert Niles is a systems administrator and Web programmer for InCommand, Inc., a company located in Yakima, Washington that specializes in Internet and intranet applications. Robert lives in Selah, Washington with his wife, Kimberly; his son, Michael, and his daughter, Shaela. You can find him on the Web at http://www.sehal.net/ or via e-mail at rniles@imtired.selah.net.
Bernie Roehl is a software developer based at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. He is probably best known in VR circles for REND386 and AVRIL, free VR software packages that are still in widespread use by hobbyists. REND386 won the 1995 Meckler award for outstanding software achievement. He is also the author of two books on VR, Virtual Reality Creations and Playing God: Creating Virtual Worlds, and he recently co-authored Que's Special Edition Using VRML. He is currently writing for VR News, CyberEdge Journal, and WebSMITH and has previously written for VR World and VR Special Report. He is also a popular speaker on VR and VRML at various conferences throughout the year. His home page is http://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~broehl/bernie.html.
Paul Santa Maria has been a programmer for nearly 15 years. He earned his M.S. in Software Engineering in 1994 and now works for a large imaging corporation in southern California.
Ryan Sutter is a consultant with APG-USA specializing in HTML, Java, JavaScript, Powerbuilder, and Visual Basic, as well as a freelance writer and WWW developer. He started programming Basic on a Commodore VIC20 and has also worked in Clipper, C, and Perl. He is a confessed Internet addict and father of a terribly cute baby boy named Sydney. He can be found on the Web at http://www.skypoint.com/members/trex/ and via e-mail at trex@skypoint.com.
A tome like this doesn't write itself. It is the result of the orchestrated efforts of many; all of whom deserve recognition. Jim and Eric would like to thank the entire staff at Que that helped with this book-especially Cheryl Willoughby, Ben Milstead, J‡cqulyn Eley, Philip Wescott, Patrick Kanouse, and Bill McManus-for their support and assistance over the course of this project. They would also like to thank the cadre of contributing authors and technical editors, without whom this book would have been woefully incomplete. Finally, they want to express a special note of thanks to Doshia Stewart, for believing in them.
Eric would also like to thank: Chad Cipiti (http://www.clark.net/pub/wick/) for assistance with graphics issues and for creating custom graphics for the image maps chapter; John Guzman for helping to work off his frustrations at the gym; Jim O'Donnell for taking care of many of the administrative issues and for running to Prego for sandwiches; Phil Tiburcio for giving him his first HTML lesson during psychobiology class; and a cast of thousands for their encouragement and support: Mom, Dad, Brenda, Lona Dallessandro, Bob Leidich, Kurt Collins, John Steiner, Tony Vincent, Anthony Smith, and many, many others.
Jim wants to thank his family; Mom and Dad instilled a love of books, both reading and writing, that continues to this day. Jim would also like to extend his thanks to his roommates, friends (particularly the Tuesday Night Poker Bunch-Brian, Stuart, Richard, Patrick, and Chris), and teammates (Go DC Strokes! Go DC Nationals!). And he'd like to add an extra special thank you and IRC *BIG HUG* to Dimas, Tygrr, HotThang, CoCaCola, and the rest of the Soho/IRC bunch for their friendship and help. Hey guys, it's "After The Book!" (No, really, this time...)
As part of our continuing effort to produce books of the highest possible quality, Que would like to hear your comments. To stay competitive, we really want you, as a computer book reader and user, to let us know what you like or dislike most about this book or other Que products.
You can mail comments, ideas, or suggestions for improving future editions to the address below, or send us a fax at (317) 581-4663. For the online inclined, Macmillan Computer Publishing has a forum on CompuServe (type GO QUEBOOKS at any prompt) through which our staff and authors are available for questions and comments. The address of our Internet site is http://www.mcp.com (World Wide Web).
In addition to exploring our forum, please feel free to contact me personally to discuss your opinions of this book: I'm bmilstead@que.mcp.com on the Internet, and I'm 102121,1324 on CompuServe.
Thanks in advance-your comments will help us to continue publishing the best books available on computer topics in today's market.
| NOTE |
Although we cannot provide general technical support, we're happy to help you resolve problems you encounter that are related to our books, disks, or other products. If you need such assistance, please contact our Tech Support department at 800-545-5914 ext. 3833. To order other Que or Macmillan Computer Publishing books or products, please call our Customer Service department at 800-835-3202 ext. 666. |
The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and the World Wide Web altered the face of the Internet and of personal computing forever. At one time regarded as the province of universities and government organizations, the Internet has grown to touch more and more lives everyday. And the multimedia content that can be provided via HTML and other Web technologies such as Java and CGI makes the Web an exciting place to be.
Through the efforts of standards organizations, such as the World Wide Web Organization and the VRML Architecture Group and those of companies such as Netscape, Microsoft, Macromedia, and Sun Microsystems, the HTML and other languages and technologies used to present information over the Web continue to develop and evolve. The number of possibilities for providing information content over the Web is astounding and growing every day.
That's where Platinum Edition Using HTML 3.2, Java 1.1, and CGI steps in to help. This book is the single source you need to quickly get up to speed and greatly enhance your skill and productivity in providing information on the World Wide Web.
This book was designed and written from the ground up with two important purposes:
With these goals in mind, how do you use this book?
If you are familiar with HTML and with setting up Web pages and Web sites, you may be able to just skim through the first couple of chapters to see what some of the issues in page and site design are and glance through the basic HTML elements discussed in the first two or three parts. Even if you are familiar with HTML, there may be some information in them that will be new to you. You can then read the advanced sections on HTML, as well as the sections on other Web technologies such as JavaScript and Java, CGI, VRML, and ActiveX technologies to determine which of those elements you want to include in your Web pages.
Platinum Edition Using HTML 3.2, Java 1.1, and CGI was written with the experienced HTML programmer in mind. Your experience may be limited to a simple Web home page you threw together, or you may be designing and programming Web sites. Either way, you will find comprehensive coverage on HTML and other Web technologies. Throughout this book, there are techniques for creating quality, effective Web pages and Web sites.
Chapter 1 "Page Design," gives you an overview of some of the issues that need to be considered when designing and laying out high quality, effective Web pages.
Chapter 2 "Site Design," discusses the issues concerned with going from Web page design to Web site design-how to establish a consistent look-and-feel and organization to your Web pages so they come together to form a coherent whole.
Chapter 3 "Building Blocks of HTML," teaches you the basic language and vocabulary of the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the primary tool you will need to use to build your Web pages.
Chapter 4 "The Document Tags," discusses the HTML tags located in the HTML head section, which normally contain the identifying information of the Web documents.
Chapter 5 "Formatting the Document Body," describes the basic HTML tags used to format text within the body of HTML documents. Some tips for effectively organizing and presenting text information so that it is clear and easy to read are also discussed.
Chapter 6 "Displaying Content in Lists," discusses the different HTML tags for displaying information in lists and shows how they can be used to organize and present sequential information.
Chapter 7 "Linking HTML Documents," discusses the hypertext link, the HTML tool used to link Web pages, images, sounds, and other multimedia content over the Internet. The hypertext link is the central building block of the World Wide Web, and this chapter discusses the many different uses to which it can be put.
Chapter 8 "Adding Graphics to HTML Documents," talks about the basic HTML tag used to include graphics in an HTML document and discusses the different graphics formats and display options that are supported. The chapter also discusses some of the many uses to which graphics can be put.
Chapter 9 "Image Maps," shows how graphics can be used as image maps-graphical navigation aids formatted to allow the user to link to other URLs by clicking sections of the graphic. Both server-side, where the processing of the user input is done on the server, and client-side, where this processing is done locally, image maps are discussed.
Chapter 10, "Graphics Tips and Tricks for Web Sites," talks about some of the sophisticated methods and uses to which graphics can be put in a Web page.
Chapter 11, "HTML Forms," talks about HTML forms, the primary way that user input and interactivity are currently supported in Web pages.
Chapter 12, "Tables," discusses the use of HTML tables, both to present data and information in a tabular format and also to achieve great control of the relative placement and alignment of HTML text, images, and other objects.
Chapter 13, "Frames," shows you how to split the Web browser window into different frames and use each to display a different HTML document. Some of the potential uses to which frames can be put are also shown and discussed.
Chapter 14, "HTML Style Sheets," takes a look at one of the latest formatting options available in HTML style sheets. Style sheets are a way of setting up a custom document template that gives the Web page author a great deal more control over how Web pages will look to their users.
Chapter 15, "Netscape Navigator-Specific HTML Extensions," discusses the HTML extensions that are currently supported only by the Netscape Navigator Web browser and discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of using them in your Web pages.
Chapter 16, "Internet Explorer-Specific HTML Extensions," talks about the HTML elements that are only supported in Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Chapter 17, "Proposed Additions to HTML," discusses some of the proposed additions to the HTML standard that are not yet supported by any mainstream Web browser, including enhanced text formatting and mathematical formula support.
Chapter 18, "Using Netscape Navigator Gold," discusses the Gold version of Netscape Navigator, which uses wizards, HTML templates, and other features to enable WYSIWYG creation of Web pages, without the necessity of programming directly in HTML.
Chapter 19, "Using Microsoft FrontPage," talks about
the FrontPage program, which is Microsoft's entry into the arena
for the easy creation and publishing of HTML Web pages
and Web sites.
Chapter 20, "Using Adobe PageMill," discusses the capabilities and use of Adobe's PageMill, which can be used to design and create HTML documents with full support for graphics, image maps, tables, and other HTML elements.
Chapter 21, "HTML Validation," discusses the tools available to validate Web pages and Web sites to help you determine how compatible your sites will be with the available Web browsers.
Chapter 22, "Key Graphics Utilities for Webmasters," discusses the graphics programs that are available and most useful for Webmasters to create the graphics images needed to produce quality Web pages.
Chapter 23, "Key Web Access and Security Concerns for Webmasters," discusses some of the security issues that designers of Web pages and Web sites, particularly ones that involve the transmission of financial and other sensitive information, need to be aware of when designing their sites.
Chapter 24, "Developing Webs with Netscape LiveWire and LiveWire Pro," talks about Web site development with Netscape's LiveWire products, which include all of the tools needed to produce full-featured Web sites in one package.
Chapter 25, "Developing Content for Plug-Ins," talks about some of the general issues and concerns for Web authors and Web site managers when planning to provide multimedia content over the Web. These issues concern both the server issues of hardware storage and bandwidth, the hardware and software requirements for generating this content, and the HTML elements needed to include it in Web pages.
Chapter 26, "Adding Video to Your Site," discusses the specific issues involved in generating and providing video content through the Web.
Chapter 27, "Adding Audio to Your Site," talks about audio, the equipment and software needed to produce it, the different formats in which it can be stored, and the different means by which it can be provided to your users.
Chapter 28, "Adding Live or Streamed Media to Your Site," addresses some of the special issues related to providing live or on-demand streamed media-audio, video, or both-that plays continuously over an open Internet connection between server and client.
Chapter 29, "Shocking Your Web Site," talks about the special effects and multimedia presentations that can be created using Macromedia Director, to be played through Macromedia's Shockwave plug-ins and ActiveX Controls.
Chapter 30, "Document Types for Business," discusses what is needed to generate and view business document formats through Web browsers.
Chapter 31, "The Common Gateway Interface," describes the basics of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), and how programs, scripts, and processes that can be run on the Web server can be used with Web browsers.
Chapter 32, "Generating HTML in Real Time," talks about the different methods of generating HTML on-the-fly, and the uses to which such automatically generated HTML documents can be put.
Chapter 33, "Server-Side Includes," explains server-side includes (SSI), what they are, how they are used, and some example applications that show them in action.
Chapter 34, "Transactions and Order Taking," takes the HTML forms discussion of Chapter 11 and discusses the rest of the story-how the information entered by the user is submitted to the server, how it is processed, and some of the security issues involved when this information includes things such as confidential credit card numbers.
Chapter 35, "CGI Security," discusses the security issues involved with running and using CGI processing in much greater depth, including what to do with bad data and how to help ensure the safety of your server against malevolent attacks.
Chapter 36, "Custom Database Query Scripts," discusses database processing that can be done at the server to provide an interactive user interface over the Internet between someone using a Web browser and a central store of information.
Chapter 37, "Web Database Tools," discusses some of the tools and utilities that can be used to set up databases for access over the Web.
Chapter 38, "Client Pull/Server Push," discusses the use of Client Pull and Server Push technology to create live links between Web servers and clients.
Chapter 39, "News and Mailing List Gateways," explains how to set up Web pages and Web servers so that they provide gateways to the world of UseNet newsgroups and Internet mailing lists, opening these realms of Internet information to your Web pages.
Chapter 40, "Creating Live Chat Pages," explains how live, real-time chat capabilities can be added to Web pages through CGI, Java, and Web browser helper applications, plug-ins, and ActiveX Controls.
Chapter 41, "JavaScript," discusses Netscape's JavaScript Web browser scripting language and shows some of the uses to which it can be put in a Web page.
Chapter 42, "Developing Java Applets," discusses the basics of designing, writing, and debugging Java applets using a variety of software development tools.
Chapter 43, "User Input and Interactivity with Java," talks about how Java applets can be used to add another way of soliciting user input and adding interaction and interactivity between Web pages and users.
Chapter 44, "Java Graphics and Animation Programming," shows some of the different graphics capabilities of Java and how it can be used to create both static and dynamic images within a Web page.
Chapter 45, "Network Programming and Java," explains how Java sockets can be used to interface Java applets with other sources of data and information anywhere in the Internet.
Chapter 46, "Java and Security," explains some of the special security issues related to writing, providing, and running Java applets that are provided over the Web.
Chapter 47, "Developing with LiveConnect," describes LiveConnect, Netscape's technology for tying together JavaScript, Java applets, and Netscape Navigator plug-ins. This ability allows scripts, Java applets, and plug-ins, to interact with one another and with the Web page user.
Chapter 48, "ActiveX Scripting: VB Script and JScript,"
discusses one component of Microsoft's ActiveX technologies, ActiveX
Scripting. ActiveX Scripting allows programmers and users to create
custom-scripted applications in Internet Explorer and other compatible
applications in Visual Basic Script and JScript, Microsoft's open
implementation of Netscape's JavaScript
language.
Chapter 49, "ActiveX Controls," talks about what an ActiveX Control is, how it can be used in a Web browser or any other compatible application, and shows some examples of the ActiveX Controls that are currently available.
Chapter 50, "Web Authoring with ActiveX Controls," shows some of what can be done when creating Web pages that make use of ActiveX Controls. This chapter also discusses the Microsoft ActiveX Control Pad, which greatly aids in the creation of Web pages that use ActiveX Controls, HTML layouts, and VB Scripts.
Chapter 51, "ActiveX Documents," discusses the last component of Microsoft's ActiveX technologies, ActiveX Documents. This technology allows Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and other compatible document types to be opened within a Web browser window using the actual application in which they were created.
Chapter 52, "Creating VRML Objects," explains the basics of the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) and shows how it can be used to create simple three-dimensional objects and change their color, shape, and appearance.
Chapter 53, "Creating VRML Worlds," talks about the next step in the VRML authoring process, taking simple VRML objects and building them up into more complicated objects, and whole VRML worlds. An example of the creation of a simple VRML world is used to explain the process.
Chapter 54, "VRML 2.0: Moving Worlds," shows the possibilities that exist for adding motion and animation to VRML worlds using Netscape's Live3D and the VRML 2.0 standard.
Chapter 55, "Java and VRML," discusses the integration
of Java and VRML, why you might want to do it, what it can accomplish,
and shows you some examples of Java and VRML
integration in action.
Chapter 56, "Indexing with CGI," talks about the indexing capabilities that can exist using the CGI, and how Web pages can be designed to take advantage of the indexing methods used by existing services.
Chapter 57, "Adding an Online Search Engine," goes through the steps and software necessary to add an online search engine to your Web site, allowing your users quick and ready access to anything on your site.
Appendix A, "What's on the CD-ROMs?" describes the software, utilities, and online versions of other Que books that you will find on the CD-ROMs that accompany this book.
Que has over a decade of experience writing and developing the most successful computer books available. With that experience, we've learned what special features help readers most. Look for these throughout the book to enhance your learning experience.
On the first page of each chapter, you'll find a list of topics to be covered in that chapter. This list seves as a roadmap to the chapters so that you can tell at a glance what is covered. It also provides a useful outline of key topics you'll be reading about.
Notes present interesting or useful information that isn't necessarily
essential to the discussion. This secondary track of information
enhances your understanding of Windows, but you can safely skip
notes and not be in danger of missing crucial information. Notes
look like the following:
| NOTE |
You may be wondering why the <!DOCTYPE> tag doesn't go between the <HTML> and </HTML> tags if these two tags contain everything in the document. The answer is because <!DOCTYPE> is technically an SGML tag that indicates what HTML DTD to use on the rest of the document. The document then becomes an HTML document once the <HTML> tag is encountered. |
Tips present advice on quick or often overlooked procedures. These
include shortcuts that save you time. A tip looks like the following:
| TIP |
Many HTML authoring programs have a template available when you start a new file. Check your authoring program to see if it has this handy feature. |
Cautions serve to warn you about potential problems that a procedure
may cause, unexpected results, and mistakes to avoid. Cautions
look like the following:
| CAUTION |
If you're referencing a file that is on a different server, a base URL won't help you. You'll have to use the full URL for that file |
Throughout this book you will find On the Web references that
point you to World Wide Web addresses where you can find additional
information about topics. On the Web references look like the
following:
| ON THE WEB |
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ This site is the home of the NCSA Web server, providing complete documentation that will help you configure the NCSA server. |
Throughout the book, you will see references to other sections, chapters, and pages in the book. These cross-references point you to related topics and discusssion in other parts of the book. Cross-references look like the following:
In addition to the previous special features, there are several conventions used in this book to make it easier to read and understand.
Underlined Hot Keys or Mnemonics Hot keys in this book appear underlined, like they appear on-screen. In Windows, many menus, commands, buttons, and other options have these hot keys. To use a hot-key shortcut, press Alt and the key for the underlined character. For example, to choose the Properties button, press Alt and then R.
Shortcut Key Combinations In this book, shortcut key combinations are joined with plus signs. For example, Ctrl+V means hold down the Ctrl key while you press the V key.
Typefaces This book also has the following typeface
enhancements to indicate special text, as show in the following
table.
| Typeface | Description |
| Italic | Italics are used to indicate new terms. |
| Boldface | Boldface is used to indicate text you type, Internet addresses, and other locators in the online world. |
| Computer Type | This typeface is used for on-screen messages, commands, and code. |
| Computer Italic Type | This typeface is used to indicate placeholders in code and commands. |